Palekana Overvoltage o nā ʻōnaehana uila haʻahaʻa

ʻO ka puke 'Protection Voltage of Low Voltage Systems' Na Kauka Mr. Peter Hasse

Hoʻomaopopo wau i ka puke 'Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems' Na Peter Hasse i hāʻawi mai iaʻu i ka ʻike nui i koʻu wā ʻōpio i komo i ka papa pale pale i ka lāʻo Dekemaba 2006.

ʻO Kauka Peter Hasse, 'Mr. 10/350 'Makua kāne o ka nalu 10/350.
I ka honua o ka pale uila, he kaʻao ola ʻo Peter Hasse.

Hānau ʻia i 1940, ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka hana uila a me ka hana ʻenehana ma Berlin University University, puka i ka makahiki 1965. A laila ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea noiʻi noiʻi ma ka Adolf Attias Institute no ka High Voltage Engineering a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna kekelē laeoʻo ma laila i ka makahiki 1972. Ma hope o kekahi mau mahina ua hui ʻo ia ka ʻOihana R&D o DEHN + Sohne. Ma laila ʻo ia i mea hana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi āpau e hoʻopau ai iā ia iho i ka mana nui a me kahi kumumanaʻo hou e hōʻoia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pale uila. Ua kāhea ʻia kēia i ka manawa ka "nalu" 10/350 hōʻano hou. I ka makahiki 1981, ua lilo ʻo Kauka Hasse i Luna Hoʻokele no Dehn a noho mau ʻo ia a hiki i kona haʻalele ʻana i 2004. Mai ka makahiki 2002 aia ʻo ia ma ka Papa Hoʻokele o kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua Kelemania: GHMT AG Bexbach.

Ma hope koke iho o ka haʻalele ʻana mai Dehn, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Kauka Hasse i ka Papa Hoʻohanohano hanohano o ke aupuni pekelala o Kelemania.

Ma ka hoʻolauleʻa hoʻohanohano 2005 ua hoʻonani ʻia ʻo Hasse no ka hoʻohuli ʻana iā Dehn + Sohne (kahi ʻoihana ʻohana e hana ana i nā uila) i mea hoʻokani piliona nui ma ka mākeke pale uila. I ka manawa like ua mahalo ʻia ʻo ia no ka "kūlana koʻikoʻi" āna i pāʻani ai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā kino hana kūlike i ka pae ʻāina a me ka honua e pili ana i ka pale uila.

ʻAʻole i hoʻonui ʻia ka mahalo. Kēlā me kēia moʻolelo o kā Hasse mau hana i loaʻa ai ka laina like: "Ua hana nui ʻo ia i nā kino hana maʻamau a kūwaho hoʻi i nā wahi o ka pale uila." Pololei pehea ka paʻakikī o ka "koʻikoʻi" e hoʻoholo ai no ka mea a hiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i kākau inoa piha ʻia ka nui o kāna hana i kēia kahua.

No 20 mau makahiki, ʻoiai e holo ana iā Dehn, ua hoʻolaha like ʻo Hasse i kāna mau kumumanaʻo hou a me nā hāmeʻa i nā mea kākau maʻamau a kākau iā lākou i mau pae no ka hoʻohana pono. I ka makahiki 1975, lilo ʻo ia i lālā hoʻokumu o ka VDE (Kelemania hui maʻamau) Kōmike ʻo Lightning Protection (ABB) a ma hope koke iho e holo ana ia (e like me kā Prof. Dr. Kawamura, Pelekikena o IEIE o Iapana) I ka makahiki 1977, ua hui ʻo Hasse i ka DKE ( Ke ʻelele nei ʻo Kelemania i ka IEC a me CENELEC) e hāʻawi iā ia i ka papa kuhikuhina e pono ai e lilo i waha ʻōlelo Kelemania i ʻelua IEC / SC37A "Pūnaewele Pahu Uila Haahaa Low" a me IEC / TC81 "Palekana Uila" (i hui pū ʻia i kona hoʻomaka mua ʻana.)

E neʻe i nā ʻaoʻao Hasse e ukali nei (hiki i nā loulou i lalo) a ʻike ʻoe ʻaʻole ia ʻo Thor a i ʻole akua ʻē aʻe o ka uila nāna i hāʻawi ke ola i ka nalu 10/350. ʻAʻole ʻo CIGRE a i ʻole ka mea noiʻi Swiss i mahalo ʻia, ʻo Kauka Karl Berger.

E hāpai i ka pale a ʻike kekahi i ke kumu maoli o ka nalu 10/350 ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o kā mākou Kauka Peter Hasse ponoʻī.

