Isebenza kanjani iSurge Protective Device (SPD)
Amandla we-SPD wokukhawulela ama-overvoltages kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa kagesi ngokudlulisela phambili imisinga yokuqhuma kungumsebenzi wezinto zokuvikela ukukhuphuka, isakhiwo semishini ye-SPD, nokuxhumeka kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa kagesi. I-SPD ihloselwe ukukhawulela ama-overvoltages wesikhashana futhi iguqule amandla wamanje, noma kokubili. Iqukethe okungenani into eyodwa engekho emgqeni. Ngamagama alula, ama-SPD enzelwe ukukhawulela ukweqiwa kwesikhashana ngenhloso yokuvimbela ukulimala kwemishini nesikhathi sokuphumula ngenxa yamandla kagesi asheshayo afinyelela kumadivayisi awavikelayo.
Isibonelo, cabanga ngesigayo samanzi esivikelwe nge-valve yokusiza ingcindezi. Ivelufa yokusiza ingcindezi ayenzi lutho kuze kube khona ukushaya ngamandla kwengcindezi emanzini. Uma lokho kwenzeka, i-valve ivula futhi ivalele ingcindezi eyengeziwe eceleni, ukuze ingafinyeleli esondweni lamanzi.
Uma i-valve yokusiza ibingekho, ingcindezi eyeqile ingalimaza isondo lamanzi, noma mhlawumbe ukuxhumana kwesaya. Noma ngabe i-valve yokusiza isendaweni futhi isebenza kahle, ezinye izinsalela zomfutho wokucindezela zisazofinyelela esondweni. Kepha ingcindezi izobe yehliswe ngokwanele ukuthi ingalimazi isondo lamanzi noma iphazamise ukusebenza kwayo. Lokhu kuchaza isenzo se-SPDs. Zinciphisa ukwehla kuya emazingeni angeke alimaze noma aphazamise ukusebenza kwezinto ezibucayi zikagesi.
Kusetshenziswe Ubuchwepheshe
Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kuma-SPD?
Kusuka ku-IEEE Std. I-C62.72: Izakhi ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile zokuvikela ukusetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-SPDs yinsimbi oxide varistors (MOVs), ama-avalanche breakdown diode (ABDs - phambilini abaziwa ngokuthi ama-silicon avalanche diode noma ama-SAD), namashubhu okukhipha igesi (GDTs). Ama-MOV ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuvikela amasekethe kagesi we-AC. Ukukalwa kwamanje kwe-MOV kuhlotshaniswa nendawo enqamulelayo nokwakheka kwayo. Ngokuvamile, lapho kukhulu khona indawo enqamulelayo, kukhuphuka isilinganiso samanje sedivayisi. Ama-MOV ngokuvamile angama-geometry ayindilinga noma angama-rectangular kepha eza ngobuningi bezilinganiso ezijwayelekile ezisukela ku-7 mm (0.28 intshi) kuye ku-80 mm (3.15 intshi). Izilinganiso zamanje zokuqhuma zalezi zingxenye zokuvikela ukuqhuma ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zincike kumkhiqizi. Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni kwalesi sigaba somthetho, ngokuxhuma ama-MOV ngokulandelana okufanayo, inani lamanje lokukhuphuka lingabalwa ngokumane ungeze izilinganiso zamanje zokukhuphuka zama-MOV ngazinye ndawonye ukuthola isilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka kwamalungu afanayo. Ngokwenza njalo, kufanele kubhekwe ukuhlanganiswa kwezimpawu zokusebenza kwama-MOV akhethiwe.
Kunemibono eminingi yokuqagela ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye, iyiphi i-topology, kanye nokuthunyelwa kobuchwepheshe obuthile okhiqiza i-SPD enhle kakhulu yokuphambukisa okwenzekayo njengamanje. Esikhundleni sokwethula zonke izinketho, kungcono ukuthi ingxoxo yesilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka, Isilinganiso Sokukhishwa Kwamanje Kwamanani, noma ukukhuphuka kwamakhono wamanje kugxile kwimininingwane yokuhlolwa kokusebenza. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisetshenzisiwe ekwakhiweni, noma ukwakheka okuthile okusetshenzisiwe, okubalulekile ukuthi i-SPD inesilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka noma i-Nominal Discharge Current Rating efanele uhlelo lokusebenza.
