Momwe Chipangizo Chotetezera (SPD) chimagwirira ntchito
Kukhoza kwa SPD kuchepetsa kuchepa kwamagetsi pamagetsi opatsirana magetsi potembenuza mafunde oyenda ndi ntchito yazida zoteteza, makina a SPD, komanso kulumikizana ndi netiweki yamagetsi. SPD cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwakanthawi ndikusintha kwamakono, kapena zonse ziwiri. Ili ndi gawo limodzi lopanda mzere. Mwanjira yosavuta, ma SPD adapangidwa kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kochepa ndi cholinga choletsa kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi nthawi yopuma chifukwa chakumapeto kwa ma voltage ofikira zida zomwe amateteza.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani mphero yamadzi yotetezedwa ndi valavu yothana ndi mavuto. Valavu yothanirana mopepuka imachita kanthu mpaka kupsinjika kwakukulu kumachitika m'madzi. Izi zikachitika, valavu imatsegula ndikutsekera pambali zowonjezera, kuti isafike pa gudumu lamadzi.
Ngati valavu yothandizira idalibe, kuthamanga kwambiri kumatha kuwononga gudumu lamadzi, kapena kulumikizana kwa macheka. Ngakhale valavu yothandizira ilipo ndipo ikugwira ntchito moyenera, zotsalira zotsalira zimafikirabe pagudumu. Koma kuthamanga kudzachepetsedwa kokwanira kuti asawononge gudumu lamadzi kapena kusokoneza kagwiritsidwe kake. Izi zikufotokozera zomwe ma SPD amachita. Amachepetsa kupitilira kwakanthawi kofika pamilingo yomwe singawononge kapena kusokoneza kagwiritsidwe kazida zamagetsi.
Matekinoloje Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito
Ndi matekinoloje ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu SPDs?
Kuchokera ku IEEE Std. C62.72: Zida zochepa zotetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma SPD ndi ma metal oxide varistors (MOVs), ma diode a breakalche breakdown (ABDs - omwe kale ankadziwika kuti silicon avalanche diode kapena SADs), ndi machubu otulutsira mpweya (GDTs). Ma MOV ndi ukadaulo wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poteteza ma magetsi ama AC. Kukula kwaposachedwa kwa MOV kumakhudzana ndi gawo logawika ndi kapangidwe kake. Mwambiri, kukulira kwa zigawo zazing'ono, kumakweza kuchuluka kwa chipangizocho. Ma MOV nthawi zambiri amakhala ozungulira kapena amakona amakona anayi koma amabwera m'miyeso yambiri kuyambira 7 mm (0.28 inchi) mpaka 80 mm (3.15 inchi). Kuwonjezeka kwamakono pazida zotetezera izi kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndipo kumadalira wopanga. Monga tafotokozera koyambirira m'ndimeyi, polumikiza ma MOV mofananamo, phindu lamakono lingawerengedwe mwa kungowonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma MOVs limodzi kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwamtunduwu. Pochita izi, kulingalira kuyenera kuperekedwa pakugwirizanitsa magwiridwe antchito a MOV omwe asankhidwa.
Pali malingaliro ambiri pazinthu ziti, topology, ndi kutumizira ukadaulo wapadera kumatulutsa SPD yabwino kwambiri yopatutsira kuchuluka kwatsopano. M'malo mofotokozera zonse zomwe mungasankhe, ndibwino kuti zokambirana za kuchuluka kwaposachedwa, Kutulutsa Kwadzina Pakadali pano, kapena kuthekera kwapano pakukhudzana ndi chidziwitso cha magwiridwe antchito. Mosasamala kanthu za zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga, kapena makina ena omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito, chofunikira ndikuti SPD ili ndi kuchuluka kwaposachedwa kapena Nominal Discharge Current Rating yomwe ili yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kulongosola kwakukulu kwa zigawozi kumatsatira. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu SPD zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Nachi zitsanzo cha zinthuzi:
Zitsulo okusayidi varistor (MOV)
Nthawi zambiri, ma MOV amakhala ndimatupi ozungulira kapena amakona anayi a sintered zinc oxide okhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera. Mitundu ina yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imaphatikizapo ma tubular mawonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe amitundu yambiri. Ma varistor ali ndi ma elekitirodi azitsulo omwe amakhala ndi aloyi wa siliva kapena chitsulo china. Ma electrode atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pathupi powunika ndi kusinthanitsa kapena mwa njira zina kutengera chitsulo chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ma varistor amakhalanso ndi zotsogola zama waya kapena tabu kapena njira ina yothetsera yomwe mwina idagulitsidwa ndi ma elekitirodi.