THE HASSE 10/350 CHART - Hānau o ka nalu 10/350

Ua hōʻike ʻo Kauka Hasse i kāna manaʻo nui "10/350" ma ka ʻaoʻao 46 o ka puke Kelemania mua o kāna puke "Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems: Ke hoʻohana nei i nā pono uila a ʻoiai i mua o ke kuʻi pololei ʻana o nā uila" "Überspannungsschutz von Niederspannungsanlagen - Einsatz elektronischer Geräte auch bei direkten Blitzeinschlägen ”, (Verlag TOV Rheinland GmbH, Koblenz,) i paʻi ʻia ma 1987. Hōʻike ʻia ka pakuhi ma lalo.

E ʻōwili i kou ʻiole ma luna o ka pakuhi i luna e hoʻoulu ai i nā loulou e hāʻawi nei i nā kikoʻī o nā ʻaoʻao pili. Hōʻike kahi hiʻohiʻona mua i nā hiʻohiʻona o 5 a pau o IEC 62305's 10/350 mau palena (highlighted). Hōʻike ka lua o ka nānā iā Hasse e hāʻawi nei i kēia mau palena i ke kūlana Kelemania "VG 96901." Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi me DIN (ka German Standards Institute) ʻaʻole loa he kūlana kūpono ʻo VG96901. He "prestandard" me ka ʻole o ka mana a i ʻole ka precedence.

Akā heʻuʻuku wale nō ia mai ka ʻōlelo a Hasse i ka ʻōlelo e hoʻolauna nei i kēia pakuhi āna i hana ai. A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kahi ʻōlelo hoʻokahi (i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo o ka pakuhi e like me / 42 /) pili i kahi "alakaʻi" i kākau ʻia e Hasse ma 1982.

Hoʻolaha ākea ka ʻōlelo e pili pū ana (no ka manawa mua paha) ua hōʻike kēia pakuhi i nā palena o ke kuʻi pololei ʻana o ka uila, a ua koi ʻia nā pale pale nūhou "me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole" e hoʻohana ai e pale i nā ʻōnaehana ʻikepili uila. (p. 46-47)

He mau mahina wale nō ma hope o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kāna puke a Kauka Hasse i lawe mai ai i kāna Chart 10/350 i ka hui IEC TC 81 ma Iapana (Iune 1988) e hāʻawi i kāna kūkulu i kāna haʻiʻōlelo e pili ana i ka "nalu maoli o ka uila pololei." Ma aneʻi ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka indoctrination i nā palena mai ka pakuhi Hasse 10/350 (200kA, 100 C, 10 MJ per ohm) me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi he nui o kāna mau Dehn spark gap hopu. Eia ka paheʻe o ka Hasse 10/350 Chart i unuhi ʻia mai kēlā hōʻike. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ke haʻaheo nei ʻo ia iā ia (a me kāna puke 1987) ke kumu o ka pakuhi.

I kēlā mau lā ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ʻo Hasse i ke kau ʻana i ke kuleana no ka 10/350 formform nalu ma ka puka o Berger & CIGRE. E hele mai ana ma hope.

ʻO kāna puke 1987 (kahi i hōʻike mua ʻia ai ka pakuhi) he 83 mau kūmole a me nā helu ʻōlelo akā ʻaʻohe ʻōlelo o Berger a i ʻole CIGRE.

ʻO ia no ka mea, e like me ka hōʻike i nā ʻikepili i luna, ua loaʻa ka nalu 10/350 mai iā Kauka Peter Hasse.

IEC 62305 NĀ PALAPALA MAU KĀNĀWAI ZONE CONCEPT (pono hana ʻepekema maikaʻi a i ʻole hype pili lehulehu?)
LPZ - Manaʻo Kaha Hoʻomālamalama Uila: he aha ia?

ʻO nā Puʻukū Mālamalama Uila (a i ʻole LPZs) ke kikowaena o ka IEC 62305 i ka pale uila. ʻO ka manaʻo e kaupalena i nā uila i hoʻokomo ʻia i kēia manawa a me nā piʻi uila i komo i kahi hanana e ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka hanana i kahi o nā ʻāpana pilikia (i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kekahi.) Ma o ka hoʻohana akahele ʻana i nā ʻenehana pale a me nā SPD nā hopena o ka uila i pā i ka ʻaoʻao i waho i manaʻo ʻia. e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hiki ʻana i nā ʻāpana o loko. Ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ke kumumanaʻo. Wahi a IEC 62305-4 (Sect. 4.1) ʻo kēia manaʻo LPZ ke kumu o ka pale uila.

Pehea ka maikaʻi o ka manaʻo o ka IEC 62305 Lightning Protection Zone?

Ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka manaʻo LPZ me ka inoa ʻo LPZ no 20 mau makahiki. Akā i ka wā i ʻimi ai ʻo Rakov lāua ʻo Uman, ʻaʻole hiki iā lāua ke ʻike i kahi noiʻi hoʻokahi i loaʻa nā hōʻike helu helu e hōʻoia ana i ka maikaʻi ("Uila, Physics and Effects, Cambridge University Press" ʻaoʻao 591). Ua huli null kahi huli hou i ka makahiki 2013. Me he mea lā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi noiʻi i ka hiki o ka ʻōnaehana LPZ IEC 62305.