Incazelo ebanzi yalezi zingxenye iyalandela. Izinto ezisetshenziswe kuma-SPD ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Nasi isampula salezo zingxenye:
I-Metal oxide varistor (MOV)
Imvamisa, ama-MOV aqukethe umzimba oyindilinga noma onxande we-sintered zinc oxide enezithasiselo ezifanele. Ezinye izinhlobo ezisetshenziswayo zifaka ubujamo be-tubular nezakhiwo ze-multilayer. Ama-Varistor anezinhlayiya zezinhlayiya zensimbi eziqukethe i-alloy yesiliva noma enye insimbi. Ama-electrode kungenzeka ukuthi asetshenziswe emzimbeni ngokuhlola nokuhlwaya noma ngezinye izinqubo ngokuya ngensimbi esetshenzisiwe. Ama-Varistor nawo kaningi anemikhombandlela yocingo noma yethebhu noma olunye uhlobo lokunqanyulwa okungenzeka ukuthi kuthengiselwe i-electrode.
Indlela eyisisekelo yokuqhuba yama-MOVs ivela ezinhlangothini ze-semiconductor emngceleni wezinhlamvu ze-zinc oxide ezakhiwe ngesikhathi sintering. I-varistor ingahle ibhekwe njengedivayisi yokuhlangana okuningana enezinhlamvu eziningi ezisebenza ngokuhlangana okulandelanayo phakathi kwamatheminali. Ukubukwa okuhlukanisayo kwe-varistor ejwayelekile kuboniswa ku-Figure 1.
Ama-Varistor anempahla yokugcina ushintsho oluncane lwe-voltage kuwo wonke ama-terminals abo ngenkathi amandla wokugeleza ahamba ngawo ehluka eminyakeni engamashumi ambalwa yobukhulu. Lesi senzo esingahambisani nomugqa sibavumela ukuthi baphambukise amandla wamanje wokuxhuma lapho exhunywe ku-shunt ngaphesheya komugqa futhi abeke umkhawulo wamandla ogesi kulo lonke umugqa kumanani avikela okokusebenza okuxhunywe kulowo mugqa.
I-avalanche Breakdown Diode (ADB)
Lawa madivayisi abizwa nangokuthi i-silicon avalanche diode (SAD) noma i-transient voltage suppressor (TVS). I-diode breakdown diode, ngesimo sayo esiyisisekelo, iyinhlanganisela eyodwa ye-PN equkethe i-anode (P) ne-cathode (N). Bheka Umfanekiso 2a. Kuzicelo zesekethe ze-DC, umvikeli ubuyela emuva ngokubandlulula okunje ukuthi kusetshenziswe amandla amahle ohlangothini lwe-cathode (N) lwedivayisi. Bheka Umfanekiso 2b.
I-diode ye-avalanche inezifunda ezintathu ezisebenzayo, i-1) i-bias phambili (i-impedance ephansi), i-2) isuka ezweni (i-impedance ephezulu), ne-3) ihlehlisa ukuwohloka kokuchema (i-impedance ephansi kakhulu). Lezi zifunda zingabonakala kuMdwebo 3. Kwimodi yokuchema phambili enombane omuhle esifundeni se-P, i-diode ine-impedance ephansi kakhulu lapho i-voltage yedlula i-voltage bias diode voltage, i-VFS. I-VFS imvamisa ingaphansi kwe-1 V futhi ichazwa ngezansi. Isimo esingasebenzi sisuka ku-0 V siye ngaphansi kwe-VBR enhle esifundeni se-N. Kulesi sifunda, ukuphela kwemifudlana egelezayo yimisinga yokuvuza okuxhomeke emazingeni okushisa kanye nemisinga ye-Zener tunneling yama-diode we-low breakdown voltage. Isifunda sokuqhekeka kwe-reverse bias siqala nge-VBR enhle esifundeni se-N. E-VBR ama-electron awela lapho kuhlangana khona asheshiswa ngokwanele yinkambu ephakeme esifundeni sokuhlangana lapho ukushayisana kwama-electron kuholela ekwehleni, noma i-avalanche, yama-electron nezimbobo. Umphumela uba ukwehla okubukhali ekumelaneni ne-diode. Kokubili ukubandlulula okuhamba phambili kanye nezindawo eziwohlokayo zokuhlehla emuva kungasetshenziselwa ukuvikela.
