Pfupisa mheni uye ekuchengetedza ekuchengetedza

Kuchengetedzwa Kwakarongwa

Mheni inodzivirira nzvimbo pfungwa

Icho chivakwa chakakamurwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzengozi. Aya matunhu anobatsira kutsanangura matanho anodiwa ekudzivirira, kunyanya mheni uye ekuwedzera ekuchengetedza michina uye zvikamu. Chikamu cheEMC chinowirirana (EMC: Electro Magnetic Kuenderana) mheni yekudzivirira nzvimbo yemheni ndiyo yekunze kudzivirira mheni system (inosanganisira mhepo-inogumisa system, pasi-conductor system, pasi-kugumisa system), equipotential bonding, spatial kudzivirirwa uye kudzivirira kudzivirira kweiyo magetsi uye eruzivo matekinoroji masisitimu. Tsananguro dzinoshanda dzakarongedzwa muTafura 1. Zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa uye nemitoro yakaiswa pazvidziviriro zvekuwedzera, vanoiswa mumapoka semheni dziripo zvino, vanosunga vanosunga uye vakasungwa vakasungwa. Zvinodikanwa zvepamusoro-soro zvinoiswa pakudonhedza magetsi emheni dziripo zvino uye vakasungwa vakasungwa vanoshandiswa pakuchinja kubva kumheni yekudzivirira nzvimbo 0_A kusvika 1 kana 0_A kuna 2. Vanosunga ava vanofanirwa kunge vachikwanisa kuitisa mheni dzinodzikira dze10 / 350 μs wave fomu kakati wandei pasina kuparadzwa kuitira kudzivirira kupindirwa kwemheni dzinoparadza dzemagetsi mumagetsi kuiswa kwechivako. Panzvimbo yekuchinja kubva kuLPZ 0_B kune 1 kana pasi pemvura yemheni yazvino inosunga panzvimbo yekuchinja kubva kuLPZ 1 kusvika pa2 uye kumusoro, vanosunga vanosungirwa vanoshandiswa kudzivirira kubva kuma surges. Basa ravo nderekuderedza simba rinosara rematanho ekudzivirira ari kumusoro nekuwedzera uye kudzikamisa iwo mafuru akakonzerwa kana kugadzirwa mukumisikidza pachawo.

Mheni uye nekuwedzera matanho ekudzivirira pamiganhu yenzvimbo dzekudzivirira mheni dzinotsanangurwa pamusoro apa zvinoshandawo kune magetsi uye nehurongwa hwetekinoroji yeruzivo. Matanho ese akatsanangurwa muEMC inoenderana mheni yekuchengetedza nzvimbo pfungwa inobatsira kuwana kuenderera kuripo kwemagetsi nemagetsi zvigadzirwa nekuiswa. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo rwehunyanzvi ruzivo, ndapota shanya www.qmakeithappen.com.

IEC 62305-4: 2010

Nzvimbo dzekunze:

LPZ 0: Nzvimbo uko kutyisidzira kuri nekuda kwenzvimbo isina kupera magetsi mheni yemagetsi uye panowanikwa masisitimu emukati akazara kana akasarudzika mheni.

LPZ 0 yakakamurwa kuva:

LPZ0_A: Nzvimbo uko kutyisidzira kuri nekuda kwekujeka kwemheni uye izere nemheni magetsi magetsi. Masisitimu emukati anogona kuiswa pasi pemheni izere yemagetsi.

LPZ0_B: Nzvimbo inodzivirirwa pamheni inopenya chaipo asi panotyisidzira izere nemheni magetsi magetsi. Iyo yemukati masisitimu inogona kuiswa pasi peimwe mheni kuwedzera mafashama.

Nzvimbo dzemukati (dzakadzivirirwa pamheni inopenya).

LPZ 1: Nzvimbo iyo yazvino yazvino inoganhurirwa neazvino kugovana uye kupatsanura nzvimbo uye / kana nemaSPD pamuganho. Spatial kudzivirirwa kunogona kudzikisira mheni yemagetsi magetsi.

LPZ 2… n: Nzvimbo iyo pari zvino yekuwedzera inogona kutapudzwa nekugovana kwazvino uye kupatsanura nzvimbo uye / kana nemaSPDs ekuwedzera pamuganho. Kuwedzera kwenzvimbo kudzivirirwa kunogona kushandiswa kuenderera mberi nekudzima mheni yemagetsi magetsi.

Mitemo uye Tsanangudzo

Kuputsa kugona, tevera kugona kwazvino kudzima I_fi

Iko kupaza kugona ndiko kusingafungidzirwe (kutarisira) rms kukosha kwemai tevera zvazvino izvo zvinogona kungodzimwa neyakawedzera yekuchengetedza mudziyo kana uchibatanidza U_C. Inogona kuratidzwa mune yekushanda basa bvunzo maererano neEn 61643-11: 2012.

Zvikamu maererano neIEC 61643-21: 2009

Huwandu hwemafungidziro emafungidziro uye mafungu emhepo anotsanangurwa muIEC 61643-21: 2009 yekuyedza iko iko iko kugona kugona uye nemagetsi kudzikisira kwekukanganisa kwekukanganisa. Tafura 3 yeiyi muyero inonyora izvi muzvikamu uye inopa hunhu hunodiwa. Mu Tafura 2 yeIEC 61643-22 chiyero masosi ezvishoma anopihwa iwo akasiyana mafambiro emapato zvichienderana neyakagadziriswa nzira. Chikamu C2 chinosanganisira inductive coupling (surges), chikamu D1 galvanic coupling (magetsi emheni). Chikamu chakakodzera chinotsanangurwa muhunyanzvi dhata. LSP yekumusoro yekudzivirira michina inopfuura iwo maitiro mune zvakatsanangurwa zvikamu Naizvozvo, iyo chaiyo kukosha kweiyo yekumanikidza yazvino kutakura kugona inoratidzirwa neinodomoka kubuda ikozvino (8/20 μs) uye nemheni yekumanikidza ikozvino (10/350 μs).

Kusanganiswa wave

A yekubatanidza wave inogadzirwa neakauchikwa jenareta (1.2 / 50 μs, 8/20 μs) ine yekunyepedzera impedance ye2 Ω. Iyo yakavhurika-redunhu voltage yeiyi jenareta inonzi U_OC. KANA_OC chiratidzo chakasarudzika cherudzi rwechitatu vanosungwa nekuti chete vasungwa ava ndivo vanogona kuyedzwa pamwe nekubatana wave (zvinoenderana neEn 3-61643).