Makina oyendetsa ma MOV amachokera kumalumikizidwe a semiconductor pamalire a mbewu za zinc oxide zomwe zimapangidwa panthawi yozizira. The varistor ingawonedwe ngati chida chophatikizira chochuluka chomwe chili ndi mbewu zambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito yolumikizana motsatana pakati pa malo. Mawonekedwe owonekera a varistor akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1.
Ma Varistor ali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi magetsi ochepa pamagulitsi awo pomwe mafunde omwe akuyenda pakati pawo amasiyanasiyana pazaka makumi angapo zokula. Izi zopanda malire zimawalola kuti asinthe mawonekedwe amakono akalumikizidwa mu shunt kudutsa mzere ndikuchepetsa ma voliyumu kudutsa mzere kuzinthu zomwe zimateteza zida zolumikizidwa pamzerewu.
Chiwonongeko Chowonongeka (ADB)
Zipangizozi zimadziwikanso kuti silicon avalanche diode (SAD) kapena chosakhalitsa voltage suppressor (TVS). Malo osokonekera a PN, mwa mawonekedwe ake, ndi mphambano imodzi ya PN yokhala ndi anode (P) ndi cathode (N). Onani Chithunzi 2a. M'magwiritsidwe azoyendetsa DC, woteterayo amasiyanitsa kotero kuti mwayi wabwino ungagwiritsidwe ntchito mbali ya cathode (N) ya chipangizocho. Onani Chithunzi 2b.
Chowonera cha avalanche chili ndi zigawo zitatu zoyendetsera ntchito, 1) kukondera kopitilira muyeso (kutsika pang'ono), 2) kuchoka ku state (high impedance), ndi 3) kuthana ndi kukondera kosakondera (kutsika pang'ono). Maderawa amatha kuwonedwa pa Chithunzi 3. Pazosankha zakutsogolo zokhala ndi magetsi abwino m'chigawo cha P, diode imakhala ndi mphepo yotsika kwambiri mphamvu ikangodutsa voliyumu yakutsogolo, VFS. VFS nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepera 1 V ndipo imafotokozedwa pansipa. Dziko lochoka limayamba kuchokera ku 0 V mpaka pansi pa VBR yabwino m'chigawo cha N. Kudera lino, mafunde okhawo omwe amayenda ndi mafunde otayirira kutentha ndi mafunde a Zener otchingira ma voliyumu otsika amagetsi. Dera lachiwerewere lomwe limasokonekera limayamba ndi VBR yabwino m'chigawo cha N. Pa ma VBR ma electron owoloka mphambano amayendetsedwa mokwanira ndi malo okwera mdera lamipiringidzo omwe kugundana kwama elekitironi kumabweretsa kuwonongeka, kapena chiwombankhanga, cha ma elekitironi ndi mabowo omwe amapangidwa. Zotsatira zake ndikutsika kwakuthwa kwa kukana kwa diode. Zigawo zonse zakumbuyo zomwe zingasunthidwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza.
Makhalidwe amagetsi a diode avalanche amakhala osakanikirana. Zida zotetezera ma diodeanche zopangira zida zophatikizira kumbuyo kwakumbuyo zimapangidwanso.
Chubu kumaliseche chubu (GDT)
Machubu otulutsira gasi amakhala ndi ma elekitirodi azitsulo awiri kapena kupitilira apo olekanitsidwa ndi kabowo kakang'ono kamene kamakhala ndi silinda ya ceramic kapena galasi. Chosanjikacho chimadzaza ndi mpweya wabwino, womwe umatuluka ndikutuluka ndipo pamapeto pake pamakhala magetsi pamene magetsi okwanira amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaelekitirodi.
