BS EN IEC 62305 daidaitaccen kariyar walƙiya

An fara buga BS EN / IEC 62305 Standard don kare walƙiya a watan Satumbar 2006, don maye gurbin mizanin da ya gabata, BS 6651: 1999. Ga wani iyakantaccen lokacin, BS EN / IEC 62305 da BS 6651 sun gudana a layi daya, amma har zuwa watan Agusta 2008, an cire BS 6651 kuma yanzu BS EN / IEC 63205 shine matsayin da aka sani don kare walƙiya.

Gwargwadon BS EN / IEC 62305 yana nuna karuwar fahimtar kimiyya game da walƙiya da tasirinta a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata kuma yana ɗaukar tasirin tasirin fasaha da tsarin lantarki akan ayyukanmu na yau da kullun. Complexarin rikitarwa da dacewa fiye da wanda ya gabace shi, BS EN / IEC 62305 ya haɗa da sassa daban-daban guda huɗu - ƙa'idodi gama gari, kula da haɗari, lalacewar jiki ga sifofi da haɗarin rayuwa, da kariya ta tsarin lantarki.

An gabatar da waɗannan sassan daidaitattun nan. A shekara ta 2010 waɗannan sassan an yi musu bita na zamani, tare da sabunta sassan 1, 3 da 4 da aka fitar a 2011. An sabunta ɓangare na 2 a halin yanzu ana tattaunawa kuma ana sa ran za a buga shi a ƙarshen 2012.

Mabuɗin BS EN / IEC 62305 shine cewa duk abubuwan da suka shafi kariya ta walƙiya ana kore su ta hanyar cikakken haɗari mai haɗari kuma cewa wannan ƙididdigar ba kawai tana la'akari da tsarin da za'a kiyaye ba har ma da ayyukan da tsarin yake haɗe da shi. A takaice, ba za'a sake yin la'akari da kariyar walƙiya a keɓe ba, kariya daga jujjuyawar wucewa ko hauhawar wutar lantarki yana da mahimmanci ga BS EN / IEC 62305.

Tsarin BS EN / IEC 62305

Jerin BS EN / IEC 62305 ya ƙunshi sassa huɗu, dukansu suna buƙatar la'akari. Wadannan sassa guda hudu an tsara su a kasa:

Sashe na 1: Ka'idodin Gabaɗaya

BS EN / IEC 62305-1 (sashi na 1) gabatarwa ne zuwa sauran sassan daidaitattun kuma da mahimmanci ya bayyana yadda za a tsara Tsarin Kariyar Walƙiya (LPS) daidai da ɓangarorin da ke bi na daidaitattun.

Sashe na 2: Gudanar da haɗari

BS EN / IEC 62305-2 (sashi na 2) tsarin kula da haɗari, baya mai da hankali sosai ga lalacewar jiki kawai ga tsarin da fitowar walƙiya ta haifar, amma ƙari game da haɗarin asarar rayukan ɗan adam, asarar sabis ga jama'a, asarar al'adun gargajiya da asarar tattalin arziki.

Sashe na 3: Lalacewar jiki ga sifofi da haɗarin rayuwa

BS EN / IEC 62305-3 (kashi na 3) ya shafi kai tsaye zuwa babban ɓangaren BS 6651. Ya banbanta da BS 6651 ta yadda wannan sabon ɓangaren yana da aji hudu ko matakan kariya na LPS, sabanin na biyu (talakawa) da matakan haɗari) a cikin BS 6651.

Sashe na 4: Tsarin lantarki da lantarki

a cikin sifofi, BS EN / IEC 62305-4 (kashi na 4) yana rufe kariyar kayan lantarki da na lantarki da ke cikin sifofi. Yana ƙunshe da abin da Annex C a cikin BS 6651 ya isar, amma tare da sabon tsarin yanki wanda ake kira Yankin Kariyar Walƙiya (LPZs). Yana bayar da bayanai don ƙira, girkawa, kiyayewa & gwaji na tsarin kariya na Walƙiyar Lantarki na Lantarki (LEMP) (wanda yanzu ake kira Matakan Kariyar Kariya - SPM) don tsarin lantarki / lantarki a cikin tsari.

Tebur mai zuwa yana ba da cikakken shimfiɗa game da bambancin maɓallan da ke tsakanin mizanin da ya gabata, BS 6651, da BS EN / IEC 62305.

Lalacewa da asara

BS EN / IEC 62305 yana gano manyan hanyoyin lalacewa guda huɗu:

S1 Flashes zuwa tsarin

S2 Flashes kusa da tsarin

S3 Haskakawa zuwa sabis

S4 Filashi kusa da sabis

Kowane tushen lalacewa na iya haifar da ɗaya ko fiye da iri iri na lalacewa:

D1 Raunin rayayyun halittu saboda mataki da taɓa voltages

D2 Lalacewar jiki (wuta, fashewa, lalata kayan inji, sakin sinadarai) saboda tasirin walƙiya na yanzu gami da walƙiya

D3 Rashin tsarin tsarin saboda Harshen Wutar Lantarki (LEMP)

Nau'in hasara masu zuwa na iya haifar da lalacewa saboda walƙiya:

L1 Asarar rayuwar ɗan adam

L2 Rashin aiki ga jama'a

L3 Asarar al'adun gargajiya

L4 Asarar darajar tattalin arziki

An taƙaita alaƙar dukkanin sifofin da ke sama a cikin Table 5.

Hoto na 12 a shafi na 271 yana nuna nau'ikan lalacewa da asara sakamakon walƙiya.

Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai game da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka kafa sashi na 1 na ƙa'idar BS EN 62305, da fatan za a koma zuwa ga cikakkiyar jagorarmu 'Jagora ga BS EN 62305.' Kodayake yana kan BS EN misali, wannan jagorar na iya ba da bayanan tallafi na ban sha'awa ga masu ba da shawara waɗanda ke tsarawa daidai da IEC. Da fatan za a duba shafi na 283 don ƙarin bayani game da wannan jagorar.

