Amadivayisi we-DC Surge Protection for PV Ukufaka

Amadivayisi we-DC Surge Protection for PV Ukufaka PV-Combiner-Box-02

I-Solar Panel PV Combiner Box DC Surge Avikelayo Idivayisi

Ngoba amadivayisi we-DC Surge Protection for PV Installations kumele aklanyelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokukhanya okugcwele kwelanga, basengozini enkulu emiphumeleni yombani. Umthamo wamalungu afanayo e-PV ahlobene ngqo nendawo yawo ebonakalayo, ngakho-ke umthelela ongaba khona wemicimbi yombani uyakhula ngosayizi wesistimu. Lapho kwenzeka khona ukukhanyisa kaningi, amasistimu e-PV angavikelekile angalimala ephindaphindekile futhi abalulekile ezingxenyeni ezisemqoka. Lokhu kubangela izindleko ezinkulu zokulungisa nokufaka ezinye izinto, isikhathi sokuphumula sohlelo kanye nokulahleka kwemali engenayo. Amadivayisi wokuvikelwa okwenziwe kahle, acacisiwe futhi afakiwe (SPDs) anciphisa umthelela ongaba khona wemicimbi yombani lapho isetshenziswa ngokubambisana nezinhlelo zokuvikela umbani.

Uhlelo lokuvikela umbani olufaka izinto eziyisisekelo njengamatheminali womoya, ama-conductor afanelekile phansi, ukuqiniswa kwe-equipotential kuzo zonke izinto ezisetshenziswayo njengamanje kanye nemigomo efanelekile yokubeka phansi kunika umbhede wokuvikela ezitelekeni eziqondile. Uma kukhona ukukhathazeka ngengozi yombani endaweni yakho ye-PV, ngincoma kakhulu ukuqasha unjiniyela kagesi onobuchwepheshe kulo mkhakha ukuze ahlinzeke ngocwaningo lokuhlola ubungozi kanye nokwakhiwa kohlelo lokuvikela uma kunesidingo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuvikela umbani kanye nama-SPD. Inhloso yohlelo lokuvikela umbani ukuhambisa isiteleka sombani ngqo ngokusebenzisa abaqhubi abakhona manje emhlabeni, ngaleyo ndlela kusindiswe izakhiwo nemishini ukuthi isendleleni yalokho kukhishwa noma kushaywe ngqo. Ama-SPD asetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zikagesi ukuhlinzeka ngomzila wokukhipha emhlabeni ukusindisa lezo zinhlelo zezinhlelo ekubeni zivezwe kwizikhathi ezinamandla amakhulu okubangelwa yimiphumela eqondile noma engaqondile yemibani noma okungahambi kahle kwesistimu yamandla. Noma kunohlelo lwangaphandle lokuvikela umbani olukhona, ngaphandle kwama-SPD, imiphumela yombani isengadala umonakalo omkhulu ezingxenyeni.

Ngezinhloso zale ndatshana, ngicabanga ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lokuvikelwa kombani lukhona futhi ngihlola izinhlobo, ukusebenza, nezinzuzo zokusetshenziswa okungeziwe kwama-SPD afanele. Ngokuhlangana nohlelo lokuvikela umbani olwenziwe kahle, ukusetshenziswa kwama-SPD ezindaweni ezibalulekile zohlelo kuvikela izinto ezinkulu ezinjenge-inverters, amamojula, imishini emabhokisini we-combiner, kanye nezinhlelo zokulinganisa, zokulawula nezokuxhumana.

Ukubaluleka kwama-SPD

Ngaphandle kwemiphumela yesiteleka sombani esiqonde ngqo kumalungu afanayo, ukuxhuma ikhebula lamandla kuthinteka kakhulu kumathambo abangelwa ugesi. Ama-transients aqondiswe ngqo noma ngokungaqondile ngumbani, kanye nezikhathi ezenziwa yimisebenzi yokushintsha izinsiza, ziveza okokusebenza kagesi nokwezobuchwepheshe kuma-overvoltages aphezulu kakhulu wesikhathi esifushane kakhulu (amashumi kuya kumakhulu ama-microseconds). Ukuvezwa kwalezi zingcingo zesikhashana kungadala ukwehluleka kwengxenye eyinhlekelele engabonakala ngokulimala komshini nokulandela umkhondo wekhabhoni noma kungabonakali kodwa kube kubangela ukwehluleka kwemishini noma kohlelo.

Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside ezenzakalweni ezisezingeni eliphansi kuyawohloka okwe-dielectric nokokufaka izinto kumishini yohlelo lwe-PV kuze kube nokuwohloka kokugcina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-voltage transients angavela kumasekethe wokulinganisa, wokulawula nokuxhumana. Lezi zikhathi ezihamba kancane zingabonakala njengezimpawu eziyiphutha noma imininingwane, okwenza imishini ingasebenzi kahle noma ivaleke. Ukubekwa kwamasu we-SPD kunciphisa lezi zinkinga ngoba zisebenza njengamadivayisi amafushane noma okubamba.

Izici zobuchwepheshe zama-SPD

Ubuchwepheshe obuvame kakhulu be-SPD obusetshenziswa kuzinhlelo ze-PV yi-metal oxide varistor (MOV), esebenza njengedivayisi yokuqinisa amandla kagesi. Obunye ubuchwepheshe be-SPD bufaka i-diode ye-silicon avalanche, izikhala ze-spark ezilawulwayo, namashubhu okukhipha igesi. Lezi ezimbili zokugcina zishintsha amadivayisi abonakala njengama-circuits amafushane noma ama-crowbars. Itheknoloji ngayinye inezici zayo, ezenza ukuthi zifaneleke ngaphansi kohlelo oluthile. Izinhlanganisela zalawa madivayisi nazo zingahlanganiswa ukuze zinikeze izici ezifanele kakhulu kunalokho ezikunikeza ngawodwana. Ithebula 1 libala izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-SPD ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-PV nemininingwane yokusebenza kwazo jikelele.

I-SPD kumele ikwazi ukuguqula izifundazwe ngokushesha okwanele ngesikhathi esifushane esidlulayo futhi ikhulule ubukhulu besikhashana esedlule ngaphandle kokuhluleka. Idivayisi kufanele futhi inciphise ukwehla kwamandla kagesi kunqamula isifunda se-SPD ukuvikela okokusebenza exhunywe kuso. Ekugcineni, umsebenzi we-SPD akufanele uphazamise umsebenzi ojwayelekile waleso sifunda.

Izici ezisebenzayo ze-SPD zichazwa ngamapharamitha amaningi okuthi noma ngubani owenza ukukhetha ama-SPD kumele akuqonde. Lesi sihloko sidinga imininingwane eminingi engafakwa lapha, kepha okulandelayo kunemingcele ethile okufanele icatshangelwe: ukusebenza kwamandla okuqhubekayo okuphezulu, i-ac noma i-dc application, okukhiphayo okukhohlisayo kwamanje (okuchazwe ubukhulu nobukhulu begagasi), izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi (izinga i-voltage yokugcina ekhona lapho i-SPD ikhipha i-current ethile) kanye ne-overvoltage yesikhashana (i-overvoltage eqhubekayo engasetshenziswa isikhathi esithile ngaphandle kokulimaza i-SPD).

Ama-SPD asebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezinto ezahlukahlukene angafakwa kumasekethe afanayo. Kodwa-ke, kufanele bakhethwe ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuhlangana kwamandla phakathi kwabo. Ubuchwepheshe bezingxenye ezinesilinganiso esiphakeme sokukhipha kufanele budedele ubukhulu obukhulu kunabo bonke besikhashana esidlulayo ngenkathi obunye ubuchwepheshe bezinto bunciphisa amandla asalayo esikhashana esisezingeni eliphansi njengoba ekhipha amandla amancane.