Mphamvu yamagetsi ikakwera pang'onopang'ono pamphamvayo ikafika pamtengo wotsimikizika makamaka ndi katayala ka elekitirodi, kuthamanga kwa gasi ndi kusakaniza kwa gasi, njira yotsegulira imayambira pamagetsi owonongeka (kuwonongeka). Kutulutsa kumachitika, mayiko osiyanasiyana ogwira ntchito amatha, kutengera oyenda akunja. Maiko awa akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4. Pamagetsi ochepera kuposa kusintha kwamphamvu, dera lowala lilipo. Pa mafunde otsika m'dera chowala, voteji ndi pafupifupi zonse; pamafunde owala kwambiri, mitundu ina yamachubu yamagesi imatha kulowa m'chigawo chowala chomwe magetsi amawonjezeka. Kupitilira malo owala osazolowereka, kutulutsa kwa chubu kwa mpweya kumachepa mdera losinthira kukhala gawo lotsika lamagetsi. Kusintha kwa arc-to-glow kungakhale kotsika kuposa kusintha kwa kuwala kwa arc. Khalidwe lamagetsi la GDT, molumikizana ndi mayendedwe akunja, limatsimikizira kuthekera kwa GDT kuzimitsa atadutsa opaleshoni, komanso kumatsimikizira mphamvu yomwe idatayika mu arrester panthawi ya surge.
Ngati magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo osakhalitsa) akukwera mwachangu, nthawi yomwe ionization / arc imapangidwira imatha kuloleza kuti ma voliyumu opitilira muyeso apitirire mtengo wofunikirayo m'ndime yapitayi. Mpweya umenewu umatanthauzidwa kuti ndi mphamvu yowonongeka yamagetsi ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yothandiza pakukula kwa magetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (osakhalitsa).
Chipinda chimodzi chokhala ndi ma elekitirodi atatu GDT chimakhala ndi zibowo ziwiri zolekanitsidwa ndi ma elekitirodi apakati. Dzenje pakati pa elekitirodi limalola plasma yamagazi kuchokera poyenda kuti iyambitse kuyendetsa mu bwalolo linalo, ngakhale kuti ma voliyumu ena amakhala pansi pamphamvu yamagetsi.
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwawo komanso zomanga zolimba, ma GDTs amatha kupitilira zinthu zina za SPD pakutha pano. Ma GDTs ambiri amtokoma amatha kunyamula mafunde okwera mpaka 10 kA (8/20 µs waveform). Kuphatikiza apo, kutengera kapangidwe ndi kukula kwa GDT, mafunde oyenda a> 100 kA amatha kukwaniritsidwa.
Kupanga kwa machubu otulutsa gasi ndikuti amakhala ndi ma capacitance ochepa kwambiri - osachepera 2 pF. Izi zimaloleza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito pamaulendo ambiri oyenda pafupipafupi.
Ma GDTs akagwira ntchito, amatha kupanga ma radiation othamanga kwambiri, omwe amatha kusokoneza zamagetsi. Chifukwa chake ndi kwanzeru kuyika ma circuits a GDT patali pang'ono kuchokera pamagetsi. Mtunda umadalira kuzindikira kwa zamagetsi komanso momwe zamagetsi zimatetezedwera. Njira ina yopewera izi ndikuyika GDT pamalo otetezedwa.
Matanthauzo a GDT
Kusiyana, kapena mipata ingapo yokhala ndi ma elekitirodi azitsulo awiri kapena atatu amadzimata mozungulira kuti mpweya wosakanikirana ndi kuthamanga ziziyang'aniridwa, zopangidwa kuti ziteteze zida kapena ogwira ntchito, kapena zonse ziwiri, kuziphuphu zazitali.
Or
Kusiyana kapena mipata yolowetsedwa yotulutsira, kupatula mpweya wakumlengalenga, wopangidwa kuti uteteze zida kapena ogwira ntchito, kapena zonse ziwiri, kuziphuphu zazitali.
- Zosefera za LCR
Zida izi zimasiyanasiyana:
- mphamvu yamphamvu
- Kupezeka
- Kudalirika
- mtengo
- mphamvu
Kuchokera ku IEEE Std C62.72: Kutha kwa SPD kuchepetsa kuchepa kwamagetsi pamagetsi opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde oyenda ndi ntchito yazida zoteteza, makina a SPD, komanso kulumikizana ndi netiweki yamagetsi. Zida zochepa zotetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma SPD ndi ma MOV, ma SASD, ndi machubu otulutsira gasi, omwe ma MOV amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Kukula kwaposachedwa kwa MOV kumakhudzana ndi gawo logawika ndi kapangidwe kake. Mwambiri, kukulira kwa magawo azigawo ndikokulira, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa chipangizocho. Ma MOV nthawi zambiri amakhala ozungulira kapena amakona anayi a geometry koma amabwera mumitundu yambirimbiri kuyambira 7 mm (0.28 in) mpaka 80 mm (3.15 mkati). Kuwonjezeka kwamakono pazida zotetezera izi kumasiyana mosiyanasiyana ndipo kumadalira wopanga. Mwa kulumikiza ma MOV munthawi yofananira, malingaliro amakono owerengera atha kuwerengedwa mwa kungowonjezera mavoti amakono a MOVs limodzi kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwamtunduwu.