Ka'idodin ƙirar makirci

Kyakkyawan kariyar walƙiya don tsari da ayyukan da aka haɗa zai kasance don haɗa tsarin a cikin ƙasa mai kyau kuma yana gudanar da garkuwar ƙarfe (akwatin), kuma ƙari kuma yana samar da isasshen haɗin kowane sabis ɗin da aka haɗa a mashigar shiga garkuwar.

Wannan, a zahiri, zai hana shigarwar walƙiya da yanayin haɓakar lantarki a cikin tsarin. Koyaya, a aikace, ba zai yuwu ba ko kuma kuɗi mai tsada don zuwa irin waɗannan tsayin.

Don haka wannan daidaitaccen tsari ya fitar da tsayayyun sigogin tsayayyun walƙiya inda matakan kariya, waɗanda aka ɗauka daidai da shawarwarin ta, zasu rage duk wata lalacewa da asara sakamakon sakamakon walƙiya. Wannan rage lalacewa da asara mai zuwa yana da inganci idan aka sanya sigogin bugawar walƙiya suka faɗi cikin iyakantattun iyakoki, waɗanda aka kafa azaman Matakan Kariyar walƙiya (LPL)

Matakan Kariyar walƙiya (LPL)

An ƙaddara matakan kariya huɗu dangane da sigogin da aka samo daga takardun fasaha da aka buga a baya. Kowane matakin yana da tsayayyun saiti na matsakaitan matsakaitan sigogi na yanzu. Ana nuna waɗannan sigogi a cikin Tebur 6. An yi amfani da ƙimar ƙa'idodi mafi ƙanƙanci a cikin ƙirar samfuran abubuwa kamar abubuwan haɗin walƙiya da Surananan Kariyar Tsare-tsaren (SPDs). Anyi amfani da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar walƙiya don amintar da zagawar radiyo don kowane matakin.

Yankunan Kariyar walƙiya (LPZ)

An gabatar da batun Yankunan Kariyar Walƙiya (LPZ) a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305 musamman don taimakawa wajen ƙayyade matakan kariya da ake buƙata don kafa matakan kariya don ƙetare Hasken Lantarki na Wutar Lantarki (LEMP) a cikin tsari.

Babban ka'idojin shine cewa kayan aikin da ake buƙatar kariya su kasance a cikin LPZ waɗanda halayen halayyar lantarki suke dacewa da damuwar kayan aiki tsayayya ko ikon rigakafi.

Manufar tana ɗaukar nauyin yankuna na waje, tare da haɗarin bugun kai tsaye (LPZ 0_A), ko haɗarin halin walƙiya na halin yanzu (LPZ 0_B), da matakan kariya a cikin yankuna na ciki (LPZ 1 & LPZ 2).

Gabaɗaya mafi girman lambar shiyyar (LPZ 2; LPZ 3 da sauransu) ƙananan tasirin tasirin lantarki ana tsammanin. Yawanci, duk wani kayan aikin lantarki mai mahimmanci yakamata ya kasance a cikin LPZs mai lamba kuma a kiyaye shi daga LEMP ta Matakan Kariyar Karuwa ('SPM' kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin BS EN 62305: 2011).

An ambaci SPM a baya azaman Tsarin Matakan Kariya na LEMP (LPMS) a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305: 2006.

Hoto na 13 yana nuna ra'ayin LPZ kamar yadda aka yi amfani da tsarin da SPM. An fadada manufar a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305-3 da BS EN / IEC 62305-4.

Ana yin zaɓi na SPM mafi dacewa ta amfani da ƙimar haɗari daidai da BS EN / IEC 62305-2.

BS EN / IEC 62305-2 Gudanar da Hadarin

BS EN / IEC 62305-2 shine mabuɗin don aiwatar da BS EN / IEC 62305-3 da BS EN / IEC 62305-4. Kima da gudanar da haɗarin yanzu yafi mahimmanci da zurfi fiye da kusancin BS 6651.

BS EN / IEC 62305-2 takamaiman ma'amala ne da yin ƙimar haɗari, wanda sakamakon sa ya ayyana matakin Tsarin Haske Walƙiya (LPS) da ake buƙata. Yayin da BS 6651 ya keɓe shafuka 9 (gami da adadi) ga batun ƙimar haɗari, BS EN / IEC 62305-2 a halin yanzu ya ƙunshi sama da shafuka 150.

Mataki na farko na tantance haɗarin shine gano wanne daga cikin nau'ikan asarar guda huɗu (kamar yadda aka gano a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305-1) tsarin da abubuwan da ke ciki na iya haifar da shi. Babban manufar binciken haɗarin shine a ƙididdige kuma idan ya cancanta a rage haɗarin farko masu dacewa watau:

R₁ haɗarin asarar rayukan ɗan adam

R₂ haɗarin asarar aiki ga jama'a

R₃ haɗarin asarar al'adun gargajiya

R₄ haɗarin asarar darajar tattalin arziki

Ga kowane ɗayan haɗarin haɗari na farko guda uku, haɗarin haƙuri (R_T) an saita. Ana iya samo wannan bayanan a cikin Table 7 na IEC 62305-2 ko Table NK.1 na Anneasa ta ofasa ta BS EN 62305-2.

Kowane haɗarin farko (R_n) an ƙaddara ta hanyar dogon lissafin lissafi kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin mizanin. Idan ainihin haɗari (R_n) kasa da ko daidai da haɗarin haƙuri (R_T), to ba a bukatar matakan kariya. Idan ainihin haɗari (R_n) ya fi haɗarin haɗarinsa daidai (R_T), to dole ne a zuga matakan kariya. An maimaita aikin da ke sama (ta amfani da sababbin ƙimomin da suka danganci matakan kariya da aka zaɓa) har R_n bai kai ko daidai da kwatankwacinsa ba R_T. Wannan tsarin aiwatarwa ne kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 14 wanda ke yanke shawarar zaɓin ko kuma matakin Matakan Kariyar walƙiya (LPL) na Tsarin Kariyar Walƙiya (LPS) da Matakan Kariyar Tsaro (SPM) don magance tasirin walƙiya na Electromagnetic (LEMP).