Kacheka-off frequency f_G

Iyo yekucheka-kuregedza frequency inotsanangura iyo frequency-inoenderana maitiro eanosunga. Iyo yekucheka-kuregedza frequency yakaenzana neiyo frequency iyo inokonzeresa yekuisa kurasikirwa (a_E) ye3 dB pasi peimwe bvunzo mamiriro (ona EN 61643-21: 2010). Kunze kwekunge zvichiratidzwa zvimwe, kukosha uku kunoreva kune 50 Ω system.

Degree yekudzivirira

Iyo IP degree yekudzivirira inoenderana nemapoka ekudzivirira

yakatsanangurwa muIEC 60529.

Kuregedza nguva t_a

Iyo yekudambura nguva inguva inopfuura kudzimara otomatiki kubviswa kubva kumagetsi magetsi kana paine kukundikana kwedunhu kana michina inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa. Iyo yekudambura nguva ndeye yekushandisa-yakatarwa kukosha inokonzerwa nekusimba kwekukanganisa ikozvino uye hunhu hwemudziyo unodzivirira.

Simba rekubatanidza maPSD

Kubatana kwesimba ndiko kusarudzika uye kusangana kwehukama hwezvinhu zvakadzivirirwa zvekudzivirira (= SPDs) yemwenje wepasi rose uye pfungwa yekudzivirira yekuwedzera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti iyo yakazara mutoro wemheni yekumanikidza zvazvino inoparadzaniswa pakati pePSDs maererano nesimba ravo rinotakura kugona. Kana simba rekubatanidza risingakwanise, ekumusoro SPDs haana kukwana

kurerukirwa neiyo yakakwira SPDs sezvo iwo ekumusoro SPDs anoshanda kunonoka, zvisina kukwana kana kwete zvachose. Nekudaro, zasi kweSDDs pamwe nemidziyo yekupedzisira inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa inogona kuparadzwa. DIN CLC / TS 61643-12: 2010 inotsanangura maitiro ekuona simba rekubatana. Spark-gapbased mhando 1 SPDs inopa zvakati wandei mabhenefiti nekuda kwavo magetsi-switch

hunhu (ona WAVE BREAKER FCHIKAMU).

Frequency range

Iyo frequency renji inomiririra hutachiona hwekutapudza kana hwekucheka-kuwanda kuwanda kweanosungwa zvichienderana neakatsanangurwa maitiro ekuderedza.

Insertion kurasikirwa

Iine huwandu hwakapihwa, iko kuiswa kwekurasikirwa kwechidziviriro chekudzivirira mudziyo kunotsanangurwa nehukama hwevhoriyamu kukosha panzvimbo yekumisikidza usati uye mushure mekuisa iyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira mudziyo. Kunze kwekunge zvaratidzwa zvimwe, kukosha kwacho kunoreva 50 a system.

Yakabatanidzwa backup fuse

Zvinoenderana nechiyero chechigadzirwa chePSDs, pamusoro-pari zvino zvidziviriro / mafaera ekuchengetedza anofanirwa kushandiswa. Izvi, zvisinei, zvinoda imwe nzvimbo mubhodhi rekuparadzira, mamwe marefu tambo, ayo anofanirwa kuve akapfupika sezvinobvira maererano neIEC 60364-5-53, yekuwedzera nguva yekumisikidza (uye mutengo) uye kukura kweiyo fiyuzi. Fiyuzi yakabatanidzwa mumusungwa yakanyatsokodzera mafungu ekushushikana anosanganisira anobvisa zvese izvi zvakashata. Iyo nzvimbo kuwana, yakaderera wiring kuyedza, yakasanganiswa fuse yekutarisa uye yakawedzera yekudzivirira mhedzisiro nekuda kwepfupi yekubatanidza tambo ndezvakajeka zvakanakira iyi pfungwa.

Mheni inofungidzira ikozvino I_imp

Iyo mheni yekumanikidza yazvino ndeye yakamisikidzwa yekumanikidza yazvino curve ine 10/350 μs fomu fomu. Ma parameter (kukwirira kwepamusoro, kuchaja, simba chairo) kutevedzera mutoro unokonzerwa nemagetsi emheni. Mheni dzazvino uye dzakasungwa vanosunga vanofanirwa kuve vanokwanisa kuburitsa yakadaro mheni yekumhanyisa mafungu kakawanda pasina kuparadzwa.

Mains-padivi pamusoro-pari zvino dziviriro / yekusunga backup fuse

Yepamusoro-pari zvino dziviriro mudziyo (semuenzaniso fiyuzi kana wedunhu mudariki) iri kunze kwekusungwa kune iyo infeed divi kuti ikanganise simba-frequency inotevera yazvino nekukurumidza kana iko kupaza kugona kweiyo yekuwedzera yekudzivirira chishandiso ichipfuura. Hapana yekuwedzera fuse yekuchengetedza inodikanwa sezvo iyo backup fuse yakatobatanidzwa muPSD.

Kunonyanyisa kuenderera kushanda voltage U_C

Iyo yakanyanya kuenderera yekushandisa magetsi (yakanyanya kubvumidzwa mashandiro emagetsi) ndiyo rms kukosha kweiyo yakakwira voltage iyo inogona kuve yakabatana kune anoenderana matemu eiyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira mudziyo panguva yekushanda. Iyi ndiyo yepamusoro voltage pane inosunga mukati

iyo yakatsanangurwa isiri-kuitisa nyika, iyo inodzosera musunge kudzoka kuno nyika mushure mekunge yagumburwa uye yaburitswa. Iko kukosha kweU_C zvinoenderana nemazita emagetsi esisitimu inofanirwa kudzivirirwa uye maratidziro einoisa (IEC 60364-5-534).

Kunonyanyisa kuenderera kushanda voltage U_CPV yeiyo photovoltaic (PV) system

Kukosha kweiyo yakanyanya dc voltage iyo inogona kuiswa zvachose kune zviteshi zvePSD. Kuona kuti U_CPV yakakwira kupfuura yakanyanya kuvhurika-redunhu magetsi eiyo PV system mune zvese zvinoitika zvekunze (semuenzaniso tembiricha iri mukati, kupisa kwezuva kupisa), U_CPV inofanira kunge iri pamusoro peiyi yakanyanya kuvhurika-redunhu voltage nechinhu che1.2 (zvinoenderana neCLC / TS 50539-12). Ichi chinhu che1.2 chinovimbisa kuti maSPD haana kuenzana nenzira isiriyo.