Pali malingaliro ambiri pazinthu ziti, topology, ndi kutumizira ukadaulo wapadera kumatulutsa SPD yabwino kwambiri yopatutsira kuchuluka kwatsopano. M'malo mongofotokozera zotsutsana zonsezi ndikulola owerenga kuti azimasulira mitu iyi, ndibwino kuti zokambirana za kuchuluka kwaposachedwa, Kutulutsa Kwadzina Pakadali pano, kapena kuthekera kwakanthawi kokhudzana ndi mayesedwe oyeserera. Mosasamala kanthu za zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakupanga, kapena makina ena omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito, chofunikira ndichakuti SPD ili ndi kuchuluka kwaposachedwa kapena Nominal Discharge Current Rating yomwe ili yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo, makamaka chofunikira kwambiri, kuti SPD ichepetse zakanthawi. kuchuluka kwa milingo yomwe imalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa zida zomwe zikutetezedwa potengera chilengedwe chomwe chikuyembekezeka.
Njira Zoyambira
Ma SPD ambiri ali ndi njira zitatu zoyambira:
- Kudikirira
- Kutsitsa
Mwa njira iliyonse, pakali pano ikuyenda kudzera mu SPD. Zomwe sizingamveke, komabe, ndikuti mtundu wina wamakono ukhoza kukhalapo m'njira iliyonse.
Njira Yodikirira
Pazinthu zanthawi zonse zamagetsi pomwe "mphamvu yoyera" imaperekedwa munjira yogawa magetsi, SPD imagwira ntchito zochepa. Munthawi yomwe ikuyembekezera, SPD ikuyembekezera kuti chiwonjezeko chikuchitika ndipo chikuwononga pang'ono kapena ayi; makamaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mayendedwe owunikira.
Njira Yolowera
Mukazindikira chochitika chakanthawi kochepa, SPD imasinthira mu Njira Zosintha. Cholinga cha SPD ndikuchepetsa zovuta zomwe zikuwononga pakali pano kuti zisachoke pamavuto ovuta, pomwe nthawi yomweyo zimachepetsa mphamvu yake yamagetsi kukhala yotsika, yopanda vuto.
Monga tafotokozera ANSI / IEEE C62.41.1-2002, chosakhalitsa pakadali pano chimangokhala kachigawo kakang'ono chabe (ma microseconds), chidutswa cha nthawi poyerekeza ndi kupitilira kwa 60Hz, chizindikiro cha sinusoidal.
Kukula kwa kuthamanga kwamtunduwu kumadalira komwe kunachokera. Mwachitsanzo, mphezi imawomba, zomwe zimachitika mwakamodzikamodzi zimakhala ndi makulidwe amakono opitilira amps zikwi mazana angapo. Mkati mwa malo, komabe, zochitika zaposachedwa zomwe zimapangidwa mkati zimatulutsa kutsika kwaposachedwa (ochepera zikwi zochepa kapena mazana amps).
Popeza ma SPD ambiri adapangidwa kuti azitha kuthana ndi mafunde akuluakulu, chiwonetsero chimodzi chazomwe zimayesedwa ndi Nominal Discharge Current Rating (In). Nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi zolakwika pakadali pano, koma zosagwirizana, kukula kwakukulu pakali pano ndi chisonyezero cha kuyesedwa kwa mankhwala mobwerezabwereza.
Kuchokera ku IEEE Std. C62.72: The Nominal Discharge Current Rating imagwiritsa ntchito SPD kuthekera kochitidwa mobwerezabwereza (15 ma surges) amtengo osankhidwa osawonongeka, kuwonongeka kapena kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito a SPD. Kuyesedwa Kwadzina Pakali Pano kumaphatikizapo SPD yonse kuphatikiza zonse zoteteza zotetezera ndi zotchingira mkati kapena kunja za SPD. Pakati pa mayeso, palibe chinthu chilichonse kapena cholumikizira chomwe chimaloledwa kulephera, kutsegula dera, kuwonongeka kapena kuwonongeka. Kuti mukwaniritse mtundu wina, kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito a SPD kuyenera kusungidwa pakati pa kuyezetsa koyambirira ndi kuyerekezera pambuyo poyesa. Cholinga cha mayeserowa ndikuwonetsa kuthekera ndi magwiridwe antchito a SPD poyankha ma surges omwe nthawi zina amakhala ovuta koma amatha kuyembekezeredwa pazida zantchito, mkati mwa malo kapena pamalo opangira.