BS EN / IEC 62305-3 Lalacewar jiki ga tsari da haɗarin rai

Wannan ɓangaren rukunin ƙa'idodin suna ma'amala da matakan kariya a ciki da kewayen tsari kuma saboda haka yana da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa babban ɓangaren BS 6651.

Babban jikin wannan bangare na daidaitaccen yana ba da jagora kan ƙirar Tsarin Kariya na Walƙiya na waje (LPS), LPS na ciki da shirye-shiryen kulawa da dubawa.

Tsarin Kariyar walƙiya (LPS)

BS EN / IEC 62305-1 ta bayyana Matakan Kariyar Walƙiya (LPLs) guda huɗu bisa ga mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi da matsakaicin igiyoyin walƙiya. Wadannan LPLs suna daidaita kai tsaye zuwa azuzuwan Tsarin Kariyar Walƙiya (LPS).

An gano daidaituwa tsakanin matakan hudu na LPL da LPS a cikin Table 7. A takaice, mafi girman LPL, ana buƙatar mafi girma na LPS.

Ajin LPS da za'a girka ana gudanar dashi ne ta sakamakon lissafin kidayar hadari wanda aka nuna a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305-2.

LPS na ƙirar ƙira na waje

Dole ne mai tsara walƙiyar walƙiya da farko ya yi la'akari da tasirin zafi da fashewar da aka haifar a daidai lokacin da aka yi tsawar walƙiya da kuma sakamakon da tsarin yake shirin yi. Dogaro da sakamakon mai zanen zai iya zaɓar ɗayan nau'ikan nau'ikan LPS na waje:

- Kebe

- Ba warewa

LPS mai keɓancewa ana zaɓa yawanci lokacin da aka gina tsarin da kayan ƙonewa ko gabatar da haɗarin fashewa.

Akasin haka, tsarin da ba keɓaɓɓe ba na iya dacewa inda babu irin wannan haɗarin.

LPS ta waje ta ƙunshi:

- Tsarin ƙarewar iska

- Down shugaba tsarin

- Tsarin ƙarewar duniya

Waɗannan abubuwan kowane mutum na LPS ya kamata a haɗa su tare ta amfani da abubuwan haɗin walƙiya masu dacewa (LPC) wanda ya dace (a game da BS EN 62305) tare da jerin BS EN 50164 (lura da cewa BS EN jerin zai kasance saboda BS EN / IEC ya maye gurbinsa 62561 jerin). Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa idan fitowar walƙiya ta gudana zuwa tsarin, ƙirar daidai da zaɓin abubuwan da aka gyara zai rage duk wata illa da ke iya faruwa.

Tsarin ƙarewar iska

Matsayin tsarin dakatar da iska shine ya kama fitowar walƙiya a halin yanzu kuma ya watsa shi lahani zuwa duniya ta hanyar madugun saukarwa da tsarin ƙarewar ƙasa. Saboda haka yana da mahimmanci mahimmanci don amfani da tsarin ƙare iska da aka tsara daidai.

BS EN / IEC 62305-3 suna ba da shawarar masu zuwa, a cikin kowane haɗuwa, don ƙirar dakatar da iska:

- Sandunan iska (ko finials) ko tsayayyen tsayayyen kyauta ne ko kuma suna da alaƙa da masu jagora don samar da raga akan rufin

- Masu gudanarwa na Catenary (ko waɗanda aka dakatar), ko suna da goyan baya ta masts masu kyauta ko kuma suna da alaƙa da masu jagora don samar da raga akan rufin

- Hanyar sadarwar Meshed wacce ke iya saduwa da rufin kai tsaye ko kuma a dakatar da ita a sama (idan har hakan na da matukar muhimmanci cewa ba a rufe rufin da fitowar wutar walƙiya kai tsaye)

Daidaitaccen ya bayyana karara cewa duk nau'ikan tsarin dakatar da iska da ake amfani dasu zasu hadu da bukatun matsayin da aka shimfida a jikin ma'aunin. Yana nuna cewa yakamata a sanya abubuwan dakatar da iska akan kusurwa, wuraren da aka fallasa da gefunan tsarin. Hanyoyi guda uku masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka ba da shawarar don ƙayyade matsayin tsarin dakatar da iska sune:

- Hanyar zagayawa

- Hanyar kusurwa mai kariya

- Hanyar raga

Wadannan hanyoyin sunyi cikakken bayani akan shafuka masu zuwa.

Hanyar zagayawa

Hanyar zagaye zagaye hanya ce mai sauki wacce take gano yankuna na tsari wanda yake bukatar kariya, la'akari da yiwuwar kai hare hare gefe zuwa tsarin. Mahimmin ra'ayi na amfani da dunƙulewa zuwa tsari an kwatanta shi a cikin Hoto na 15.

Anyi amfani da hanyar zagayawa a cikin BS 6651, bambancin kawai shine a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305 akwai radii daban-daban na yanayin juyawa wanda yayi daidai da rukunin LPS mai dacewa (duba Table 8).

Wannan hanyar ta dace da ayyana yankuna na kariya ga kowane irin tsari, musamman na hadadden yanayin lissafi.

Hanyar kusurwa mai kariya

Hanyar kusurwa mai kariya ita ce sauƙaƙuwar lissafin lissafi ta hanyar zagaye zagaye. Kusurwar kariya (a) ita ce kusurwar da aka kirkira tsakanin tip (A) na sandar a tsaye da kuma layin da aka tsara zuwa saman saman da sandar ke zaune (duba hoto na 16).