Kunonyanyisa kubuda zvino I_Max

Iko kunonyanyisa kubuda zvino ndiyo yakakwira yepamusoro kukosha kweiyo 8/20 μs yekumanikidza ikozvino iyo iyo mudziyo inogona kuburitsa zvakachengeteka.

Kunonyanyisa hutachiwana chinzvimbo

Iyo yepamusoro hutachiwana hunyanzvi inotsanangura iyo yakakwira yepamusoro-frequency simba iyo inogona kutapurirana kuburikidza neiyo coaxial surge kifaa chekudzivirira pasina kupindira nechinhu chekudzivirira.

Zita rekuti kubuda ikozvino I_n

Iro zita rezita rekubuda parizvino ndiyo yepamusoro kukosha kweiyo 8/20 μs yekumanikidza yazvino iyo iyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira chishandiso yakarongwa mune imwe chirongwa chekuyedza uye iyo iyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira chishandiso inogona kuburitsa kakawanda.

Zita remutoro wazvino (wezita razvino) I_L

Iro zita remutoro razvino ndiyo yakanyanya kutenderwa mashandiro azvino ayo anogona kuyerera zvachose kuburikidza netemu dzinoenderana.

Zita remagetsi U_N

Iwo mazita emagetsi anomiririra iwo mazita emagetsi esisitimu inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa. Iko kukosha kwemazita emagetsi kazhinji kunoshanda senge mhando kudomwa yekuwedzera ekuchengetedza michina yehunyanzvi hwetekinoroji masisitimu. Iyo inoratidzwa seye rms kukosha kweac system.

N-PE anosunga

Midziyo yekudzivirira inochengeterwa yakagadzirirwa chete kuiswa pakati peN uye PE conductor.

Inoshanda tembiricha renji T_U

Iyo yekushisa tembiricha renji inoratidza huwandu mune izvo zvishandiso zvinogona kushandiswa. Kune asiri-ega-kudziya zvigadzirwa, zvakaenzana neyakaenzana tembiricha renji. Iko tembiricha inokwira yekuzvidziyisa midziyo haifanire kupfuudza iyo yakanyanya kukosha yakaratidzwa.

Dunhu rekudzivirira

Dziviriro maseketi ane akawanda-danho, akasiyiwa ekudzivirira michina. Matanho ekudzivirira ega anogona kuve nemaburi emoto, varistors, semiconductor zvinhu uye gasi ekurasa machubhu (ona Energy coordination).

Unodzivirira conductor yazvino I_PE

Iyo inodzivirira conductor yazvino ndiyo yazvino inoyerera kuburikidza nekubatana kwe PE kana chishandiso chekudzivirira chakabatanidzwa kune yakanyanya kuenderera inoshanda voltage U_C, maererano nemirayiridzo yekumisikidza uye vasina mutoro-padivi vatengi.

Kure kuratidza chiratidzo

Iyo yekuregedzana yekusaina kuonana inobvumira nyore kure kure kutarisa uye kuratidza kweinoshanda mamiriro echishandiso. Iyo inoratidzira matatu-pole terminal muchimiro chekuyangarara changeover kusangana. Iyi yekutaurirana inogona kushandiswa sekuzorora uye / kana kuita kusangana uye nokudaro inogona kuve nyore kubatanidzwa mune yekuvaka kudzora system, mutungamiriri we switchgear kabati, nezvimwe.

Nguva yekupindura t_A

Nguva dzekupindura dzinonyanya kuratidza kupindurwa kwekuita kwezvinhu zvekudzivirira zvemunhu zvinoshandiswa muvasungwa. Zvichienderana nezinga rekusimuka du / dt remhepo yekumanikidza kana di / dt yemhepo yekumanikidza yazvino, nguva dzekupindura dzinogona kusiyana mukati meimwe miganho.

Dzorera kurasikirwa

Mukushandisa kwepamusoro-frequency, kurasikirwa kwekudzoka kunoreva kuti mangani mativi e "anotungamira" wave anoonekwa pachigadzirwa chinodzivirira (surge point). Iyi ndiyo nhanho yakatarwa yekuti mudziyo unodzivirira unoenderana sei nehunhu impedance yesystem.

Series kuramba

Kuramba munzira yekuyerera kwechiratidzo pakati pekupinda nekubuda kweanosunga.

Shield kuderedzwa

Hukama hwesimba rinopihwa mune coaxial tambo kune simba rakapiswa netambo kuburikidza neyechikamu conductor.

Kuvhiya zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira (SPDs)

Midziyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira inonyanya kuve nemagetsi-anoenderana neanodzivirira (varistors, anodzvinyirira diode) uye / kana kupaza maburi (kuburitsa nzira). Midziyo yekudzivirira inoshandiswa kuwedzera mimwe michina yemagetsi nekuisirwa kumayereji asingafungidzike uye / kana kusimbisa bondingential. Midziyo yekudzivirira yekuwedzera yakakamurwa:

1. a) zvinoenderana nekushandisa kwavo mu:

• Svetera ekudzivirira ekushandisa emagetsi emagetsi kuiswa uye zvishandiso

yemazita emagetsi anosvika ku1000 V

- zvinoenderana neEN 61643-11: 2012 mumhando 1/2/3 SPDs

- maererano neIEC 61643-11: 2011 mukirasi I / II / III SPDs

Shanduko yeRed / Line. chigadzirwa mhuri kune iyo nyowani EN 61643-11: 2012 uye IEC 61643-11: 2011 standard ichapedziswa mukati megore regore ra2014.

• Surge inodzivirira michina yekuziva tekinoroji kuiswa uye zvishandiso

kuchengetedza midziyo yemagetsi yemazuva ano mukuterevhizheni uye kusaina network ine ma voltages anosvika ku1000 V ac (inoshanda kukosha) uye 1500 V dc vachipesana nemhedzisiro isina kunanga uye yakananga yekurova kwemheni uye nezvimwe zvinopfuura.

- sekureva kweIEC 61643-21: 2009 uye EN 61643-21: 2010.