Izici zikagesi zedaydi le-avalanche zilingana ngokulinganayo. Imikhiqizo yokuvikela ukwehlukaniswa kwedayimethrikhi ye-symmetric equkethe ukuhlangana emuva kuya emuva nayo iyenziwa.
Ukukhishwa kwegesi (GDT)
Amashubhu wokukhipha igesi aqukethe ama-electrode ensimbi amabili noma ngaphezulu ahlukaniswe yigebe elincane futhi aphethwe isilinda sobumba noma ingilazi. Isilinda sigcwele ingxube yegesi enhle, ekhanyisela ekukhishweni okukhanyayo futhi ekugcineni kube nesimo se-arc lapho kufakwa amandla anele kuma-electrode.
Lapho ugesi okhuphuka kancane unqamule igebe ufinyelela inani elinqunywa ngokuyinhloko yisikhala se-electrode, ingcindezi yegesi kanye nengxube yegesi, inqubo yokuvula iqala kumthamo we-spark-over (breakdown). Lapho nje i-spark-over isivele, kungenzeka izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza, kuya ngesekethe yangaphandle. Lezi zifundazwe ziboniswa kuMdwebo 4. Emisakazweni engaphansi kwesilinganiso sokuguquka se-glow-to-arc, indawo ekhanyayo ikhona. Emisakazweni ephansi esifundeni sokukhanya, i-voltage icishe ibe njalo; emisakazweni ekhanyayo ephezulu, ezinye izinhlobo zamashubhu kagesi zingangena esifundeni sokukhanya okungavamile lapho kukhuphuka khona amandla kagesi. Ngaphandle kwalesi sifunda sokukhanya okungavamile i-impedance yokukhipha igesi iyancipha esifundeni sokushintshela esimweni se-low-voltage arc. Okwamanje inguquko ye-arc-to-glow ingase ibe ngaphansi kunenguquko ye-glow-to-arc. Isici sikagesi se-GDT, ngokuhlangana namasekethe wangaphandle, sinquma ikhono le-GDT lokucisha ngemuva kokudlula kokuhlinzwa, futhi linquma namandla asakazwa kumuntu oboshwe ngesikhathi sokuqhuma.
Uma i-voltage esetshenzisiwe (isb. Yesikhashana) inyuka ngokushesha, isikhathi esithathiwe senqubo yokwakhiwa kwe-ionization / arc singavumela i-voltage yesikhashana ukudlula inani elidingekayo lokwephuka esigabeni esedlule. Le voltage ichazwa njengamandla okuwohloka kwethonya futhi imvamisa ingumsebenzi omuhle wokukhuphuka kwesilinganiso samandla kagesi asetshenzisiwe (okudlulayo).
Ikamelo elilodwa elinama-electrode amathathu i-GDT linemigodi emibili ehlukaniswe yi-electrode yangaphakathi yendandatho. Umgodi ophakathi nendawo uvumela i-plasma yegesi emgodini oqhuba ukuqala ukuqhutshwa komunye umgodi, noma ngabe elinye i-voltage voltage lingaphansi kwe-voltage-over voltage.
Ngenxa yesenzo sabo sokushintsha nokwakhiwa okumangele, ama-GDTs angadlula ezinye izinto ze-SPD kumandla okuphatha njengamanje. Ama-GDTs amaningi wezokuxhumana angathwala kalula imisinga yokwanda efinyelela ku-10 kA (8/20 µs waveform). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuya ngokwakhiwa nosayizi we-GDT, imisinga yokwanda ye-> 100 kA ingafinyelelwa.