Ma ke alo o ia mea, ʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana LPZ i kahi ala kūpono i ka pale ʻana i ka ʻale. No laila no ke aha, i loko o 20 mau makahiki, ʻaʻohe mau haʻawina e hōʻike ana i kona kūleʻa? Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēlā nīnau i kahi nānā hohonu i kāna evolution a me kāna noi.

EF Vance: Ka Mea Hana o ka Mana Mana Kānā Puʻukū Uila

ʻO ka manaʻo LPZ kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi ʻAmelika, EF Vance, o ka Stanford Research Institute ma Menlo Park, Kaleponi. Ua hoʻolauna ʻo Vance iā ia i ka makahiki 1977 i loko o kahi pepa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Shielding and Grounding Topology for Interferensi Control." Aia ma ka hema kahi kiʻikuhi i unuhi ʻia mai kēlā pepa e hōʻike ana i nā wahi makaʻu o Vance. Ma ka "grounding" ʻana i waho o kēlā me kēia pale a i ka ʻaoʻao o ka pale e pili ana, ua ʻimi ʻo Vance e kāohi i ka hopena o nā piʻi kūwaho e komo ana i kahi pono. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka pono e kaupalena i nā piʻi i ka mana a me nā laina ʻikepili e komo ana i ka hanana.

ʻO Zona 0 ka moniker Vance i hāʻawi i ka wahi o waho e pili ana i ka uila. Nā ʻāpana 1 & 2 ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā wahi i loko o ka hale.

Koho ʻia ʻo Vance LPZ ʻōnaehana e Dr. Peter Hasse

 Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Kauka Hasse i ko Vance manaʻo a hoʻololi iā ia i puke i kapa ʻia ʻo ia: "EMC-Lightning Protection Zone Concept" (i kākau ʻia e Peter Hasse & Johannes Wiesinger a paʻi ʻia e Pflaum Verlag i ka makahiki 1993.)

Ma ka ʻākau hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kiʻiona LPZ o Vance e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, hoʻololi ʻole ʻia (koe wale no ka hoʻohui o ka unuhi Kelemania) ma ka p. 52 o kā Hasse puke. Ua mālama ʻia ka hanana kumu a Vance a me nā huaʻōlelo i ka adaptation Hasse: ua hoʻomau ʻo Zona Zero e hōʻike i ka wahi ma waho o ka hale; Nā Zona 1 & 2, nā wahi i loko o ka hanana.

Minamina ua hoʻohana ʻo Kauka Hasse i ka ʻōnaehana LPZ e hoʻouna i mua i kāna manaʻo nalu 10/350 ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka manaʻo e hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā uila uila āpau ma Zone Zero e kahi nalu 10/350. Kaomi ma aneʻi e ʻike pehea i kākau ai ʻo Hasse's 1993 LPZ puke i ka nalu 10/350 i ka manaʻo LPZ.

I ka hana ʻana pēlā, ua hōʻole ʻo ia i ka kūleʻa kūpono o ka mea i lilo i mea hiki ke hana i ka pale uila. ʻO nā pilikia i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana LPZ e ka 10/350 formform e komo pū me nā hemahema o nā mālamalama, a me ka quagmire o "SPD coordination" i lawelawe ʻia ʻelua i kahi ʻē aʻe ma kēia pūnaewele.

ʻO nā moʻokāki o kekahi o nā hōʻino i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā lako a me nā hoʻonohonoho ʻana e "pale ʻia" e like me kēia ʻōnaehana 10/350-LPZ hiki ke loaʻa ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o kēia pūnaewele.

ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o LPZ - Mai kā Hasse puke a IEC i nā kūlana palekana uila

I ka manawa i paʻi ʻia kāna puke LPZ i ka makahiki 1993, ua hele a koʻikoʻi ʻo Dr. Hasse i loko o ke kōmike pale uila IEC, TC 81. Ua lawe ʻo ia iā ia ma lalo o ʻelua mau makahiki mai ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kēlā puke i mea e lawe mai ai i kāna manaʻo LPZ i loko o ka holoʻokoʻa. i loko o ka standard IEC 61312-1.

Ma ka hema ka diagram LPZ mai IEC 61312-1. Ua hana ʻia ka nalu 10/350 i ʻāpana hoʻohui o ia. Kaomi ma aneʻi e ʻike i nā palena uila Hasse 10/350 e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke kūlana 61312-1.

Pēlā e ʻike ʻia ai, i loko o hoʻokahi uila, ua kūleʻa ʻo Kauka Hasse i ka lawe ʻana i kāna formform 10/350 ʻelua a me kāna manaʻo LPZ i lawe ʻia i loko o ka pae pale pale uila IEC honua.

