Isivikelo Esisisekelo

Indlela yokuvikela izintambo lapho ingxenye yensimbi yento esebenza ngogesi (okusho ukuthi, ingxenye eyakhiwe ngensimbi efakwe engxenyeni ebukhoma) engakhokhiswa ngemuva kokulimala kwento yokwambathisa noma kwezinye izimo ixhunywe ngokuthembekile ngumqhubi naphansi umzimba. Uhlelo lokuvikela phansi lunezintambo zesigaba nezingathathi hlangothi kuphela. Umthwalo wamandla wezigaba ezintathu ungasetshenziswa ngaphandle kolayini ongathathi hlangothi. Uma nje okokusebenza kusekelwe kahle, ulayini ongathathi hlangothi ohlelweni akumele ube nokuxhumeka komhlaba ngaphandle kwephoyinti lokunikezwa kwamandla. Uhlelo lokuvikela i-zero-connection ludinga ukuthi ulayini ongathathi hlangothi uvikelwe kunoma yikuphi. Uma kunesidingo, umugqa wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi nomugqa wokuvikela ongaxhunywanga ungakhiwa ngokwehlukana. Ngasikhathi sinye, ulayini wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi ohlelweni kumele ube nokugxila okuphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe.

Isingeniso / Ukuvikela Okuyisisekelo

Izinyathelo zokugaya ikhebuli lensimbi lemishini kagesi. Kungavimbela amandla anamandla ukuba adlule emzimbeni womuntu lapho ikesi lensimbi likhokhiswa ngaphansi kwesimo sokulimala noma ingozi, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha komuntu siqu.

Luhlobo lwendlela yokuvikela izintambo exhuma ingxenye yensimbi yogesi (okusho ukuthi, ingxenye yensimbi efakwe engxenyeni ebukhoma) engakhokhiswa ngemuva kokulimala kwento yokwambathisa noma kwezinye izimo, futhi umqhubi ixhunywe ngokuthembekile nomzimba wokuqinisa. Ukuvikelwa okuyisisekelo kuvame ukusetshenziswa ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwamandla lapho iphuzu lokungathathi hlangothi le-transformer yokusabalalisa lingagxili ngqo (uhlelo lwesigaba sesithathu sezintambo) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ombane akhiqizwa lapho okokusebenza kukagesi kuvuza ngenxa yomonakalo we-insulation awudluli uhla oluphephile. Uma okokusebenza kwasendlini kungavikelekile ngokusekelwa phansi, lapho ukuvalwa kwengxenye ethile kulimele noma ulayini wesigaba esithile uthinta ikesi elingaphandle, ikesi elingaphandle lezinto zasendlini lizokhokhiswa, futhi uma umzimba womuntu uthinta ikesi elingaphandle ( Uhlaka) lwemishini kagesi eyonakaliswe ukufakwa, kuzoba Nengozi yokushaqeka kagesi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma okokusebenza kukagesi kugxunyekwe, isigaba samanje sesisekelo esisodwa esizogxumeka sizogudla emagatsheni amabili ahambisanayo wedivayisi yomhlabathi nomzimba womuntu. Ngokuvamile, ukumelana komzimba womuntu kukhulu kunama-ohms ayi-1000, futhi ukumelana komzimba ogxilisayo akukwazi ukuba ngaphezu kwama-4 ohms ngokuya ngemithethonqubo, ngakho-ke manje okugeleza emzimbeni womuntu kuncane, futhi okwamanje kugeleza phansi idivayisi inkulu. Lokhu kunciphisa ubungozi bokushaywa ugesi emzimbeni womuntu ngemuva kokuvuza kwemishini kagesi.

Umsebenzi wokuvikela umhlaba kanye nokuqapha / Ukuvikela isisekelo

Umkhuba ukhombisile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwesisekelo sokuvikela kuyindlela yokuvikela ephumelelayo kwinethiwekhi yamandla kagesi aphansi eChina. Njengoba isisekelo sokuvikela sihlukaniswe saba yisivikelo sendawo kanye nokuvikelwa kokuxhuma okungu-zero, indawo yemvelo esetshenziswa izindlela ezimbili zokuvikela yehlukile. Ngakho-ke, uma kukhethwe ngokungafanele, ngeke kuthinte ukusebenza kokuvikelwa kwekhasimende kuphela kodwa futhi kuzothinta nokwethenjelwa kokuphakelwa kwamandla kwegridi yamandla. Ngemuva kwalokho, njengekhasimende lamandla kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa yomphakathi, singayikhetha kanjani futhi sisebenzise kahle umhlaba ovikelayo?

Ukuvikelwa okuyisisekelo nokuvikelwa kokuxhumana no-zero

Ukuqonda nokuqonda ukuvikelwa kokusekelwa kanye nokuvikelwa kokuxhuma okungu-zero, yazi umehluko nobubanzi bokusetshenziswa kwalezi zindlela ezimbili zokuvikela.