• Kuisa pekusiyana kwekupararira kwepasi-kugumisa masisitimu kana equipotential kubatana
• Manda ekuchengetedza ekushandisa ekushandisa mu photovoltaic masystem

yemazita emagetsi anosvika ku1500 V

- zvinoenderana neEN 50539-11: 2013 mumhando 1/2 SPDs

1. b) zvinoenderana nekumanikidza kwavo kwazvino kubuda uye kugona kwekudzivirira kuita:

• Mheni dzazvino vanosunga / dzakarongeka mheni dzazvino vasungwa

yekudzivirira kuisirwa nemidziyo pakukanganiswa kunokonzerwa nekurovera kwakananga kana kwepedyo kwemheni (yakaiswa pamiganhu pakati peLPZ 0_A uye 1).

• Vakawedzera vanosunga

yekudzivirira maficha, zvishandiso nemagetsi ekumisidzana pakurwisa mheni dziri kure, kudzima-kukwira pamwe nekubuditswa kwemagetsi (akaiswa pamiganhu yekuzasi kweLPZ 0_B).

• Vakabatana vakasungwa

yekudzivirira kuisirwa, zvishandiso uye zvigadzirwa zvechigunun'una zvichipesana nekukanganiswa kunobva kune yakananga kana padyo nemheni mheni_A uye 1 pamwe ne0_A uye 2).

Tekinoroji data yemidziyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira

Iyo yehunyanzvi dhata yekuwedzera ekuchengetedza michina inosanganisira ruzivo pamamiriro avo ekushandisa zvinoenderana neayo:

• Kushanda (semuenzaniso kuisirwa, mains mamiriro, tembiricha)
• Kuitwa kana paine kukanganisa (semuenzaniso kukurudzira kwekubuda kwazvino kugona, tevera ikozvino kudzima kugona, mwero wekudzivirira kwemagetsi, nguva yekupindura)
• Kuita panguva yekushanda (semuenzaniso zita razvino, kudzvanywa, kusagadzikana kwekudzivirira)
• Kuita mukukanganisa (semuenzaniso, backup fuse, disconnector, failsafe, kure chiratidzo chiratidzo)

Ipfupi-redunhu kumira kugona

Iyo pfupi-dunhu inomira kugona ndiko kukosha kweanotarisira simba-frequency mapfupi-masekisheni ano anobatwa neyakawedzera yekuchengetedza mudziyo kana akakodzera akakwira backup fuse yakabatana kumusoro.

Ipfupi-redunhu chiyero I_SCPV yeSPD mune photovoltaic (PV) system

Maximum isina kufemerwa pfupi-redunhu razvino iyo iyo SPD, yega kana pamwe chete pamwe nemidziyo yayo yekubvisa, inokwanisa kumira.

Kwenguva pfupi kuputika (TOV)

Kukweva kwechinguvana kunogona kuvapo pane yekudzivirira yekudzivirira chishandiso kwenguva pfupi yenguva nekuda kwekukanganisa mune yakakwira-voltage system. Izvi zvinofanirwa kusiyaniswa zvakajeka kubva kuchinguva chidiki kunokonzerwa nekurovera kwemheni kana kuita switch, iyo inogara kwenguva refu kupfuura 1 ms. Iko kukura U_T uye iyo nguva yekuwedzererwa kwechinguva kwakadomwa mu EN 61643-11 (200 ms, 5 s kana 120 min.) Uye ivo pachavo vanoedzwa maSPD akakodzera zvinoenderana nehurongwa hwekugadzirisa (TN, TT, nezvimwewo). Iyo SPD inogona kana a) kuvimbika kukundikana (TOV chengetedzo) kana b) kuve TOV-nemishonga (TOV inomira), zvichireva kuti inoshanda zvachose panguva nekutevera

zvenguva pfupi pamusoro-voltages.

Kugadzikana kwemafuta

Kuwedzera kwekudzivirira ekushandisa mumagetsi emagetsi masisitimu akaiswa nemagetsi-anodzorwa maresitor (varistors) anowanzo kuve neyakaganhurirwa yemagetsi disconnector iyo inobvisa iyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira mudziyo kubva kuma maini kuitira kana kuwandisa uye inoratidza ino inoshanda nyika. Iyo disconnector inopindura kune "ikozvino kupisa" inogadzirwa neyakawandisa varistor uye inodonhedza iyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira mudziyo kubva kumatambo kana imwe tembiricha yapfuura. Iyo disconnector yakagadzirirwa kudzima iyo yakaremerwa yekuwedzera yekudzivirira chishandiso munguva yekudzivirira moto. Izvo hazvina kuitirwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekudzivirirwa kubva kune isina kunangana kusangana. Basa re

izvi zvinopisa zvinopisa zvinogona kuyedzwa nenzira yekufananidza kuwandisa / kuchembera kwevasungwa.

Yese kuburitsa ikozvino I_chizere

Ikozvino inoyerera kuburikidza ne PE, PEN kana pasi kubatanidza kweye multipole SPD panguva yekubuda kwese kwazvino bvunzo. Bvunzo iyi inoshandiswa kuona mutoro wese kana iripo panguva imwe chete ichiyerera nenzira dzinoverengeka dzekudzivirira dze SPD yakawanda. Iyi paramende inoenderana neicho chose chinoburitsa chinogadziriswa chinotendeseka nehuwandu hwemunhu

nzira dzeSPD.

Voltage dziviriro nhanho U_p

Iyo mwero wekudzivirira mwero weiyo yekudzivirira yekudzivirira chishandiso ndiyo yakanyanya kukasira ipapo kukosha kwemagetsi pazviteshi zvechirwere chekudzivirira, chakatemwa kubva pamiyero yakaenzana yemunhu.

- Mheni inokonzeresa sparkover voltage 1.2 / 50 μs (100%)

- Sparkover voltage ine chiyero chekukwira kwe1kV / μs

- Yakayerwa muganho wemagetsi pazita rezita razvino ini_n

Iyo voltage yekudzivirira nhanho inoratidzira kugona kweyekuwedzera yekudzivirira chishandiso kudzora surges kune yakasara nhanho. Iyo dziviriro yemagetsi inotsanangura nzvimbo yekumisikidza zvine chekuita neyakawandisa chikamu maererano neIEC 60664-1 mumasisitimu emagetsi. Kuti zvishandiso zvekudzivirira zvishandiswe muhurongwa hwetekinoroji yeruzivo, mwero wedziviriro yemagetsi unofanirwa kuchinjaniswa nechengetedzo yemidziyo inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa (IEC 61000-4-5: 2001).