Mwachitsanzo, SPD yokhala ndi mphamvu yotulutsa potulutsa 10,000 kapena 20,000 amps pamtundu uliwonse zikutanthauza kuti malonda ayenera kupirira mosakhalitsa kukula kwa 10,000 kapena 20,000 amps osachepera kasanu ndi kamodzi, munjira iliyonse yachitetezo.
Mapeto A Moyo Zochitika
Kuchokera ku IEEE Std C62.72: Choopseza chachikulu pakukhulupilika kwakanthawi kwa ma SPD mwina sikungakhale ma surges, koma kubwereza kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kapena kwakanthawi (TOVs kapena "swells") komwe kumatha kuchitika pa PDS. Ma SPD okhala ndi MCOV - omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi ma voliyumu amtundu wamagetsi amatha kutengeka ndi zotumphukira zomwe zimatha kubweretsa kukalamba msanga kwa SPD kapena kutha msanga kwa moyo. Lamulo la chala chachikulu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndikuti muwone ngati MCOV ya SPD ndiyosachepera 115% yamagetsi amagetsi pamtundu uliwonse wazitetezo. Izi zithandizira kuti SPD isakhudzidwe ndi kusiyanasiyana kwamagetsi kwa PDS.
Komabe, kupatula zochitika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa chokwera kwambiri, ma SPD amatha kukalamba, kapena kunyoza, kapena kufikira kumapeto kwa ntchito pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha ma surges omwe amapitilira kuchuluka kwa ma SPD pazomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa zochitika za kuchuluka, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka , kapena kuphatikiza kwa zochitikazi. Zochitika zobwerezabwereza zamatalikidwe akulu kwakanthawi zimatha kutenthesa zinthu za SPD ndikupangitsa kuti zida zotetezera zikulire. Kupitilira apo, ma surges obwerezabwereza amatha kupangitsa ma SPD omwe amalumikizidwa kuti azitha kugwira ntchito asanakwane chifukwa cha kutentha kwa zida zoteteza. Makhalidwe a SPD amatha kusintha akafika kumapeto kwa ntchito - mwachitsanzo, malire ochepera amatha kukulira kapena kuchepa.
Pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka chifukwa cha ma surges, opanga ma SPD ambiri amapanga ma SPD okhala ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pakadali pano pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zikuluzikulu kapena kulumikiza zinthu zingapo mofananamo. Izi zachitika popewa mwayi woti kuchuluka kwa SPD ngati msonkhano kudutsidwe kupatula munthawi zochepa komanso mwapadera. Kuchita bwino kwa njirayi kumathandizidwa ndi moyo wautali komanso mbiri ya ma SPD omwe adakhazikitsidwa omwe adapangidwa motere.
Ponena za kulumikizana kwa SPD ndipo, monga tafotokozera pokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero zamakono, ndizomveka kukhala ndi SPD yokhala ndi ziwonetsero zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zikupezeka pazida zantchito pomwe PDS imadziwika kwambiri ndi ma surges othandizira kupewa kukalamba msanga; Pakadali pano, ma SPD otsika kwambiri kuchokera pazida zantchito zomwe sizikupezeka kunja kwa ma surges atha kukhala ndi ziwonetsero zochepa. Ndi mawonekedwe abwino otetezera kapangidwe kake ndi mgwirizano, kukalamba msanga kwa SPD kungapewedwe.
Zina mwazifukwa zakulephera kwa SPD ndi izi:
- Zolakwika pakukhazikitsa
- Kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika mankhwala pamlingo wamagetsi
- Zochitika zowonjezera zamagetsi
Gawo loponderezana likalephera, nthawi zambiri limakhala lalifupi, ndikupangitsa kuti pano ziyambe kupyola gawo lomwe lalephera. Kuchuluka kwa zomwe zilipo kuti zizidutsa mu gawo lomwe lalephera ndi ntchito yazolakwika zomwe zilipo ndipo zimayendetsedwa ndi magetsi. Kuti mumve zambiri pazolakwitsa kupita ku SPD Safety Related Information.