ʻO ka hana hou e neʻe ana iā lākou i ke kūlana IEC 62305. ʻO ka moʻolelo o kāna hana ʻana i hiki ke loaʻa ma aneʻi.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻo Kauka Peter Hasse wale nō e mahalo ʻia me ka hānau ʻana o 10/350 formform nalu, akā no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana LPZ i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā i nā kūlana pale uila IEC āpau.

LPZ I kēlā me kēia lā hoʻohana: curtailing uila a i ʻole curtailing hoʻokūkū?

ʻO ke kiʻi LPZ hou loa mai IEC 62305 e hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻākau. ʻO kāna kumu e hiki ai ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka hopena o ka uila e hiki mai ana. Akā manaʻo kekahi he hana hou ka hana o ka ʻōnaehana IEC LPZ me ka ʻae ʻana i nā mea e pono ai ke kūkulu ʻana a me ka piʻi ʻana o nā ʻōpala e manaʻo ʻia he "kūpono" a pēlā e hoʻoponopono ai i kā lākou hoʻohana. ʻO kahi laʻana, koi ʻo IEC 62305 e pono ke ʻano ka uila pololei e 10/350 hōʻano nalu hōʻike, a no laila e hoʻohana wale ʻia ka ʻāpana uila "nā mea hopu uila" ma Zone Zero. Pāpā ʻia nā ʻano SPD ʻē aʻe.

ʻEkolu mau pilikia nui i kēia hana. He loea nā mea mua ʻelua a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma loko o kēia pūnaewele, ʻo ia hoʻi: 1) ʻaʻole hōʻike ke ʻano nalu 10/350 i ka uila maoli, a me 2) ka ʻāpana hunaahi he "nā mea hopu uila" he nui nā kīnā intrinsic.

ʻO ke kolu o nā pilikia nui he hihia kū kānāwai. ʻO ke ala i hoʻokō ʻia ai ka ʻōnaehana LPZ i nā hae e lilo i mea hōʻiha i ke kānāwai hoʻokūkū o European Union. (E nānā i ka ʻaoʻao FAQ.)

ikaika

Inā lawe kekahi i kēia "pilikino" e ʻoluʻolu e ʻae i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole makemake ʻia kēia pūnaewele e lilo i rant ma luna o kekahi kanaka, ʻoihana, a i ʻole komite. ʻO kāna mea holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana o ka pale uila. A inā paha he koa paha e kū i luna a ʻōlelo, pono ka nui o ka wiwo ʻole e noho i lalo a hoʻolohe.

KA HASSE 10/350 CAMPAIGN - He kahawai o nā puke, nā ʻatikala, a me nā hōʻike: 10km ākea / 350km ka lōʻihi

Ma loko o nā makahiki 80 a me 90 (e like me kahi pūnaewele Dehn) ʻo Hasse, kāna mea hana ʻo J. Wiesinger, a me nā limahana a me nā limahana Dehn ʻē aʻe i kākau a i komo paha i loko o nā pepa, nā puke, nā hōʻike i nā ʻaha kūkā, nā hōʻike, a me nā seminars. Hoʻokahi o ka "ʻaukela" i koho ʻia ma mua o ka ʻumi miliona mau kālā i lilo ma kēia hoʻouka kaua. ʻO ka manaʻo i loko o ka hapa nui o kēia mau helu a me nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana i ka puke 1987 a Hasse: “ʻo ka uila pololei i hōʻike ʻia e 10/350 formform; ʻO nā pale pale nalu wale nō i hiki ke hele i kahi hōʻike 10/350 formform nalu e pono ai e pale aku i ka uila pololei. "

E loaʻa kahi papa inoa hapa ma aneʻi.

Ua paipai ʻo Hasse i kāna Chart 10/350 iā TC-81 i kāna hōʻike 1988 "History of Lightning Protection" ma ka hālāwai hoʻomanaʻo IEC TC-81 ma Iapana. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pakuhi i nā paʻi hope o kāna puke 1987. Hiki ke loaʻa ma nā ʻatikala e like me “Neues aus der Blitzschutztechnik,” etz, Vol. 108, pp. 612-618, i paʻi ʻia hoʻi ma 1987 a me EMV-Blitz-Schutzzonen-Konzept, i kākau pū ʻia me J. Wiesinger a paʻi ʻia e VDE Verlag i ka makahiki 1994. Hōʻike ʻia ia ma ka puke a Hasse i ka makahiki 1998 "Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems ”A me nā mana o hope.