Hannun kariyar da sandar iska ke bayarwa a bayyane yake ra'ayi mai girma uku inda aka sanya sandar mazugi ta kariya ta share layin AC a kusurwar kariya cikakkiyar 360º a kusa da sandar iska.

Kusurwar mai kariya ta bambanta da bambancin tsayi na sandar iska da kuma aji na LPS. An ƙaddara kusurwar kariya ta sandar iska daga Table 2 na BS EN / IEC 62305-3 (duba hoto na 17).

Bambanta da kusurwar kariya canji ne zuwa ga yanki mai sauki na 45º na kariya wanda aka bayar a mafi yawan lokuta a cikin BS 6651. Bugu da ƙari, sabon mizani yana amfani da tsayin tsarin dakatar da iska sama da jirgin sama, ko yana ƙasa ne ko matakin rufin (Duba Hoto na 18).

Hanyar raga

Wannan ita ce hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita a ƙarƙashin shawarwarin BS 6651. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305 an bayyana nau'ikan raga huɗu na iska huɗu daban-daban kuma suna dacewa da rukunin LPS mai dacewa (duba Table 9).

Wannan hanyar ta dace inda sararin samaniya ke buƙatar kariya idan an cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa:

- Dole ne a sanya masu jagorantar dakatar da iska a gefunan rufin, a saman rufin rufin da kan raƙuman rufin tare da farar da ta wuce 1 cikin 10 (5.7º)

- Babu ƙarfen ƙarfe wanda yake fitowa sama da tsarin ƙarewar iska

Binciken zamani game da lalacewar walƙiya ya nuna cewa gefuna da kusurwoyin rufin sun fi saurin lalacewa.

Don haka a kowane tsari musamman tare da rufin kwanon rufi, yakamata a sanya masu gudanar da kewayon kusa da gefen gefen rufin kamar yadda ake iya yi.

Kamar yadda yake a cikin BS 6651, daidaitaccen halin yanzu yana ba da izinin yin amfani da masu jagora (ko suna aikin ƙarfe ne ko kuma masu kwazo na LP) a ƙarƙashin rufin. Yakamata a saka sandunan sararin samaniya (finials) ko faranti na yajin aiki sama da rufin kuma a haɗa su da tsarin madugu a ƙasan. Yakamata a sanya sandunan iska nesa ba kusa da mita 10 ba kuma idan ana amfani da faranti a matsayin madadin, yakamata a sanya su ta hanyar dabarun saman rufin da bai fi 5 m baya ba.

Tsarin dakatar da iska mara tsari

Yawancin muhawara ta fasaha (da kasuwanci) ta gudana tsawon shekaru dangane da ingancin ikirarin da masu ra'ayin irin waɗannan tsarin suke yi.

An tattauna wannan batun sosai a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu fasaha waɗanda suka tattara BS EN / IEC 62305. Sakamakon ya kasance tare da bayanan da ke cikin wannan daidaitattun.

BS EN / IEC 62305 ya faɗi ba tare da shakka ba cewa za a ƙayyade girma ko yankin kariya ta hanyar tsarin dakatar da iska (misali sandar iska) ta ainihin yanayin yanayin tsarin iska.

An ƙarfafa wannan bayanin a cikin tsarin 2011 na BS EN 62305, ta hanyar haɗa shi cikin jikin ma'auni, maimakon ƙirƙirar wani ɓangare na Rataye (Annex A na BS EN / IEC 62305-3: 2006).

Yawanci idan sandar iska tana da tsayi 5 m to da'awa kawai ga yankin kariyar da wannan sandar iska zata dogara ne akan 5 m da madaidaitan aji na LPS kuma ba wani ingantaccen girman da wasu sandunan iska marasa tsari suke ikirarin ba.

Babu wani mizanin da ake tunanin zaiyi aiki daidai da wannan daidaitaccen BS EN / IEC 62305.

Abubuwa na halitta

Lokacin da ake la'akari da rufin ƙarfe a matsayin tsarin dakatar da iska na halitta, to BS 6651 ya ba da jagora a kan mafi ƙarancin kauri da nau'in kayan da ake la'akari.

BS EN / IEC 62305-3 suna ba da irin wannan jagorar da ƙarin bayani idan rufin ya zama abin ɗauka huɗu daga fitowar walƙiya (duba Table 10).

Ya kamata koyaushe ya kasance mafi ƙarancin masu jan ragamar ƙasa guda biyu da aka rarraba a kewayen kewaye da tsarin. Yakamata masu adaidaita sahu a duk inda zai yiwu a girka su a kowane kusurwa na sifar kamar yadda bincike ya nuna waɗannan don ɗaukar babban ɓangaren wutan lantarki.

Abubuwa na halitta

BS EN / IEC 62305, kamar BS 6651, yana ƙarfafa amfani da sassan ƙarfe masu ƙarfi a kan ko a cikin tsarin don haɗa shi cikin LPS.

Inda BS 6651 ya ƙarfafa ci gaba da lantarki yayin amfani da sandunan ƙarfafawa waɗanda suke a cikin sikoki, haka ma BS EN / IEC 62305-3. Allyari, ya ce ana ƙarfafa sanduna, an haɗa su tare da abubuwan haɗin haɗi masu dacewa ko an rufe su da mafi ƙarancin sau 20 na diamita. Wannan don tabbatar da cewa waɗancan sandunan karfafa ƙarfin da zasu iya ɗaukar igiyoyin walƙiya suna da haɗin haɗi daga tsayi ɗaya zuwa na gaba.

Lokacin da ake buƙatar sanduna masu ƙarfafa ciki don a haɗa su da mahaɗan ƙasa na waje ko hanyar sadarwa ta duniya ko dai ɗayan tsare-tsaren da aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 20 sun dace. Idan haɗi daga mahaɗin mai haɗewa zuwa katangar za a sanya shi a cikin kankare to mizanin ya ba da shawarar cewa a yi amfani da matsosai biyu, ɗayan da aka haɗa zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙarfin rebar ɗayan kuma zuwa wani tsayin na daban. Ya kamata mahaɗan su kasance haɗe da wani abu mai hana danshi kamar tef ɗin Denso.