Ukwakhiwa kwamashubhu okukhipha igesi kungukuthi anamandla amancane kakhulu - ngokuvamile angaphansi kuka-2 pF. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuzinhlelo eziningi zesekethe ezihamba kakhulu.
Lapho ama-GDTs esebenza, angahle akhiqize imisebe ephezulu kakhulu, engathinta i-elektroniki ebucayi. Ngakho-ke kuwukuhlakanipha ukubeka amasekethe we-GDT ebangeni elithile ukusuka ku-elekthronikhi. Ibanga lincike ekuzweleni kwe-elekthronikhi nokuthi i-electronics ivikelwe kangakanani. Enye indlela yokugwema umphumela ukubeka i-GDT endaweni ebiyelwe.
Izincazelo ze-GDT
Igebe, noma izikhala eziningana ezinama-electrode amabili noma amathathu ezinsimbi aboshwe ngophawu lwentambo ukuze ingxube yegesi nengcindezi kube ngaphansi kolawulo, olwenzelwe ukuvikela izinto zokusebenza noma abasebenzi, noma zombili, emithanjeni ephakeme yesikhashana.
Or
Igebe noma izikhala endaweni evulekile yokukhipha, ngaphandle komoya ekucindezelekeni komkhathi, eyenzelwe ukuvikela izinto zokusebenza noma abasebenzi, noma zombili, emithanjeni ephakeme yesikhashana.
- Izihlungi ze-LCR
Lezi zingxenye ziyahlukahluka kuye:
- amandla kagesi
- ukutholakala
- ukuthembeka
- izindleko
- ukuphumelela
Kusuka ku-IEEE Std C62.72: Amandla we-SPD ukukhawulela ama-overvoltages kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ugesi ngokudlulisela phambili imisinga yokwanda kungumsebenzi wezinto ezivikela ukuvikela, isakhiwo semishini ye-SPD, nokuxhumeka kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa kagesi. Izakhi ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile zokuzivikela ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ama-SPDs ama-MOVs, ama-SASD, namashubhu okukhipha igesi, ngama-MOV anokusebenzisa okukhulu kakhulu. Ukukalwa kwamanje kwe-MOV kuhlotshaniswa nendawo enqamulelayo nokwakheka kwayo. Ngokuvamile, lapho indawo enqamulelayo iba nkulu khona, kukhuphuka isilinganiso samanje sedivayisi. Ama-MOV ngokuvamile angama-geometry ayindilinga noma angama-rectangular kepha angena ngobuningi bezilinganiso ezijwayelekile ezisukela ku-7 mm (0.28 in) kuye ku-80 mm (3.15 in). Izilinganiso zamanje zokuqhuma zalezi zingxenye zokuvikela ukuqhuma ziyahlukahluka kakhulu futhi zincike kumkhiqizi. Ngokuxhuma ama-MOV ngokulandelana okufanayo, isilinganiso samanje sokuqalwa kwethiyori singabalwa ngokumane sengeze izilinganiso zamanje zama-MOVs ndawonye ukuthola isilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka kwamalungu afanayo.
Kunemibono eminingi yokuqagela ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye, iyiphi i-topology, kanye nokuthunyelwa kobuchwepheshe obuthile okhiqiza i-SPD enhle kakhulu yokuphambukisa okwenzekayo njengamanje. Esikhundleni sokwethula zonke lezi zimpikiswano futhi uvumele umfundi aqonde lezi zihloko, kungcono ukuthi ingxoxo yesilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka, i-Nominal Discharge Current Rate, noma amandla wamanje wokuqhakambisa azungeze idatha yokuhlola ukusebenza. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisetshenzisiwe ekwakhiweni, noma ukwakheka okuthile okusetshenzisiwe, okubalulekile ukuthi i-SPD inesilinganiso samanje sokukhuphuka noma Isilinganiso Esivele Sokukhishwa Kwamanani okufanele uhlelo lokusebenza futhi, mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthi i-SPD ibeke umkhawulo wesikhashana ukwanda kwamazinga emazingeni avimbela ukulimala kwemishini okuvikelwe kunikezwe indawo elindelekile yokwanda.