Nā kumu kaulike

 I ka makahiki 1999, ua hoʻokokoke aku ʻo Kauka Hasse i ke Kōmike Kākoʻo Kūpono Surge o ka IEEE a noi aku, ma ke ʻano he lunamakaʻāinana koʻikoʻi o TC 81, e kono ʻia i ka hālāwai o ka Komite SPD o ka IEEE no ka makahiki 2000 no ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi hōʻike e pili ana i ke “kumu, ka pili a me ka pono o ka nalu 10/350 μs. ” Ma Sepatemaba 29, 1999 ua ʻae ke Kōmike SPD i kāna hāʻawi, a i ka Mei aʻe ua mālama ʻia ka hālāwai ma St. Petersberg, Florida. Ua hōʻike ʻo Kauka Hasse e lana ana ka manaʻo i ka poʻe i hele i ka IEEE i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 10/350 formform e like me ka uila mua o ka uila. I ka hala ʻana ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i kahi helu helu 10: 1 no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka 10/350 formform i 8/20, akā kau iki ke koʻikoʻi. Ua hui ʻo Hasse me kahi kūleʻa iki i kēlā hui ʻana a i ka makahiki aʻe ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kāna Dehn VP (Richard Chadwick) e hoʻāʻo hou. Ke haʻi nei i ka leka like, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pakuhi like a me nā koi like e pili ana i nā palena o ka uila maikaʻi, ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia hōʻike i ke koʻikoʻi hou aʻe i ka mea nui: "ʻAʻole paha he kumu helu e hiki ai ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻo Spark Gaps a me Mov SPDs?"

Ma ke ʻano he manaʻo mua ua kiola ʻo Chadwick i kahi helu o ka "30." ʻO kēia ke kumu no ka Mov SPD i hoʻāʻo ʻia me ka 8/20 formform nalu e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka papa like me kahi Spark Gap i hoʻāʻo ʻia me kahi 25kA 10/350 μs impulse, pono e helu ʻia ka Mov SPD ma 750kA. Ua hoʻomaopopo piha ʻo Kauka Chadwick i ke ʻano kūpono ʻole o ia a ma ka hopena o kāna hōʻike ʻana ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia "ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu scaling āpau" akā ʻo nā pale pale ʻāpana kūpono wale nō ka mea kūpono no ke kau ʻana ma nā puka komo lawelawe.

Kupanaha, ʻoiai ka leka maoli a Chadwick, ua hoʻomaka kekahi o nā poʻe IEEE e noʻonoʻo nei he ala paha kēia e hiki ai ke launa me ka IEC ma kēia kumuhana. Ua hili ʻia nā kiʻi like ʻole a ma ka hopena ua lawe pōkole ʻia ʻo "10" e ka IEEE.

Ua kūpaʻa ʻo Hasse. ʻO kahi hōʻike Chadwick ma hope o kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi i koi i ka multiplier kaulike o 25. E ʻike i kēlā paheʻe ma aneʻi.

ʻO kēia mau kamaʻilio ʻana a pau o nā “kaulike” ka mea i hoʻāʻo iā Francois Martzloff, o ke kōmike IEEE SPD, e kauoha i kahi noiʻi e hoʻoholo inā paha e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia kahi ʻae like i loaʻa i ka consensus ma waena o nā nalu ʻelua “ma o ka mea hoʻonui maʻalahi.” Kahi hōʻoia o ka makemakika a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā kumu like ʻole e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana he "kūpono ʻole." Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i ka palapala holoʻokoʻa ma aneʻi. Ma o 2006 ua pau nā kamaʻilio koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā mea "kaulike". Hōʻoia kēia ma IEEE Std C62.62 (2010) kahi i ʻae ʻole ʻia ai kahi nalu 10/350.

I nā ʻatikala a Hasse a me nā hōʻike e hiki ai i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i ka paio o nā koi kūʻē: Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, kāna makemake maoli e komo i nā pilikia loea a ma kekahi ʻē aʻe, ka koi e hoʻolaha kalepa i kāna huahana huahana spark. ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke kōkua i ka haʻi manaʻo ʻana i kāna hōʻike ʻenehana a me kāna mau puke ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hōʻole i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kiʻi o kāna Dehn spark gap protors a me ka kaena ʻana no ka pale maikaʻi ʻana mai ka "uila pololei."

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he hoʻohana noʻeau o ke kānāwai o ka hoʻolako a me ka noi: Ua loaʻa iā Hasse i nā lako uila hakahaka. ʻO nā mea i makemake ʻia no ka IEC e hāʻawi i ka "koi." Ma ke ʻano he hoʻolālā pāʻoihana, maikaʻi ia.

ʻO DR HASSE, TC81 & THE IEC 62305 SERIES - ka hijacking o kahi hae
10/350 Milestones a me Zenith: Ke kaʻina pale uila IEC 62305

I ka makahiki 1993 ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o IEC 61024-1-1 i kaha ʻia i kahi neʻe nunui i mua ma ke kahua hoʻokūkū honua no ka nalu Hasse10 / 350. ʻO kāna mau uila uila no ka impulse current, charge, a me kahi ikehu kikoʻī i hāpai pololei ʻia mai ka pakuhi Hasse. Akā i ka 1995 ua ʻike ʻo Hasse i kāna hana nui i ka hua i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ai ʻo TC 81 i ka IEC 61312-1 inoa, legitimizing a hāʻawi i ka mana i ka Hasse10 / 350 formform gelombang. Mai ia manawa e ʻike ka poʻe āpau i ka uila uila hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia e kahi nalu 10/350. Ua hauʻoli ka pāʻina ma Neumarkt i kēlā pō.