I-SPD kumele ibe nedivayisi yokuzivikela ehlanganiswayo eyinqamula kusuka kwisekethe uma ngabe idivayisi ihluleka. Ukwenza lokhu kunqamula kubonakale, ama-SPD amaningi abonisa ifulegi elikhombisa isimo sokunqamula. Ukukhombisa isimo se-SPD ngesethi ebalulekile yoxhumana nabo kuyisici esithuthukisiwe esinganikeza isignali endaweni ekude. Esinye isici esibalulekile somkhiqizo okufanele usicabangele ukuthi ngabe i-SPD isebenzisa imojuli ephephe ngomunwe, ekhishwayo evumela ukuthi imodyuli ehlulekile ithathelwe indawo kalula ngaphandle kwamathuluzi noma isidingo sokunika amandla isekethe.

Amadivayisi Wokuvikelwa Kwe-AC Wokucatshangelwa Kokufakwa kwe-PV

Umbani ubaneka kusuka emafwini kuye ohlelweni lokuvikela umbani, isakhiwo se-PV noma umhlabathi oseduzane kubangele ukukhuphuka komhlaba okungaba khona ngokuphathelene nezinkomba ezikude zomhlaba. Abaqhubi abadlula kulawa mabanga bafaka imishini ezingeni elibalulekile. Imiphumela yokwenyuka okungaba khona komhlaba itholwa kakhulu lapho kuxhunyanwa khona phakathi kohlelo lwe-PV oluboshwe ngegridi nosizo emnyango wokungena kwensizakalo — iphuzu lapho umhlabathi wendawo uxhunywe khona ngogesi emhlabathini obaluliwe okude.

Ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka kufanele kubekwe emnyango wensizakalo ukuvikela uhlangothi losizo lwe-inverter ekulimaleni okudlulayo. Izikhathi ezibonwe kule ndawo zinobukhulu obukhulu nobude besikhathi futhi ngakho-ke kufanele ziphathwe ngokuvikelwa kokukhuphuka ngezilinganiso zamanje ezikhipha ngokufanelekile. Izikhala ze-spark ezilawulwayo ezisetshenziselwa ukusebenzisana nama-MOV zilungele le njongo. I-Spark gap technology ingakhipha imisinga ephezulu yombani ngokunikeza umsebenzi wokuxhuma we-equipotential ngesikhathi sombani odlulayo. I-MOV edidiyelwe inamandla okuqinisa amandla okusala ezingeni elamukelekayo.

Ngokungeziwe emiphumeleni yokukhuphuka kwamandla omhlaba, uhlangothi lwe-ac lwe-inverter lungathinteka yizinto ezishaywa umbani nezishintshayo ezisetshenziswayo ezibonakala nasemnyango wokungena kwensizakalo. Ukunciphisa umonakalo ongaba khona wemishini, ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka kwe-AC okufanelekile kufanele kusetshenziswe eduze kwamatheminali e-ac inverter ngangokunokwenzeka, ngomzila omfushane futhi oqonde kakhulu wabaqhubi bendawo eyanele enqamulelayo. Ukungawusebenzisi lo mbandela wokuklama kubangela ukwehla kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kunokudingekayo esiteshini se-SPD ngesikhathi sokukhishwa futhi kuveze okokusebenza okuvikelwe kumandla weqile wesikhashana kunesidingo.

Amadivayisi we-DC Surge Protection for PV Ukufaka Ukufakwa

Iziteleka eziqonde ngqo ezakhiweni eziseduze (kufaka phakathi uhlelo lokuvikela umbani), nokukhanya kwangaphakathi naphakathi kwamafu okungahle kube ngamakhulu we-100 kA kungadala amandla kazibuthe ahambisanayo adala imisinga yesikhashana ku-PV system dc cabling. Lezi zinguquko zesikhashana zivela ezikhumulweni zemishini futhi zidala ukwahluleka nokwehluleka kwe-dielectric kwezingxenye ezibalulekile.