Izindlela Zokusebenza Eziyisisekelo
Ama-SPD amaningi anezindlela ezintathu eziyisisekelo zokusebenza:
- Silindile
- Ukuphambukisa
Kwimodi ngayinye, okwamanje kugeleza nge-SPD. Okungaqondakali, kepha, ukuthi uhlobo olwehlukile lwamanje lungaba khona kwimodi ngayinye.
Imodi Elindile
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zamandla lapho "amandla ahlanzekile" enikezwa ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusabalalisa ugesi, i-SPD yenza umsebenzi omncane. Kumodi elindile, i-SPD ilinde ukuqhuma okukhulu ukuthi kwenzeke futhi kudla amandla amancane noma cha; ikakhulukazi lokho okusetshenziswa amasekethe wokuqapha.
Imodi Yokuphambukisa
Lapho uzizwa ngomcimbi wokudlulela ngemuva kwesikhashana, i-SPD iyashintsha iye kwiModi yokuDlulela. Inhloso ye-SPD ukuphambukisa umfutho wokulimaza wamanje ususe emithwalweni ebucayi, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye wehlisa amandla alo kagesi abe sezingeni eliphansi, elingenabungozi.
Njengoba kuchazwe yi-ANSI / IEEE C62.41.1-2002, isikhathi esivamile samanje sihlala kuphela ingxenyana yomjikelezo (ama-microseconds), isiqeshana sesikhathi uma siqhathaniswa nokuhamba okuqhubekayo kwe-60Hz, isignali ye-sinusoidal.
Ubukhulu bamanje wokuqhuma buxhomeke emthonjeni wayo. Iziteleka zombani, ngokwesibonelo, ezingaba khona ezimweni ezingavamile ziqukethe ubukhulu bamanje obedlula amps ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ayizinkulungwane. Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, imicimbi yesikhashana eyenziwe ngaphakathi izokhiqiza ubukhulu bamanje obuphansi (ngaphansi kwama-amps ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa noma ikhulu).
Njengoba ama-SPD amaningi aklanyelwe ukuphatha imisinga emikhulu yokwanda, ibhentshimakhi eyodwa yokusebenza yisilinganiso sokuhlolwa seNominal Discharge Current Rating (In). Imvamisa kudidaniswa nephutha lamanje, kepha alihlobene, lobukhulu obukhulu bamanje buyinkomba yomthamo womkhiqizo ovivinywe ukuphindaphinda ukumelana namandla.
Kusuka ku-IEEE Std. I-C62.72: I-Nominal Discharge Current Rating isebenzisa ikhono le-SPD lokufakwa kuma-surges aphindaphindayo (ama-surges ayi-15 esewonke) wenani elikhethiwe ngaphandle kokulimala, ukwehliswa noma ushintsho kumthamo wokulinganisa amandla we-SPD. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Nominal Discharge Current kufaka phakathi yonke i-SPD kufaka phakathi zonke izinto zokuvikela ukukhuphuka kanye nezinqamuleli zangaphakathi noma zangaphandle ze-SPD. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, akukho nto noma i-disconnector evunyelwe ukwehluleka, ukuvula isekethe, ukulimala noma ukwehliswa isithunzi. Ukuze kuzuzwe isilinganiso esithile, izinga lokulinganisa amandla wokulinganisa we-SPD kumele ligcinwe phakathi kokuqhathanisa kwangaphambi kokuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kokuhlolwa. Inhloso yalezi zivivinyo ukukhombisa ukusebenza nokusebenza kwe-SPD ekuphenduleni ama-surges okuthi kwezinye izimo abanzima kepha angalindelwa kuzinsizakusebenza, ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo noma endaweni yokufaka.
Isibonelo, i-SPD enamandla okukhipha umthamo wamanje wama-10,000 noma ama-amps ayi-20,000 kwimodi ngayinye kusho ukuthi umkhiqizo kufanele ukwazi ukumelana ngokuphepha nobukhulu besikhashana bamanje obungu-10,000 noma ama-amps ayi-20,000 15 ubuncane bezikhathi eziyi-XNUMX, kuzindlela zonke zokuvikela.