ʻO ka lua o ka milestone ke kiʻi nei i ka 10/350 nalu i hoʻopili ʻia i IEC 61643-1.

Akā ʻo kāna zenith he mea kānalua ʻole ka lā i ka manawa i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka nalu Hasse 10/350 (i kona holoʻokoʻa) i loko o ka pūʻulu pale uila IEC 62305. A aia kekahi moʻolelo hoihoi e pili ana i kēlā.

He aha ka mea i kuhi a Hasse ke ʻano nui a nui a makaʻu hoʻi i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kāna 10/350 nalu e wehewehe pono ʻia e Ernst Landers ma IEC Document 81/195 / INF i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 2002.07.05 i kapa ʻia ka TC 81 WG 3 Convenor's Report? ʻO Ernst U. Landers, ma ia manawa he mea kōkua lōʻihi ʻo Hasse, ʻo ia ka TC81 WG3 Convenor maoli i ka makahiki 2002. Akā ʻo Kauka Hasse kekahi ma ka hālāwai TC81 e kūkākūkā ʻia (ma Firenze, Italia ʻOkakopa 17, 2001) a ke manaʻo nei kuleana o "Deputizing Convener." ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou he aha kahi "deputizing assembor", akā maopopo ka palapala ʻo Hasse ka mea e holo ana i ka hālāwai e pili ana i ke kumuhana pehea e hoʻohui ai i nā "koi SPD" a me "Alakaʻi noi" mai IEC. 61312-1 i loko o ka hana-i-ka holomua IEC 62305 moʻo o nā kūlana. ʻO kēia, ipso facto, ua hoʻopili pū ʻia i nā palena o ka palapala kaha Hasse 10/350 & manaʻo LPZ.

Ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana a Hasse, ua hoʻoholo mua ʻo TC 81 WG3 e hoʻohui piha i ka ʻikepili IEC 61312-1 Hasse i loko o 62305. E ʻōlelo ana ma aneʻi mai ka hōʻike a ka ʻaha kūkā, no ka mea, ua "kūkākūkā ʻia a ʻae ʻia ka manaʻo loea o 61312-1 i WG3, ka mea hāʻawi, e hoʻohui i ka hoʻoponopono i kēia mau ʻelima mau māhele (o IEC 61312-1) i loko o ke kiʻina IEC 62305… ”Ua ʻae koke ʻia kāna hāʻawi. Pono mākou e ʻaelike he neʻe maikaʻi kēia mai kā Dr. Hasse mau manaʻo – ke kiʻi nei i ka Hasse 10/350 formform nalu a me LPZ i kākau ʻia i loko o ka moʻo 62305 hou ma kahi palapala unadulterated he mea nui loa ia e waiho ʻia i nā mea hana o ke komite. hana. ” Wahi a ka hōʻike, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka "hana hoʻoponopono" a ua hoʻouna ʻia ka palapala hopena i nā lālā āpau o WG 3 e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i 1 mahina e pane ai. I ka manawa, ma hope o hoʻokahi mahina, NONE o lākou i pane mai, ʻo ka mea ʻākoakoa maoli, ʻo Kauka Landers, kūlohelohe, i hoʻolaha ʻia ua loaʻa kahi "ʻae kūkā" a hoʻouna aku i ka palapala iā Kauka Lo Piparo (Kakauolelo o TC 81) nāna i paʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he kahi noi 'ikamu Hana Hou. Ua kipaku ʻia ia i ke ala e lilo ai i kūlana maʻamau.

Ke hoʻolauna nei iā IEC 62305 i ka honua

Ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka Standard 62305, ua lawe ʻo Hasse iā ia iho e hoʻolauna a ʻae ʻia ka ʻae no ia. ʻO ia ka mea mua i lawe i ka manaʻo o ka honua me kāna pepa ʻo “New Standards for Protection Against Lightning – New Series 62305” i hōʻike ʻia ma ka VII SIPDA ma Curitiba, Brazil ma 2003.

ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kāna mau kumumanaʻo a me ka ʻae ʻana iā lākou nā hana a Hasse i noʻonoʻo nui ai. I ka makahiki 1994 ma ka 22nd International Conference on Lightning Protection ma Budapest kāna ʻatikala "Kumumanaʻo no ka Advanced Coordination of Surge Protective Devices in Low Voltage Systems" no ka manawa mua i hoʻohana i ka hopuna ʻōlelo: "ʻo ka hoʻoweliweli mua loa mai ka uila ka 10/350 formform gelombang." Ua hoʻohiki ʻia e ʻumeʻume i ka nānā, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia ma hope i ka 62305 Series. ʻO kāna ʻatikala "He loina e pili ana i ka wā e hiki mai ana no ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hopu i nā ʻōnaehana uila haʻahaʻa" (etz. Makasina Helu 1, pp. 20-23, 1995) Ua ʻae ʻo ia i ka ʻike mua a Kauka Hasse iā ia e wānana pono i ka IEC 62305's 10/350 uila palekana ma mua o 10 mau makahiki ma mua o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