Ukubeka ama-SPD ezindaweni ezibekiwe kunciphisa umphumela wale misinga yombani ebangelwe futhi nengxenye. I-SPD ibekwe ngokufana phakathi kwabaqhubi abanamandla nomhlabathi. Ishintsha isimo kusuka kudivayisi ene-high-impedance iye kudivayisi ephansi ye-impedance lapho kwenzeka i-overvoltage. Kulokhu kulungiselelwa, i-SPD ikhipha isikhathi esedlule esihambisanayo, inciphisa ukuqhuma okungaphezulu obekungaba khona ezikhumulweni zemishini. Le divayisi ehambisanayo ayinawo umthwalo wamanje. I-SPD ekhethiwe kufanele yakhelwe ngqo, ilinganiswe futhi ivunyelwe ukufaka isicelo kumandla we-dc PV. Ukunqamula okuhlanganisiwe kwe-SPD kufanele kukwazi ukuphazamisa i-dc arc ebucayi, engatholakali kuzicelo ze-ac.

Ukuxhuma amamojula we-MOV ekucushweni kwe-Y ukucushwa kwe-SPD okusetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezinkulu ze-PV ezentengiselwano nezinsiza ezisebenza ngamandla kagesi avulekile kakhulu angama-600 noma i-1,000 Vdc. Umlenze ngamunye we-Y uqukethe imojuli ye-MOV exhunywe kuphoyinti ngalinye nakumhlabathi. Kuhlelo olungasetshenziswanga, kunamamojula amabili phakathi kwesigxobo ngasinye, naphakathi kwazo zombili isigxobo nomhlabathi. Kulokhu kulungiselelwa, imodyuli ngayinye ilinganiselwe isigamu samandla esistimu, ngakho-ke noma ngabe kwenzeka iphutha lokuphonsa phansi, amamojula we-MOV awadluli inani lawo elilinganisiwe.

Ukucatshangelwa Kokuvikelwa Kwesistimu Engasebenzi Amandla

Njengoba nje imishini yesistimu yamandla nezakhi zingathinteka emibani, kanjalo nemishini etholakala kuzilinganiso, ukulawula, izinsimbi, i-SCADA nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezihambisana nalokhu kufakwa. Kulezi zimo, umqondo oyisisekelo wokuvikelwa kokuqhuma uyefana nakuma-circuits kagesi. Kodwa-ke, ngoba le mishini imvamisa ayibekezeleli imikhuba yokudlulela ngokweqile futhi isengozini enkulu yezimpawu eziyiphutha futhi ithinteke kabi ngokwengezwa kochungechunge noma izingxenye ezifanayo kumasekethe, ukunakekelwa okukhulu kufanele kunikezwe kuzici ze-SPD ngayinye eyengeziwe. Ama-SPD athile abizwa ngokusho ukuthi ngabe lezi zingxenye ziyaxhumana ngazimbili ezisontekile, i-CAT 6 Ethernet noma i-coaxial RF. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-SPD akhethelwe amasekethe angawona amandla kumele akwazi ukukhipha imisinga yesikhashana ngaphandle kokwehluleka, ukuhlinzeka ngezinga elanele lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi nokuyeka ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kohlelo-kufaka phakathi i-impedance yochungechunge, i-line-to-line ne-capacitance yomhlaba nobubanzi be-bandwidth .

Ukusetshenziswa Okuvamile Kwama-SPD

Ama-SPD asetshenzisiwe kuma-circuits kagesi iminyaka eminingi. Amasekethe amaningi wesimanje ashintsha amasistimu amanje. Njengalokhu, imishini eminingi yokuvikela ukuklanywa yenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-ac. Ukungeniswa kwakamuva kwezinhlelo ezinkulu ze-PV ezentengiselwano nezinsiza kanye nenani elikhulayo lamahlelo asetshenzisiwe, ngeshwa, kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kabi ohlangothini lwe-dc lwe-SPDs olwenzelwe izinhlelo ze-ac. Kulezi zimo, ama-SPD enza ngokungafanele, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuhluleka kwawo, ngenxa yezici zezinhlelo ze-dc PV.