Kuronga kwekudzivirira kwemheni kwemukati uye kuchengetedzwa kwekuwedzera

Zvinodiwa Zvekunze Mheni Kudzivirirwa Zvikamu

Midziyo inoshandiswa kuisa iyo yekunze mheni dziviriro sisitimu inosangana nezvimwe zvemakanika uye zvemagetsi zvinodiwa, izvo zvinotsanangurwa muE EN 62561-x standard akateedzana. Mheni yekudzivirira zvinhu zvinorongwa maererano nebasa ravo, semuenzaniso zvinongedzo zvekubatanidza (EN 62561-1), makondakita nemagetsi epasi (EN 62561-2).

Kuedzwa kwezvinhu zvakajairika zvekudzivirira mheni

Simbi mheni inodzivirira zvikamu (zvinosunga, makondakita, matanda-ekumisa matanda, epasi ma electrode) akafumurwa nemamiriro ekunze anofanirwa kuiswa mukukwegura / kutonhodza vasati vaedzwa kuti vaone kukodzera kwavo kuchirongwa chakatemerwa. Zvinoenderana neEN 60068-2-52 uye EN ISO 6988 simbi zvinhu zvinoiswa mukukwegura kwekugadzira uye kuyedzwa mumatanho maviri.

Yemamiriro ekunze ekunze uye kuratidzwa nekuora kwekupenya kwemheni zvinhu

Nhanho 1: kurapwa kwemunyu

Bvunzo iyi inoitirwa zvinhu zvemukati kana zvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kuti zvionekwe nemhepo ine munyu. Iyo yekuyedza michina inosanganisira yemunyu kamuri kamuri uko iwo masampimendi anoedzwa neyero level 2 kweanopfuura mazuva matatu. Chikamu chekuyedza chechipiri chinosanganisira zvikamu zvitatu zvekumwaya zve2 h imwe neimwe, uchishandisa 2% sodium chloride solution (NaCl) patembiricha iri pakati pe5 ° C kusvika 15 ° C inoteverwa neyekuchengetedza hunyoro pahumhu hunyoro hwe35% uye tembiricha ye93 ± 40 ° C kwemaawa makumi maviri nemaviri kusvika makumi maviri nemaviri zvinoenderana ne EN 2-20-22.

Nhanho yechipiri: Humid sulphurous mhepo kurapwa

Bvunzo iyi ndeyekuongorora kushorwa kwezvinhu kana zvinhu zvakanyoroveswa humidity zvine sulfur dioxide zvinoenderana neE EN ISO 6988.

Midziyo yekuyedza (Mufananidzo 2) ine yekamuri yekuyedza uko maenzaniso

vanobatwa neyakaunganidzwa nesarufa dioxide muchikamu chevhoriyamu ye667 x 10-6 (± 24 x 10-6) mumatanho manomwe ebvunzo. Kutenderera kwega kwega kunotora nguva ye24 h inoumbwa nenguva yekupisa ye8 h pakudziya kwe40 ± 3 ° C munzvimbo ine hunyoro, yakazara mvura inoteverwa nenguva yekuzorora ye16 h. Mushure meizvozvo, iyo inonyorova sulphurous mhepo inotsiviwa.

Zvese zviri zviviri zvekushandisa kwekunze uye zvikamu zvakavigwa muvhu zvinoiswa mukukwegura / kutonhodza. Zvezvinhu zvakavigwa muvhu zvinowedzerwa zvinodiwa uye matanho anofanirwa kutariswa. Hapana aruminiyamu anosungisa kana ma conductor anogona kuvigwa muvhu. Kana simbi isina kuchena ichifanira kuvigwa muvhu, ingangoshandiswa nesimbi isina chiwanikwa-chepamusoro ingashandiswa, semuenzaniso, StSt (V4A). Zvinoenderana neGerman DIN VDE 0151 standard, StSt (V2A) haitenderwe. Zvidimbu zvekushandisa kwemukati senge equipotential bonding mabhagi haafanire kuiswa mukukwegura / mamiriro. Izvo zvinoshandawo kune izvo zvikamu zvakamisikidzwa

mukongiri. Izvi zvinhu zvinowanzo gadzirwa nesimbi isina-simbi (nhema) simbi.

Mhepo-yekumisa masystem / emhepo-ekugumisa matanda

Mhepo-yekumisa matanda anowanzo shandiswa seanogumisa mweya masisitimu. Iwo anowanikwa mune akawanda akasiyana magadzirirwo, semuenzaniso nehurefu hwemamita 1 ekumisikidza nekongiri base padenga rakatsetseka, kusvika kune telescopic mheni yekudzivirira mamati ane kureba kwemamita makumi maviri nemashanu emiti yebiogas. EN 25-62561 inotsanangudza mashoma emuchinjikwa zvikamu uye zvinotenderwa zvinhu zvine zvinoenderana zvemagetsi uye zvemagetsi zvivakwa zvemhepo-inogumisa matanda. Kana zvikaitika nemhepo-yekumisa matanda ane akakwirira akakwirira, iyo yekukombama inodzivirirwa nemhepo-yekumisa tsvimbo uye kugadzikana kweakakwana masisitimu (mweya-wekumisa tsvimbo mutripodhi) inofanirwa kuverengerwa nenzira yeiyo static kuverenga. Izvo zvinodiwa muchinjikwa zvikamu uye zvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kusarudzwa zvichibva

pane kuverenga uku. Kumhanyisa kwemhepo kwenzvimbo inoenderana nemutoro wemhepo kunofanirwa kutarisirwawo pakuverenga uku.

Kwayedza yezvinhu zvekubatanidza

Zvinongedzo zvekubatanidza, kana zvinowanzo kungodaidzwa kuti zvinosungisa, zvinoshandiswa semidziyo yekudzivirira magetsi kubatanidza makondakita (pasi conductor, mweya-inogumisa conductor, pasi kupinda) kune mumwe nemumwe kana kune yekuisirwa.

Zvichienderana nemhando yecampamping uye yekukochekera zvinhu, yakawanda yemhando dzakasiyana dzekukomberedza dzinogoneka. Iyo kondakita yekufambisa uye izvo zvinogona kusanganisa zvinhu zvinosarudzika mune izvi. Mhando yekondakita nzira inotsanangura kuti kiringi inobatanidza sei ma conductor muchinjikwa kana kuenderana kurongeka.