Ukuphela Kwempilo Izimo
Kusuka ku-IEEE Std C62.72: Usongo olukhulu kunawo wonke ekuthembekeni kwesikhathi eside kwama-SPD kungenzeka kungabi ama-surges, kepha ukuphindaphindwa kwesikhashana noma kwesikhashana okuphindaphindayo (ama-TOV noma "ukuvuvukala") okungenzeka ku-PDS. Ama-SPD ane-MCOV - asondele ngokungazelelwe kumandla wesistimu yokuqambeka athinteka kalula kuma-overvoltages anjalo angaholela ekugugeni ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-SPD noma ekupheleni kwempilo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Umthetho wesithupha ovame ukusetshenziswa ukucacisa ukuthi ngabe i-MCOV ye-SPD okungenani i-115% yamandla kagesi wesistimu ngemodi ethile yokuvikela. Lokhu kuzovumela i-SPD ukuthi ingathinteki ukwehluka kwamandla okujwayelekile kwe-PDS.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwemicimbi ye-overvoltage eqhubekayo, i-SPDs ingaguga, noma yehlise isithunzi, noma ifinyelele esimweni sayo sokuphela kwenkonzo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yama-surges adlula izilinganiso ze-SPDs zamanje wokukhuphuka, isilinganiso sokwenzeka kwemicimbi yokwanda, ubude besimo sokuqhuma , noma inhlanganisela yale micimbi. Imicimbi yokuphindaphindeka yokwanda kwe-amplitude ebalulekile esikhathini esithile ingashisa kakhulu izingxenye ze-SPD futhi ibangele ukuthi izingxenye zokuvikela zokukhula ziguge. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-surges aphindaphindayo angadala ukuthi izixhumi ze-SPD ezisebenze ngomshini ukuze zisebenze ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokushisa kwezakhi zokuvikela zokwanda. Izici ze-SPD zingashintsha njengoba zifinyelela esimweni sayo sokuphela kwensizakalo - ngokwesibonelo, imithamo ekhawulelwe yokukala ingakhuphuka noma yehle.
Ngomzamo wokugwema ukonakala ngenxa yama-surges, abakhiqizi abaningi be-SPD baklama ama-SPD ngamandla aphezulu wamanje wokusebenzisa ngokusebenzisa izinto ezinkudlwana ngokomzimba noma ngokuxhuma izinto eziningi ngokufana. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukugwema amathuba okuthi izilinganiso ze-SPD njengomhlangano zeqiwe ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile kakhulu nezehlukile. Impumelelo yale ndlela isekelwa yimpilo yesevisi ende nomlando wama-SPD akhona afakiwe aklanywe ngale ndlela.
Mayelana nokuxhumanisa kwe-SPD futhi, njengoba kushiwo maqondana nokukhuphuka kwamazinga wamanje, kunengqondo ukuba ne-SPD enezilinganiso eziphakeme zamanje zokutholakala ezisezinsizakalweni zensiza lapho i-PDS ivezwe kakhulu kuma-surges okusiza ekuvikeleni ukuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi; Okwamanje, ama-SPD aqhubeka ngokuya phansi kusuka entweni yokusebenza kwensizakalo engadalulwanga emithonjeni yangaphandle yama-surges angahle abe nokulinganisa okuncane. Ngokuklanywa okuhle kwesistimu yokuvikela kanye nokuxhumanisa, ukuguga ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-SPD kungagwenywa.
Ezinye izimbangela zokuhluleka kwe-SPD zifaka:
- Amaphutha wokufaka
- Ukusetshenziswa kabi komkhiqizo ngenani lamandla kagesi
- Imicimbi esekwe ngaphezu kwamandla kagesi
Lapho ingxenye yokucindezela ihluleka, imvamisa yenza njengokufushane, okwenza ukuthi i-current iqale ukugeleza ngengxenye ehlulekile. Inani lamanje elikhona ukugeleza ngale nto ehlulekile lingumsebenzi wamaphutha akhona manje futhi liqhutshwa uhlelo lwamandla. Ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngama-Fault Currents iya ku-SPD Safety Related Information.