Ama-MOV ahlinzeka ngezici ezinhle kakhulu zokukhonza njengama-SPD. Uma zilinganiswe kahle futhi zisetshenziswa kahle, zenza ngendlela esezingeni elifanele yalowo msebenzi. Kodwa-ke, njengayo yonke imikhiqizo kagesi, ingahle yehluleke. Ukwehluleka kungadalwa ukufudumeza kwama-ambient, ukukhipha imisinga emikhulu kunedivayisi eyenzelwe ukuphatha, ukukhipha izikhathi eziningi kakhulu noma ukuvezwa ezimeni eziqhubekayo ze-voltage.

Ngakho-ke, ama-SPD aklanyelwe ngomshini wokunqamula ugesi osetshenziswayo obahlukanisa nokuxhuma okuhambisanayo kuya kusifunda se-dc esinamandla uma lokho kungadingeka. Njengoba okunye kwamanje kudlula lapho i-SPD ingena kumodi yokwehluleka, i-arc encane ivela lapho kusebenza inkinobho yokunqamula okushisayo. Lapho kufakwa kusekethe le-ac, ukweqa kokuqala kwe-zero kokucisha okwenziwa yi-generator okucisha i-arc, ne-SPD isuswa ngokuphepha kusuka kusekethe. Uma leyo ac SPD efanayo isetshenziswa ohlangothini lwe-dc lohlelo lwe-PV, ikakhulukazi ama-voltages aphezulu, akukho ukweqa zero kwamanje ku-waveform dc. Iswishi ejwayelekile esebenza ngokushisa ayikwazi ukucisha i-arc yamanje, futhi idivayisi yehluleka.

Ukubeka isekethe lokudlula elihambisanayo elifana ne-MOV kungenye yezindlela zokunqoba ukucinywa kwe-dc fault arc. Uma kwenzeka ukunqanyulwa okushisayo kusebenza, i-arc isabonakala kubo bonke oxhumana nabo bokuvula; kepha lowo mzila we-arc uqondiswa kabusha kumzila ofanayo oqukethe i-fuse lapho i-arc icinyiwe khona, futhi i-fuse iphazamisa i-current current.

Ukuxubana komfula ngaphambi kwe-SPD, njengoba kungasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-ac, akulungile ezinhlelweni ze-dc. I-short-circuit yamanje etholakalayo yokusebenzisa i-fuse (njengakwidivayisi yokuvikela ngokweqile) ingahle inganeli lapho i-generator incipha ekuphumeni kwamandla. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye abakhiqizi be-SPD bakuthathile lokhu bakucabanga ekwakhiweni kwabo. I-UL iguqule indinganiso yayo yangaphambilini ngokwengeza kwayo ezingeni lokuvikelwa kokukhuphuka kwamuva — i-UL 1449. Lolu hlobo lwesithathu lusebenza ngokukhethekile ezinhlelweni ze-PV.

Uhlu lokuhlola lwe-SPD

Ngaphandle kobungozi bombani ophakeme lapho kufakwa khona ama-PV amaningi, angavikelwa ukusetshenziswa kwama-SPD kanye nohlelo lokuvikela umbani olwenziwe kahle. Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwe-SPD kufanele kufake phakathi ukucatshangelwa okulandelayo:

  • Ukubekwa okulungile ohlelweni
  • Izidingo zokuqeda
  • Isisekelo esifanele nokubopha kohlelo lwemishini-phansi
  • Isilinganiso sokukhishwa
  • Izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla
  • Ukufaneleka kohlelo okukhulunywa ngalo, kufaka phakathi ama-dc uma kuqhathaniswa nezicelo ze-ac
  • Imodi yokwehluleka
  • Inkomba yesimo sasendaweni nasendaweni ekude
  • Amamojula angashintshwa kalula
  • Umsebenzi wesistimu ojwayelekile kufanele ungathinteki, ikakhulukazi kumasistimu okungewona amandla