KE hoʻomau nei ka CAMPAIGN 10/350 - me kahi wili hou
Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻouka kaua - me kahi Twist Hou

ʻAʻole i pau iki ka huakaʻi pilikino a Dr. Hasse 10/350. I ka makahiki 2010 ua kākau ʻo ia i ka Mokuna 7 o kahi puke i kapa ʻia ʻo "Uila" i paʻi ʻia e ka Institute of Engineering and Technology, London, UK. I kā Hasse's prose the 10/350 drum beat hou hou: "Ma nā palena o LPZ 0… Pono e hoʻohana i nā SPD, i hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā kahe uila liʻiliʻi ... Kāhea ʻia kēia mau SPD i nā mea hopu i kēia manawa (SPDs papa I) a hoʻāʻo ʻia. me nā kahe impulse, hōʻano nalu 10 / 350μs. ” E like me nā manawa maʻamau ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā kiʻi he nui o Dehn spark gap protection.

Akā i kēia manawa ua hele ʻo ia i kahi ʻanuʻu mamao loa. Ua "ʻike" ʻo ia i ka hiki i kahi mea pale pale Mov ke kū ma kahi o kahi hakahaka sparks "inā he 8 / 20μs ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi o 25 mau manawa i hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa he 10 / 350μs." Eia kekahi laʻana, no ka Mov SPD e hala i kahi hoʻokolohua i hōʻike ʻia no 25kA 10 / 350μs, pono ia e hoʻokau ʻia i ke au impulse o "ma ka liʻiliʻi" 625kA 8 / 20μs. Loaʻa i kekahi manaʻo i kahi a Kauka Hasse e noʻonoʻo ai i kēia mea?

Ua hala ka Hasse politika kaulike kaulike i kēia manawa mai 10 a 30 i zero. A laila a 25 a i kēia manawa i "ma ka liʻiliʻi 25." (ʻike i ka ʻaoʻao ma mua o kēia moʻo.) Manaʻo mākou hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo ua makemake ʻo Kauka Hasse i kahi mea like ma mua a ma hope o kona kūʻē ʻana iā ia ... Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi pakuhi kiʻi hou no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka puke 2010. Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike ma aneʻi ma ka ʻākau. ʻO wai ka mea e ʻike, inā ʻaʻole e hana wikiwiki kekahi, malia paha ʻo ka manawa hou āu e ʻike ai ma ke kākau hou ʻana o ka IEC 62305 Series.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka ʻaoʻao ʻoihana

ʻO kā Dehn lāua ʻo Sohne ʻoihana hoʻokūkū he 30 mau makahiki e hoʻolaha i ka nalu 10/350 e mau nei a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻe aʻe mai ka pūnaewele Dehn i ʻAukake 2013 hōʻole i kekahi manaʻo o kahi mea like. ʻ sayslelo ia: "Manaʻo ʻo DEHN he mea pono e hoʻāʻo me ka 10/350 μs nalu maoli ... ʻo ka hoʻāʻo ʻana wale me ka 10/350 μs nūhou kū maoli o ka hana no ka pale ʻana i nā uila pololei."

ikaika

Inā lawe kekahi i kēia "pilikino" e ʻoluʻolu e ʻae i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole makemake ʻia kēia pūnaewele e lilo i rant ma kekahi kanaka a ʻoihana paha. ʻO kāna mea holoʻokoʻa e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlana o ka pale uila. A inā paha he koa paha e kū i luna a ʻōlelo, pono ka nui o ka wiwo ʻole e noho i lalo a hoʻolohe.

KA 10/350 WAVEFORM -ʻO ke koena o ka moʻolelo
Aia kekahi ma mua o 10/350 ma mua o ka 10 a me ka 350

I ka "Hasse 10/350 waveform Chart" i hōʻike ʻia ma kahi ʻē aʻe hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā palena ʻelua o ka hōʻailona 10/350 i kahakaha ʻia i ka poni: T1 = 10μs a me T2 = 350μs. Akā ʻo ka "10/350 formform nalu" he kuhi hewa mau. E nānā hou iā Hasse's Chart a ʻike ʻoe e komo ana ʻekolu mau palena ʻē aʻe (kahi ʻia i ka melemele): Piko o kēia manawa = 200 kA; Kauoha (Q) = 100 coulombs; a me W / R = 10MJ / Ω.