Idan za a yi amfani da sandunan karfafa (ko kuma karafan karfe) a matsayin masu jan ragamar kasa to ya kamata a tabbatar da ci gaba da lantarki daga tsarin dakatar da iska zuwa tsarin kasa. Don sabbin sifofin gini wannan za'a iya yanke shawara a farkon matakin gini ta amfani da sandunan ƙarfafa ƙarfafawa ko kuma a madadin gudanar da keɓaɓɓen jan ƙarfe na jan ƙarfe daga saman tsarin har zuwa harsashin kafin zoben kankare. Wannan sadaukarwar jan ƙarfen yakamata a haɗa shi da sandunan ƙarfafa kusa da juna lokaci-lokaci.

Idan akwai shakku game da hanya da ci gaba da sandunan ƙarfafawa a cikin gine-ginen da ke akwai to ya kamata a shigar da tsarin madarar ƙasa ta waje. Wadannan yakamata a sanya su cikin tsarin karfafawa na sifofi a sama da kasan tsarin.

Tsarin tsarin duniya

Tsarin ƙarewar ƙasa yana da mahimmanci don watsawar walƙiya a halin yanzu cikin aminci da inganci cikin ƙasa.

A layi daya da BS 6651, sabon mizani yana bada shawarar tsarin dunkulewar kasa guda daya don tsari, hada kariyar walƙiya, wuta da tsarin sadarwa. Yarjejeniyar hukumar aiki ko mai tsarin da ya dace ya kamata a samu kafin duk wani hadin da ke faruwa.

Kyakkyawan haɗin ƙasa ya kamata ya mallaki halaye masu zuwa:

- resistancearancin juriya tsakanin lantarki da ƙasa. Resistancearancin juriya na wutar lantarki ta ƙasa mai yiwuwa walƙiyar walƙiya za ta zaɓi ta bi ta wannan hanyar ta fifita kowane ɗayan, yana ba da damar gudanar da halin yanzu cikin aminci da watsarwa a cikin ƙasa

- Kyakkyawan juriya lalata. Zaɓin kayan abu don wutar lantarki ta duniya da haɗinsa yana da mahimmancin gaske. Za a binne shi a cikin ƙasa na shekaru da yawa don haka ya zama abin dogaro kwata-kwata

Daidaitaccen yana ba da shawarar ƙarancin juriya na ƙasa kuma ya nuna cewa za a iya cimma shi tare da tsarin ƙarewar ƙasa gaba ɗaya na 10 ohms ko ƙasa da haka.

Ana amfani da tsare-tsaren lantarki guda uku na duniya.

- Rubuta A tsari

- Rubuta B tsari

- Gidauniyar duniya wayoyi

Buga A tsari

Wannan ya kunshi na lantarki ko na kasa a tsaye, wanda aka hade shi zuwa kowane madugu na kasa wanda aka gyara shi a wajen tsarin. Wannan a zahiri shine tsarin duniya wanda aka yi amfani dashi a cikin BS 6651, inda kowane mai gudanar da ƙasa yake da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa (sandar) da aka haɗa ta.

Rubuta B tsari

Wannan tsarin shine ainihin haɗin duniyan duniyan da aka haɗe wanda yake zaune kusa da gefen tsarin kuma yana cikin hulɗa da ƙasa kewaye da mafi ƙarancin 80% na jimlarta duka (watau 20% na tsawonsa gabaɗaya ana iya zama a cikin a ce da ginshiki na tsari kuma ba a cikin ma'amala kai tsaye da ƙasa ba).

Gida duniya wayoyi

Wannan mahimmanci tsari ne na B na duniya. Ya ƙunshi kwastomomi waɗanda aka girka a cikin tushe na sifar tsarin. Idan ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarin wayoyi suna buƙatar cika ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya da na tsarin B na biyun. Za'a iya amfani da wayoyin tushe na ƙasa don haɓaka ƙarfen ƙarfe mai ƙarfafa ƙarfe.

Rabuwa (keɓewa) nesa na LPS na waje

Nisan rabuwa (watau rufin lantarki) tsakanin LPS na waje da sassan ƙarfe masu tsari ana buƙata da gaske. Wannan zai rage duk wata dama ta yanayin walƙiya wanda aka gabatar dashi ciki cikin tsarin.

Ana iya samun nasarar hakan ta hanyar sanya masu ba da walƙiya isasshe nesa da kowane ɓangaren sarrafawa waɗanda ke da hanyoyi masu zuwa cikin tsarin. Don haka, idan fitowar walƙiya ta buge madugu mai tafiyar da walƙiya, ba zai iya `` cike gibin ba '' kuma ya haskaka zuwa aikin ƙarfe da ke kusa da shi.

BS EN / IEC 62305 tana ba da shawarar tsarin dunkulewar kasa baki daya don tsari, hada kariyar walƙiya, wuta, da tsarin sadarwa.

Abubuwan ƙira na LPS na ciki

Babban mahimmin aikin LPS na ciki shine don tabbatar da nisantar abubuwa masu haɗari da ke faruwa tsakanin tsarin da za'a kiyaye. Wannan na iya zama saboda, biyo bayan fitowar walƙiya, zuwa ga walƙiyar da ke gudana a cikin LPS ta waje ko kuma wasu ɓangarorin da ake sarrafawa na tsarin da yunƙurin jujjuyawa ko walƙiya zuwa kayan aikin ƙarfe na ciki.

Measuresaukar matakan haɗi mai dacewa ko tabbatar akwai wadataccen matattarar lantarki tsakanin sassan ƙarfe na iya guje wa walƙiya mai haɗari tsakanin sassa daban-daban na ƙarfe.