Kana paine mheni iriko mutoro, zvisungo zvinoiswa kumagetsi emagetsi uye anodziya anonyanya kuvimba nemhando yekondakita kufambisa uye kubatana kwecampamp. Tafura 1 inoratidza zvinhu zvinogona kusanganiswa pasina kukonzera kuora ngura. Iko kusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana neumwe neumwe uye avo akasiyana echimakanika simba uye echinhu chinodziya vane zvakasiyana mhedzisiro pazvinhu zvekubatanidza kana mheni yazvino ichiyerera nepakati pavo. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka kune simbi isina tsvina (StSt) yekubatanidza zvikamu uko tembiricha yakakwira inoitika nekuda kwekudzikira kwakadzika nekukurumidza kana magetsi emheni achiyerera nepakati pavo. Naizvozvo, mheni yazvino bvunzo mukutevera EN 62561-1 inofanirwa kuitirwa macampamps ese. Kuti uedze yakaipisisa kesi, kwete chete akasiyana maconductor mubatanidzwa, asiwo izvo zvinhu musanganiswa zvinotsanangurwa nemugadziri zvinofanirwa kuyedzwa.

Kuyedza kunoenderana nemuenzaniso weiyo MV kiramba

Pakutanga, iyo nhamba yemiyedzo inosanganiswa inofanirwa kutemerwa. Iyo MV simbi inoshandiswa yakagadzirwa nesimbi isina tsvina (StSt) uye nekudaro inogona kusanganiswa nesimbi, aluminium, StSt uye maconductor macondors sezvakataurwa muTafura 1. Zvakare, inogona kuve yakabatana muchinjikwa uye yakafanana kurongeka iyo zvakare inofanirwa kuyedzwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane zvisere zvinokwanisika bvunzo dzeMV simbi inoshandiswa (Mifananidzo 3 ne4).

Zvinoenderana neE EN 62561 imwe yeiyi mubatanidzwa wekuyedza inofanirwa kuyedzwa pane matatu akakodzera masampuli / bvunzo kumisikidzwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti makumi maviri nemana ematanho eiyi imwechete MV kiramba inofanirwa kuyedzwa kuvhara yakazara yakazara. Imwe yega specimen yakaiswa neiyo yakakwana

kuomesa torque mukuteedzana nezvinodiwa nezvinodiwa uye kunoiswa mukukwegura kwekunyepedzera kuburikidza nemhute yemunyu uye hunyoro sulphurous mhepo kurapwa sekutsanangurwa pamusoro. Yenzvero inotevera yemagetsi iyo mienzaniso inofanirwa kuve yakakwenenzverwa mundiro inodzivirira (Mufananidzo 5).

Mheni nhatu dzemazuva ano dzemafungiro e10 / 350 μs wave chimiro ne50 kA (zvakajairika basa) uye 100 kA (rinorema basa) dzinoiswa kune ese ejeni. Mushure mekutakurwa nemheni yazvino, iwo maenzaniso haafanire kuratidza zviratidzo zvekukuvara.

Pamusoro pekuyedzwa kwemagetsi uko iyo specimen inoiswa kumasimba emagetsi emagetsi kana paine mheni yazvino mutoro, iyo inomira-meya mutoro yakabatanidzwa muiyo EN 62561-1 standard. Iyi static-yemuchina bvunzo inonyanya kudikanwa kune akafanana maconnectors, marefu ekubatanidza zvinongedzo, nezvimwe uye inoitwa neakasiyana conductor zvinhu uye clamping masosi. Zvinongedzo zvekubatanidza zvakagadzirwa nesimbi isina simbi zvinoedzwa pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa necustomer imwe simbi conductor chete (yakanyorovera pamusoro). Izvo zvinongedzo zvekubatanidza, semuenzaniso iyo MV simbi inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6, inogadzirirwa ine yakatsanangurwa inosimbisa torque uye ndokuzotakurwa neyakaomarara tensile simba ye 900 N (± 20 N) kweminiti imwe. Munguva iyi yekuyedza nguva, vafambisi havafanirwe kufamba anopfuura mamirimita imwe uye zvinongedzo zvekubatanidza hazvifanirwe kuratidza zviratidzo zvekukuvara. Iyi yekuwedzera static-michina bvunzo imwe yemuedzo bvunzo yezvinhu zvekubatanidza uye zvakare inofanirwa kuve yakanyorwa mune yemugadziri bvunzo mushumo kuwedzera kune emagetsi kukosha.

Iyo yekudzivirira kuramba (kuyerwa pamusoro pechamboko) yesimbi yesimbi isina simbi haifanirwe kudarika 2.5 mΩ kana 1 mΩ kana paine zvimwe zvinhu. Iyo inodiwa yekusunungura torque inofanirwa kuve nechokwadi.

Nekudaro vanoisa emagetsi ekudzivirira masisitimu anofanirwa kusarudza zvinongedzo zvebasa (H kana N) rinotarisirwa pane saiti. Simbi yebasa H (100 kA), semuenzaniso, inofanirwa kushandiswa kune tsvimbo yekumisa mweya (izere mheni yazvino) uye kombi yebasa N (50 kA) inofanira kushandiswa mumeshoni kana panopinda pasi. (mheni iripo yatogoverwa).

Ma conductors

EN 62561-2 inoisawo zvishuwo zvakasarudzika kune vafambisi vakaita sekumisa -mhepo uye pasi ma conductor kana epasi ma electrode eg ring ring ma electrode, semuenzaniso:

• Mechiniki zvivakwa (mashoma simba tensile, mashoma kureba)
• Magetsi zvivakwa (max. Resistivity)
• Ngura yekudzivirira zvivakwa (kukwegura kwekugadzira sekutsanangurwa pamusoro).

Iko michina zvivakwa zvinofanirwa kuyedzwa uye kucherechedzwa. Mufananidzo 8 inoratidza bvunzo yekumisikidza yekuyedza yakasimba simba revatenderi maconductor (semuenzaniso aluminium) Hunhu hwekuputira (hwakatsetseka, hunopfuurira) pamwe nehuremu hushoma uye kunamatira kune hwaro zvinhu zvakakosha uye zvinofanirwa kuyedzwa kunyanya kana zvakaputirwa zvinhu simbi yakakosheswa (St / tZn) zvinoshandiswa.