No nā makahiki he 30 a ʻo ka "10/350 formform" he ʻāpana pūʻolo mau. Hoʻokomo mau ia i kēlā mau palena ʻelima. A ʻo ka waiwai o ka piko o kēia manawa (kA) ʻelua mau manawa ka waiwai o ka uku (coulombs). No ke aha mai? Ma muli paha o ka pono o kēlā mau palena āpau 5 e laka-i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pale pale nalu huna. Hiki i ka mea heluhelu ke hoʻoholo. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ʻole ka hōʻike CIGRE 5 i kēia mau palena a i ʻole kekahi pilina ma waena o nā palena.

Aia ma lalo kāu papa mai ka IEC International Lightning Standard (IEC 62305-1) hou loa. ʻO kēia ke kahua e kūkulu ʻia ai ke kūlana pale pale uila IEC holoʻokoʻa. ʻIke paha kekahi mea? (E kaola i kou ʻiole ma luna o laila e ʻike i kahi i hoʻomaka ai nā palena nui.)

ʻO ke keiki hipa a me ka ʻīlio hae.

Ua akāka ʻo CIGRE's 2013 Brochure 549 ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻāhewa ʻia ʻo CIGRE no nā palena i hōʻike ʻia i ka pakuhi o luna, me ka 10/350 formform ponoʻī. Hoʻomanaʻo anei ʻoe i ka moʻolelo o ka hipa a me ka ʻīlio hae? Ma lalo o ka hulu hipa o ka IEC 62305 mau pale pale uila e ʻike ai ʻoe i ka peʻe a me nā māiʻuʻu o Kauka Peter Hasse.

Ua hiki mai ka manawa no ke kaiāulu palekana uila e kū i kēlā ʻoiaʻiʻo a kāpae i ka hoʻohana pono ʻia o kēlā mau palena mai nā hae.

Nā hakakā o ka hoihoi a me ka hoʻokolokolo

ʻAʻole mākou e hoʻopiʻi i ka kūpono ʻole. ʻAʻole pono mākou. Hōʻike wale mākou i ka mea i hana. ʻOiai inā he hewa ka hana hewa, inā ua kala ʻia ia e nā kānāwai pili i ka palena. ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana ka mea nui, ʻaʻole ka wā i hala.

Kōkua hihia

He paʻakikī ʻaʻole e kuhi e pili ana i ka paio kūpono o ka hoihoi i loko o kēia kūlana. Ua maikaʻi paha no ka Luna Hoʻokele o kahi ʻoihana ʻoihana e like me Dehn a me Sohne, e ʻimi ana i nā lakohana i ke ao ʻoiai, i ka pō, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka mana nui ma luna o nā kōmike kūlana o ka honua e kuhikuhi lākou i ka hoʻohana pono ʻia o ia mau polokalamu.

Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo CIGRE's US National Committee i kahi Polokalamu Ethics me kahi ʻano lapuwale e pili ana i kēlā ʻano hana: "Koi ʻia ke kulekele a ke Kōmike ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā lālā āpau e hōʻalo i nā hakakā maoli o ka hoihoi. ʻO kahi hakakā maoli kahi hoihoi pilikino e hoʻokumu paha i kahi mea nānā kūʻokoʻa e hoʻoholo i ka hiki ʻole i kekahi kanaka e alakaʻi ana i ka ʻoihana US National Committee ke hoʻoholo kūlike ʻole, e hāʻawi i… ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo kūlike ʻole, hoʻohana i ka hoʻokolokolo kūʻokoʻa, a i ʻole ke kumu e pili ana i… nā hopena loea. . Ke kū nei kahi hakakā kūleʻa o ka hoihoi inā e hoihoi paha nā makemake pilikino i kahi mea nānā kūʻokoʻa e nīnau inā paha e hiki i kekahi kanaka e hana ana i kāna ʻoihana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka US National Committee ke hana me ka pololei. ”

ʻOiai e hoʻomaopopo nei i ka hilinaʻi pinepine ʻana o nā kōmike maʻamau i ke kākoʻo o nā ʻoihana kālepa e hoʻopau ai i kā lākou hana, me he mea lā ua nalowale nui kekahi ʻano o ka nānā ʻana a i ʻole kahi kiaʻi kiaʻi i kēia hihia.

'Okeka

Inā ua heluhelu ʻoe i kahi kūlana IEC ʻike koke ʻoe i kahi hana e hiki ai i nā mea āpau ke hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻole i ke kuleana a me ka nele o ka kuleana ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā mea kākau maʻamau. Kuhi mākou i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole hōʻike nā kūlana IEC i nā mea nāna lākou i kākau.

ʻO ka mea e kākau i kahi kūlana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kā lākou mau inoa ma luna o ia mea i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokolokolo inā kū kekahi pilikia i kahi wahi o ke ala. A ʻaʻole inoa wale nō. Pono e hoʻohui i ka pili o ke kanaka a me ka mea e uku ana iā ia e hele i nā hālāwai. Pono e pili i nā pilina hūnā ʻia kahi mea kākau maʻamau e pili i ka hoʻopiʻi kīwila a me / a i ʻole ka hoʻopiʻi kalaima.