Abubuwan haɗin walƙiya

Bondarfafa kayan aiki shine haɗin haɗin wutar lantarki na duk kayan shigarwa / sassa masu dacewa, kamar idan a yayin da walƙiya take gudana, babu wani ƙarfe mai ƙarfe wanda yake da ƙarfin ƙarfin daban game da juna. Idan sassan ƙarfe suna da mahimmanci iri ɗaya to haɗarin walƙiya ko walƙiya ya lalace.

Ana iya samun wannan haɗin haɗin lantarki ta hanyar haɗuwa ta halitta / ta ɗanɗano ko ta amfani da takamaiman mahaɗan haɗin da aka ƙaddara bisa ga Tebur 8 da 9 na BS EN / IEC 62305-3.

Hakanan ana iya cika haɗin gwiwa ta amfani da na'urorin kariya masu ƙarfi (SPDs) inda haɗin kai tsaye tare da masu jagorantar haɗin kai bai dace ba.

Hoto na 21 (wanda ya samo asali ne daga BS EN / IEC 62305-3 figE 43) yana nuna misali na yau da kullun na tsarin haɗin kan kayan aiki. Gas, da ruwa, da kuma tsarin dumama yanayi duk suna haɗe kai tsaye zuwa sandar haɗa kayan aiki wanda ke ciki amma kusa da bangon waje kusa da matakin ƙasa. An haɗa kebul ɗin wuta ta hanyar SPD mai dacewa, daga sama daga mitar lantarki, zuwa sandar haɗin keɓaɓɓu. Wannan sandar haɗin zata kasance kusa da babban kwamitin rarrabawa (MDB) sannan kuma ya kasance yana da alaƙa da haɗin tsarin ƙare ƙasa tare da masu jan gajeren gajere. A cikin manya ko tsayayyun tsari ana iya buƙatar sanduna da yawa amma duk yakamata su haɗu da juna.

Allon kowane kebul na eriya tare da duk wani wutan lantarki wanda yake kariya ga kayan aikin lantarki da za'a tura su cikin tsarin ya kamata a hada su a sandar kayan aiki.

Arin jagora game da haɗin kayan aiki, tsarin tsarin ƙasa mai haɗuwa, da zaɓi na SPD ana iya samun su a cikin littafin jagorar LSP.

BS EN / IEC 62305-4 Tsarin lantarki da lantarki a cikin tsari

Tsarin lantarki yanzu ya mamaye kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar mu, daga yanayin aiki, ta hanyar cika motar da fetur har ma da sayayya a babban kantunan yankin. A zamanmu na al'umma, a yanzu mun dogara sosai ga ci gaba da ingantaccen tsarin waɗannan tsarin. Amfani da kwamfutoci, sarrafa kayan lantarki, da sadarwa ya fashe a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata. Ba wai kawai akwai sauran tsarin da ke wanzuwa ba, girman jiki na kayan lantarki da ke ciki ya ragu da yawa (ƙarami yana nufin ƙasa da kuzarin da ake buƙata don lalata layuka).

BS EN / IEC 62305 ya yarda cewa yanzu muna rayuwa ne a cikin zamani na lantarki, yana yin LEMP (Hasken Lantarki na Wutar Lantarki) don tsarin lantarki da na lantarki ya kasance mai daidaituwa ga daidaitaccen ta ɓangare na 4. LEMP shine lokacin da aka bayar don tasirin tasirin lantarki na walƙiya, gami da gudanar da haɓaka (ƙananan wucewa da ƙuƙumma) da kuma haskaka tasirin tasirin lantarki.

LEMP LEMP yana da yawa kamar yadda aka gano shi ɗayan takamaiman nau'ikan (D3) don kariya daga shi kuma lalacewar LEMP na iya faruwa daga duk wuraren yajin zuwa tsarin ko ayyukan da aka haɗa - kai tsaye ko kai tsaye - don ƙarin tunani game da nau'ikan lalacewar da walƙiya ta haifar duba Tebur na 5. Wannan tsawaitaccen tsarin kuma yana la'akari da haɗarin gobara ko fashewar da ke haɗe da sabis ɗin da aka haɗa da tsarin, misali wutar lantarki, tarho, da sauran layukan ƙarfe.

Hasken walƙiya ba shine kawai barazanar…

Volididdigar wucewa na lokaci-lokaci da ya faru sakamakon sauyawar wutar lantarki abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yana iya zama tushen tsangwama mai yawa. Gudun gudana a halin yanzu ta hanyar madugu yana haifar da filin maganaɗisu wanda aka adana makamashi. Lokacin da aka katse ko aka kashe wutar lantarki, ana fitar da kuzarin cikin magnetic ba zato ba tsammani. A ƙoƙarin ɓatar da kansa ya zama mai saurin wucewa mai ƙarfi.

Energyarin ƙarfin da aka adana, ya fi girma sakamakon mai wucewa. Higherananan raƙuman ruwa da kuma tsayin tsinkayen mai ba da gudummawa duka suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin makamashi da aka adana kuma aka sake shi!

Wannan shine dalilin da yasa nau'ikan motsa jiki kamar su injina, taransifoma, da mashinan lantarki duk sababin sanadin sauyawa ne.

Mahimmancin BS EN / IEC 62305-4

A baya can wuce haddi na wuce gona da iri ko kariyar tashin hankali an haɗa shi azaman mai ba da shawara a cikin tsarin BS 6651, tare da kimanta haɗarin daban. A sakamakon haka, galibi ana sanya kariya bayan lalacewar kayan aiki, galibi ta hanyar wajibi ga kamfanonin inshora. Koyaya, ƙididdigar haɗarin guda ɗaya a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305 ya nuna ko tsari da / ko LEMP ana buƙatar kariya don haka kariyar walƙiya ta tsari ba za a iya ɗauka yanzu a keɓance daga kariyar wucewa na wucin gadi - wanda aka sani da na'urorin Kariya na Surge (SPDs) a cikin wannan sabon mizanin. Wannan a cikin kansa babbar ƙaura ce daga ta BS 6651.