Izvi zvinotsanangurwa muyakajairwa muchimiro chekukotamisa bvunzo. Nechinangwa ichi, chiratidziro chakakomberedzwa kuburikidza nenharaunda yakaenzana nekashanu dhayamita yayo kusvika pakona ye5 °. Mukuita kudaro, iyo specimen inogona kutadza kuratidza yakapinza micheto, kuputsa kana exfoliation. Zvakare, izvo conductor zvinhu zvichave nyore kugadzirisa kana uchiisa mheni yekudzivirira masisitimu. Tambo kana mitsetse (makoiri) anofungidzirwa kuti anotwasanudzwa zviri nyore kuburikidza netambo yakatwasuka (tungamira pulleys) kana nenzira torsion. Uyezve, zvinofanirwa kuve nyore kuisa / kukotamisa zvinhu pazvivakwa kana muvhu. Izvi zviyero zvinodiwa zvinoenderana nezvigadzirwa zvigadzirwa izvo zvinofanirwa kuve zvakanyorwa mune zvinoenderana chigadzirwa zvigadzirwa machira evagadziri.

Pasi ma electrode / matanda epasi

Iyo yakaparadzaniswa LSP pasi tsvimbo dzakagadzirwa nespecial simbi uye yakanyatsopisa-dip kwakakurudzira kana ine yakakwirira-chiwanikwa simbi isina simbi. Mubatanidzwa wekubatanidza unobvumidza kubatana kwematanda pasina kukudza hupamhi chinhu chakakosha chetsinga dzepasi. Yese tsvimbo inopa kubereka uye pini kumagumo.

EN 62561-2 inotsanangura zvinodikanwa zvepasi ma electrode senge zvinhu, geometry, zviyero zvidiki pamwe neanogadzira uye emagetsi zvivakwa. Iwo ekubatanidza majoini anobatanidza matanda emunhu akasimba mapoinzi. Nechikonzero ichi EN 62561-2 inoda kuti kuwedzere kwayedza uye zvemagetsi bvunzo dzinofanirwa kuitwa kuyedza mhando yezvibatanidzwa izvi.

Nezve bvunzo iyi, tsvimbo inoiswa mugwara rine ndiro yesimbi senzvimbo inokanganisa. Iyo specimen ine maviri akabatanidzwa matanda nehurefu hwe500 mm imwe neimwe. Zviratidzo zvitatu zvemhando imwe neimwe yepasi electrode inofanirwa kuyedzwa. Kumusoro kwekupedzisira kweiyo specimen kunoitiswa pachishandiswa nyundo inodedera ine nyundo yakakwana yekuisa kwenguva yemaminetsi maviri. Iyo yekurova yenyundo inofanira kunge iri 2000 ± 1000 min-1 uye iyo chete sitiroko inokanganisa simba rinofanira kunge riri 50 ± 10 [Nm].

Kana izvo zvabatanidzwa zvakapasa bvunzo iyi zvisina hurema hunoonekwa, vanoiswa mukukwegura kwekunyepedzera kuburikidza nemhute yemunyu uye hunyoro sulphurous mhepo kurapwa. Ipapo couplings anotakurwa nematatu mheni mafungu emagetsi e10 / 350 μs wave chimiro che50 kA uye 100 kA imwe neimwe. Iko kusangana kwekubatana (kuyerwa pamusoro pekubatanidza) yesimbi isina tsvina yepasi matanda haafanire kudarika 2.5 mΩ. Kuyedza kana mubatanidzwa wekubatanidza uchiri wakanyatsobatana mushure mekuiswa pasi peiyi mheni yazvino mutoro, simba rekubatanidza rinoedzwa nenzira yemuchina wekuyedza.

Iko kuiswa kweanoshanda mheni dziviriro sisitimu inoda kuti izvo zvinhu uye zvishandiso zvakaedzwa zvinoenderana neyazvino standard inoshandiswa Installers emadziviriro ekudzivirira masisitimu anofanirwa kusarudza uye kunyatsoisa izvo zvinhu zvinoenderana nezvinodiwa panzvimbo yekumisikidza. Pamusoro pechinodiwa zvemuchina, maitiro emagetsi eazvino mamiriro ekudzivirira kwemheni anofanirwa kutariswa nekuteererwa.

Kukarukureta kweiyo Line-kune-Pasi Pfupi-Dunhu Razvino

Kudimikira kwepasi-ekugumisa masisitimu zvine chekuita neakanyanya

Nechinangwa ichi, akasiyana mamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa anofanira kuongororwa. Mune masvikiro-emagetsi masystem, yakapetwa kaviri pasi inogona kunge iri nyaya inonyanya kukosha. Mhosva yekutanga yepasi (semuenzaniso pane shanduri) inogona kukonzera kukanganisika kwepasi kwechipiri mune chimwe chikamu (semuenzaniso kukanganisa kwetambo yekuvhara chisimbiso kumagumo epakati-magetsi system). Zvinoenderana netafura 1 yeiyo EN 50522 standard (Earthing yemagetsi kuiswa kupfuura 1 kV ac), yakapetwa kaviri nyika kukanganisa kwazvino I'EkEE, iyo inotsanangurwa seinotevera, inoyerera kuburikidza nevanotungamira pasi mune ino kesi:

Ini “kEE = 0,85 • Ini“ k

(Ini "k = matatu-pole yekutanga symmetrical pfupi-redunhu razvino)

Mune yekumisikidza 20 kV ine yekutanga symmetrical pfupi-redhiyo yazvino I'k ye16 kA uye nguva yekudambura ye1 sekondi, iyo mbiri yepasi mhosva yazvino ingave 13.6 kA. Kugona kwevatyairi vepasi uye nemabhazi epasi ari muchivako chechiteshi kana tansformer kamuri inofanirwa kuverengerwa maererano neiyi kukosha. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, kupatsanurwa kwazvino kunogona kutariswa kana paine kurongedzwa kwemhete (chinhu che 0.65 chinoshandiswa mukuita). Kuronga kunofanirwa kugara kuchitsamira pane iyo chaiyo data data (system kumisikidzwa, mutsara-kune-pasi pfupi-redunhu razvino, nguva yekudambura).

Iyo EN 50522 standard inotsanangura iyo yakanyanya ipfupi-redunhu razvino density G (A / mm2) yezvinhu zvakasiyana. Chikamu chemuchinjikwa chemufambisi chakatemwa kubva pane izvo zvinhu uye nenguva yekubvisa.

akaverenga yazvino yazvino yakakamurwa neiyo iripo density G yezvinhu zvinoenderana uye inoenderana nguva yekudambura uye chikamu chidiki chemuchinjikwa A_ini yemutungamiriri yakatemwa.