Tabbas, kamar yadda yake a cikin BS EN / IEC 62305-3, ba za a iya shigar da tsarin LPS ba tare da walƙiya a halin yanzu ko SPDs mai haɗa ƙarfi ga sabis ɗin ƙarfe masu shigowa waɗanda ke da “ƙwayoyin rai” - kamar ƙarfi da igiyoyin tarho - waɗanda ba za a iya haɗa su kai tsaye ba zuwa duniya. Irin waɗannan SPDs ana buƙata don kariya daga haɗarin asarar rayukan ɗan adam ta hana rigima mai haɗari wanda zai iya kawo wuta ko haɗarin haɗarin lantarki.

Hakanan ana amfani da SPDs masu walƙiya ko masu ɗaure kayan aiki akan layukan sabis na sama waɗanda ke ciyar da tsarin da ke cikin haɗari daga yajin aiki kai tsaye. Koyaya, amfani da waɗannan SPDs kawai "ba ya samar da wata kariya mai tasiri game da gazawar mahimmancin lantarki ko tsarin lantarki", don faɗi BS EN / IEC 62305 ɓangare na 4, wanda aka keɓe musamman don kariya ga tsarin lantarki da lantarki a cikin sifofi.

SPDs na walƙiya na yanzu suna ɗayan ɓangare na daidaitaccen saiti na SPDs waɗanda suka haɗa da SPDs masu yawa - waɗanda ake buƙata gaba ɗaya don kare tasirin wutar lantarki mai sauƙi da tsarin lantarki daga walƙiya da sauyawa masu wucewa.

Yankunan Kariyar walƙiya (LPZs)

Yayinda BS 6651 suka fahimci ra'ayi game da tsarin karba-karba a Ratayen C (Azuzuwan Wuri A, B, da C), BS EN / IEC 62305-4 yana bayanin manufar Yankin Kariyar Walƙiya (LPZs). Hoto na 22 yana kwatanta ainihin tsarin LPZ wanda aka bayyana ta matakan kariya akan LEMP kamar yadda aka bayyana dalla-dalla a cikin ɓangare 4.

A cikin tsari, ana kirkirar jerin LPZ don samun, ko kuma gano cewa suna da shi, a hankali rashin tasirin walƙiya.

Yankunan da ke biye suna amfani da haɗin haɗin kai, kariya da haɗin SPDs don samun gagarumar raguwa a cikin tsananin LEMP, daga haɓakar igiyar ruwa da ke wucewa mai wucewa, da kuma tasirin tasirin maganadisu. Masu tsarawa suna daidaita waɗannan matakan don a sanya kayan aiki masu mahimmanci a cikin yankuna masu kariya.

Ana iya raba LPZs zuwa gida biyu - Yankunan waje 2 (LPZ 0_AFarashin LPZ0_B) kuma yawanci yankuna 2 na cikin gida (LPZ 1, 2) kodayake ana iya gabatar da ƙarin yankuna don ƙarin ragin filin lantarki da walƙiya idan ana buƙata.

Yankunan waje

Bayanan LPZ0_A yanki ne wanda yake fuskantar bugun jini kai tsaye kuma saboda haka yana iya ɗauka har zuwa cikakken hasken walƙiya.

Wannan yawanci yanki ne na rufin tsari. Cikakken filin na lantarki yana faruwa anan.

Bayanan LPZ0_B yanki ne da ba ya fuskantar bugun jini kai tsaye kuma galibi bangarorin tsari ne.

Koyaya, cikakken filin electromagnetic yana faruwa anan kuma ana gudanar da walƙiya mai jujjuyawar yanayi da sauya juzu'i na iya faruwa anan.

Yankunan ciki

LPZ 1 shine yanki na ciki wanda ke ƙarƙashin raƙuman ruwan walƙiya. Gudun walƙiya da aka gudanar da / ko sauya hawan wuta sun ragu idan aka kwatanta da yankuna na waje LPZ 0_AFarashin LPZ0_B.

Wannan galibi yanki ne inda ayyuka suka shiga tsarin ko kuma inda babban maɓallin sauya wuta yake.

LPZ 2 yanki ne na cikin gida wanda ya kasance a cikin tsarin inda ragowar walƙiyar motsi da / ko sauya sauya suka ragu idan aka kwatanta da LPZ 1.

Wannan yawanci ɗakin da aka keɓance ko, don ƙarfin wutar lantarki, a yankin hukumar rarrabawa. Matakan kariya a cikin yanki dole ne a haɗa su tare da halayen rigakafin kayan aikin da za a kiyaye, ma'ana, mafi ƙarancin kayan aikin, ƙwarewar yankin da ake buƙata.

Yarn da ake da shi da kuma shimfidar gini na iya bayyana yankuna da ke bayyane, ko dabarun LPZ ana iya amfani da su don ƙirƙirar yankuna da ake buƙata.

Matakan Kariyar Karuwa (SPM)

Wasu yankuna na tsari, kamar dakin da aka yiwa kariya, a dabi'ance anfi samun kariya daga walƙiya fiye da wasu kuma zai yiwu a faɗaɗa wasu yankuna masu kariya ta hanyar ƙaddara tsarin LPS, haɗakar ƙasa da sabis na ƙarfe kamar ruwa da gas, da kabeji dabaru. Koyaya, daidaitaccen shigarwar keɓaɓɓun na'urori masu kariya (SPDs) waɗanda ke kare kayan aiki daga lalacewa tare da tabbatar da ci gaba da aikinta - mai mahimmanci don kawar da jinkiri. Wadannan matakan gabaɗaya ana kiran su Matakan Kariyar Kariya (SPM) (tsohon tsarin Matakan Kariyar LEMP (LPMS)).