A_ini= Ini ”_{kEE (bazi)} / G [mm²]

Iyo yakaverengwa muchinjiko chikamu inobvumidza kusarudza conductor. Ichi chikamu chemuchinjikwa chinogara chakatenderedzwa kusvika kune chinotevera chikuru zita remuchinjikwa chikamu. Muchiitiko chehurongwa hwakabhadharwa, semuenzaniso, iyo yepasi-yekumisa system pachayo (iyo chikamu chakanangana nepasi) yakatakurwa neyepasi yakadzikira iyezvino ingori neakasara epasi mhosva yazvino I_E = rx ini_RES yakaderedzwa nechinhu r. Ino yazvino haina kudarika gumi A uye inogona kuyerera zvachose pasina matambudziko kana zvakajairika earthing zvinhu muchinjikwa zvikamu zvashandiswa.

Minimum muchinjiko zvikamu zvepasi ma electrode

Iwo mashoma emuchinjikwa zvikamu zvine chekuita nesimbi yemagetsi uye ngura zvinotsanangurwa muchiGerman DIN VDE 0151 standard (Zvishandiso uye zvishoma zviyero zvepasi ma electrode zvine chekuita negora).

Mutoro wemhepo kuitira masisitimu akasarudzika ekumisa mweya maererano neEurocode 1

Mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa ari kuwedzera pasi rese nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi. Mhedzisiro senge yekumhanyisa kwemhepo, kuwanda kwedutu uye kunaya kwakanyanya hakugone kufuratirwa. Naizvozvo, vagadziri uye vanogadzira vachatarisana nematambudziko matsva kunyanya zvine chekuita nemitoro yemhepo. Izvi hazvingokanganisa zvivakwa zvekuvaka chete (zvimiro zvechimiro), asi zvakare masisitimu emhepo-ekumisa.

Mumunda wedziviriro yemheni, iyo DIN 1055-4: 2005-03 uye DIN 4131 zviyero zvakashandiswa senzvimbo yekumisikidza kusvika parizvino. Muna Chikunguru 2012, izvi zviyero zvakatsiviwa nemaEurocode ayo anopa Europe-yakaenzana mamiriro akaumbwa dhizaini dhizaini (kuronga zvivakwa).

Iyo DIN 1055-4: 2005-03 chiyero chakabatanidzwa muEurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-4: Zviito pazvivakwa - Chikamu 1-4: Zviito zvakajairika - Zviito zvemhepo) uye DIN V 4131: 2008-09 muEurocode 3 ( EN 1993-3-1: Chikamu 3-1: Towers, mamati uye chimneys - Towers uye mamati). Nekudaro, aya maviri matanho anoumba hwaro hwekudzora masisitimu emhepo-ekumisa masisitimu ekudzivirira mheni, zvisinei, Eurocode 1 inonyanya kukosha.

Iyi inotevera parameter inoshandiswa kuverenga chaiyo mhepo mutoro unotarisirwa:

• Nzvimbo yemhepo (Germany yakakamurwa kuita mativi mana emhepo aine akasiyana emhepo anomhanya)
• Chikamu cheTerrain (matunhu epasi anotsanangura chakakomberedza chimiro)
• Kureba kwechinhu chiri pamusoro pevhu
• Kureba kwenzvimbo (pamusoro pegungwa, kazhinji kusvika pamamita mazana masere pamusoro pegungwa)

Zvimwe zvinokonzeresa zvinhu zvakadai se:

• Icing
• Chinzvimbo padanho kana pamusoro pegomo
• Kukwirira kwechinhu kupfuura mazana matatu
• Kureba kwenzvimbo pamusoro pe800 m (chiyero chegungwa)

inofanirwa kutaridzirwa kune yakasarudzika yekumisikidza nharaunda uye inofanirwa kuverengerwa zvakasiyana.

Iko kusanganiswa kweakasiyana parameter kunoguma nemhepo yekumhanyisa kumhanya iyo inofanirwa kushandiswa sehwaro hwekusimudzira mamhepo-ekumisa masystem uye kumwe kumisikidza senge akakwiridzirwa mhete ma conductor. Mune katarogu yedu, iyo yekumhanyisa mhepo yekumhanyisa inotsanangurwa kuti zvigadzirwa zvedu zvikwanise kuona huwandu hunodiwa hwekongiri zvigadziko zvichienderana nemhepo yekumhanyisa kumhanya, semuenzaniso kana paine yakasarudzika mweya-inogumisa masisitimu. Izvi hazvingobvumidze chete kuona iko kumira kwakadzikama, asiwo kudzikisira huremu hunodiwa uye nekudaro mutoro wedenga.

Nyaya inokosha:

Iyo "yakanyanya mhepo yekumhanyisa kumhanya" yakatsanangurwa mune ino katalog yezvinhu zvemunhu zvakasarudzika zvinoenderana neGerman-yakatarwa kuverenga kuverenga kweEurocode 1 (DIN EN 1991-1-4 / NA: 2010-12) inoenderana nedunhu remhepo mepu yeGerman uye nyika yakabatana-yakatarisana nenzvimbo dzenzvimbo.

Paunenge uchishandisa zvigadzirwa zveichi katalog mune dzimwe nyika, nyika-yakatarwa mamiriro uye dzimwe nzira dzinoshanda dzekuverenga, kana zviripo, zvinotsanangurwa muEurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-4) kana mune mimwe mitauro inoshanda yekuverenga (kunze kweEurope) inofanira kucherechedzwa. Nekudaro, iwo mhepo yekumhanyisa yekumhanyisa inotaurwa mune ino katalog inoshanda chete kuGerman uye inongova nzira ine hukasha kune dzimwe nyika. Iyo yekumhanyisa mhepo kumhanyisa inofanirwa kuve ichango kuverengerwa zvinoenderana nenyika-yakatarwa nzira dzekuverenga!

Paunenge uchiisa mamhepo-ekumisa matanda mune kongiri mabheseni, iyo ruzivo / yekumhanyisa mhepo kumhanya mutafura inofanirwa kutariswa. Ruzivo urwu runoshanda kune yakajairwa mweya-yekumisa tsvimbo zvinhu (Al, St / tZn, Cu uye StSt).

Kana matanda ekumisa mweya akagadziriswa nenzira dzezvipenga, maverengero akavakirwa pane pazasi mikana yekuisa.

Mafashama emhepo anobvumidzwa anokwenenzverwa anotsanangurwa kune izvo zvinogadzirwa uye anofanirwa kutariswa pakusarudzwa / kuiswa. Simba repamusoro remuchina rinogona kuwanikwa nenzira eg kutsigirwa kwakakomberedzwa (maviri spacers akarongedzwa mukatatu) (pachikumbiro).