Lokacin amfani da alaƙa, kariya, da SPDs, ƙwarewar fasaha dole ne a daidaita shi da larurar tattalin arziki. Don sabbin gini, matakan haɗin kai da nuna allo ana iya tsara su gaba ɗaya don zama ɓangare na cikakken SPM. Koyaya, don tsarin data kasance, sake dawo da daidaitattun SPDs zai iya zama mafi sauƙi kuma mafi tsada mai tasiri.

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SPDs mai hadewa

BS EN / IEC 62305-4 yana jaddada amfani da SPDs masu haɗa kai don kariya ga kayan aiki a cikin muhallinsu. Wannan kawai yana nufin jerin SPDs waɗanda wurare da halayen LEMP suke sarrafawa ana haɗa su ta yadda za a kare kayan aiki a cikin muhallin su ta hanyar rage tasirin LEMP zuwa matakin asafe. Don haka ana iya samun SPD mai walƙiya a halin yanzu a ƙofar sabis don ɗaukar yawancin ƙarfi (wutar walƙiya ta yanzu daga LPS da / ko layin sama) tare da tsauraran matakan wuce gona da iri da ake sarrafawa zuwa matakan lafiya ta hanyar haɗawa tare da ƙarin ƙwanƙwasa SPDs don kare kayan aiki gami da lalacewar abubuwa ta hanyar sauya kafofin, misali manyan injina masu motsa jiki. Yakamata a sanya SPDs dacewa duk inda sabis ya ƙetare daga wannan LPZ zuwa wani.

Dwararrun SPDs dole ne suyi aiki tare yadda yakamata azaman tsarin kwalliya don kare kayan aiki a cikin muhallin su. Misali, SPD na walƙiya a ƙofar sabis yakamata ya ɗauki yawancin ƙarfi, yana sauƙaƙa sauƙaƙan SPDs don sarrafa yawan zafin wuta.

Yakamata a sanya SPDs dacewa duk inda sabis ya ƙetare daga wannan LPZ zuwa wani

Rashin daidaitaccen tsari na iya nufin cewa yawan zafin jiki na SPDs yana ƙarƙashin ƙarfi mai yawa wanda ke sanya kansa da kayan aikin da ke cikin haɗari daga lalacewa.

Bugu da ƙari, matakan kariya na ƙarfin lantarki ko ƙa'idodin shigarwar SPDs dole ne a haɗa su tare da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ɓangarorin shigarwar da rigakafin juriya da ƙarfin lantarki na kayan lantarki.

Ingantaccen SPDs

Yayinda lalacewar kayan aiki gaba ɗaya ba kyawawa bane, buƙatar rage lokacin aiki sakamakon asarar aiki ko matsalar kayan aiki na iya zama mahimmanci. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga masana'antun da ke yiwa jama'a hidima, shin asibitoci ne, cibiyoyin kuɗi, masana'antun masana'antu ko kasuwancin kasuwanci, inda rashin iya samar da ayyukansu saboda asarar kayan aiki zai haifar da mahimmin lafiya da aminci da / ko kuɗi sakamakon.

Tabbatattun SPDs na iya karewa ne kawai daga haɓakar yanayin yau da kullun (tsakanin masu gudanar da rayuwa da ƙasa), suna ba da kariya mai tasiri daga lalacewa kai tsaye amma ba tare da jinkiri ba saboda rikicewar tsarin.

BS EN 62305 saboda haka yayi la'akari da amfani da ingantattun SPDs (SPD *) wanda ke ƙara rage haɗarin lalacewa da rashin aiki ga kayan aiki mai mahimmanci inda ake buƙatar ci gaba da aiki. Don haka masu girkawa za su buƙaci sanin aikace-aikacen da buƙatun shigarwa na SPDs fiye da ƙila sun kasance a baya.

SPwararrun SPDs masu haɓaka ko ingantattu suna ba da ƙananan (mafi kyau) kariya ta ƙarfin lantarki daga haɗuwa a yanayin al'ada da yanayin banbanci (tsakanin masu gudanar da rayuwa) sabili da haka kuma suna ba da ƙarin kariya kan matakan haɗin kai da kariya.

Irin waɗannan ingantattun SPDs na iya bayarwa har zuwa mahimman nau'ikan Type 1 + 2 + 3 ko data / telecom Test Cat D + C + B kariya a cikin rukuni ɗaya. Kamar yadda kayan aiki na ƙarshe, misali kwamfyutoci, ke da saukin zama mai saurin fuskantar yanayin hauhawar yanayin yanayi, wannan ƙarin kariya na iya zama muhimmin la'akari.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, damar da za a iya karewa daga yanayin hauhawar yanayin yau da kullun ya ba da damar kayan aiki su ci gaba da aiki yayin aikin hawan - ba da fa'ida ga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, masana'antu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a.

Duk LSP SPDs suna ba da ingantaccen aikin SPD tare da masana'antar da ke jagorantar ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarfi

(matakin kariyar lantarki, U_p), saboda wannan shine mafi kyawun zabi don cimma tsada mai tasiri, ba da kariya ta maimaita kariya baya ga hana tsarin tsada mai tsada. Letarancin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki a cikin dukkanin halaye na yau da kullun yana nufin ƙananan raka'a ake buƙata don samar da kariya, wanda ke adana kan naúrar da farashin shigarwa, da kuma lokacin shigarwa.

Duk LSP SPDs suna ba da ingantaccen aikin SPD tare da masana'antar da ke jagorantar ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki

Kammalawa

Hasken walƙiya ya zama babbar barazana ga tsari amma babbar barazanar ga tsarin cikin tsarin saboda ƙimar amfani da dogaro da kayan lantarki da lantarki. Jerin matakan BS EN / IEC 62305 na daidaitattun sanannun sun yarda da hakan. Kariyar walƙiya ta tsari ba zai iya kasancewa cikin keɓancewa daga wucewar wuce gona da iri ba ko karuwar kariyar kayan aiki. Yin amfani da ingantattun SPDs yana ba da ingantacciyar hanyar kariya mai ba da damar ci gaba da aiki da tsarin mahimmanci yayin aikin LEMP.