Ukuvikelwa okuyisisekelo nokuvikelwa kokuxhuma okuhlangene kubizwa ngokuthi yi-earthing evikelayo. Kuyindlela ebalulekile yezobuchwepheshe ethathwe ukuvimbela ukushaqeka kukagesi komuntu nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwemishini kagesi. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zivikelo ezimbili ubonakala ikakhulu ezicini ezintathu: Okokuqala, umthetho wokuvikela uhlukile. Umgomo oyisisekelo wokuvikela isisekelo ukunqanda umkhawulo wamanje wokuvuza wensimbi yokuvuza phansi ukuze ungadluli ibanga elithile lokuphepha. Lapho idivayisi yokuvikela isidlula inani elithile elibekiwe, ukunikezwa kwamandla kunganqunywa ngokuzenzakalela. Umgomo wokuvikelwa kokuxhuma zero ukusebenzisa umugqa wokuxhuma u-zero. Lapho ucingo lulinyazwa yi-insulation futhi lwakha isigaba esifushane sensimbi emfushane, i-short-circuit current isetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza idivayisi yokuvikela kulayini ukuthi isebenze ngokushesha. Okwesibili, ubukhulu besicelo buhlukile. Ngokuya ngezinto ezifanele njengokuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo, ukuminyana komthwalo, kanye nemvelo yokulayisha, iRural Low Voltage Power technical Regulations ihlukanisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza ezingenhla zegridi yamandla. Uhlelo lwe-TT luvame ukusebenza kwinethiwekhi yamandla kagesi asezindaweni zasemakhaya esezingeni eliphansi, okungeyendlela yokuvikela isisekelo ekuvikeleni umhlaba; Uhlelo lwe-TN (uhlelo lwe-TN lungahlukaniswa lube yi-TN-C, i-TN-CS, i-TN-S) ilungele kakhulu amandla kagesi asezindaweni ezisemadolobheni Inethiwekhi yamandla kagesi yamandla kagesi aphansi yamakhasimende kagesi njengama-grid kagesi nezimboni nezimayini. Lolu hlelo luyindlela yokuvikela ukuxhumana no-zero ekuvikeleni umhlaba. Njengamanje, inethiwekhi esabalalisa amandla kagesi kagesi esezingeni eliphansi yaseChina ivamise ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-TT noma lwe-TN-C, bese isebenzisa izindlela zesigaba esisodwa nezigaba ezintathu zokunikezwa kwamandla kagesi. Okungukuthi, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi ama-three-wire 380 / 220V wesigaba sesithathu ngenkathi kunikezwa amandla kumthwalo wokukhanyisa nomthwalo wamandla. Okwesithathu, ukwakheka komugqa kwehlukile. Uhlelo lokuvikela phansi lunezintambo zesigaba nezingathathi hlangothi kuphela. Umthwalo wamandla wezigaba ezintathu ungasetshenziswa ngaphandle kolayini ongathathi hlangothi. Uma nje okokusebenza kusekelwe kahle, ulayini ongathathi hlangothi ohlelweni akumele ube nokuxhumeka komhlaba ngaphandle kwephoyinti lokunikezwa kwamandla. Uhlelo lokuvikela i-zero-connection ludinga ukuthi ulayini ongathathi hlangothi uvikelwe kunoma yikuphi. Uma kunesidingo, umugqa wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi nolayini wokuvikela oxhumeka ku-zero ungakhiwa ngokwehlukana. Ngasikhathi sinye, ulayini wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi ohlelweni kumele ube nokugxila okuphindiwe okuphindaphindiwe.

Ukukhethwa kwezindlela zokuvikela

Ngokuya ngohlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla lapho ikhasimende litholakala khona, indlela yokuvikela isisekelo nendlela yokuvikela i-zero-connection kufanele ikhethwe kahle.

Hlobo luni lokuvikelwa okufanele lithathwe yikhasimende lamandla? Okokuqala, kumele kuncike ekutheni uhlelo lokuhambisa ugesi luhlobo luni lohlelo lokusabalalisa ugesi. Uma inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa umphakathi lapho ikhasimende likhona uhlelo lwe-TT, ikhasimende kufanele lithathe ukuvikeleka okuyisisekelo ngendlela enobunye; uma inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa yomphakathi lapho ikhasimende litholakala ohlelweni lwe-TN-C, ukuvikelwa kokuxhumeka okungu-zero kufanele kuthathwe ngokufanayo.

Uhlelo lwe-TT kanye nohlelo lwe-TN-C yizinhlelo ezimbili ezinezici zazo ezizimele. Yize zombili lezi zinhlelo zinganikeza amakhasimende amandla kagesi angama-220 / 380V awodwa kanye nezigaba ezintathu, awakwazi ukubuyisana kuphela kodwa futhi angawavikela. Izidingo ezingenhla zihluke ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, ohlelweni olufanayo lokusabalalisa amandla, uma izindlela zokuvikela ezimbili zikhona ngasikhathi sinye, amandla kagesi esigaba ukuya phansi womugqa ongathathi hlangothi azokhuphuka abe uhhafu noma ngaphezulu kwamandla wesigaba esimweni somhlabathi- idivayisi evikelwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, wonke amadivayisi aku-zero-protection (ngoba ikesi lensimbi ledivayisi lixhunywe ngqo kulayini ongathathi hlangothi) lizothwala amandla afanayo aphezulu, ukuze izingxenye zensimbi ezifana nobukhulu bezinto ziveze amandla aphezulu ground, ngaleyo ndlela kubeka umsebenzisi engcupheni. Ukuphepha. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo olufanayo lokusabalalisa lungasebenzisa kuphela indlela efanayo yokuvikela, futhi izindlela ezimbili zokuvikela akumele zixutshwe. Okwesibili, ikhasimende kumele liqonde lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yisisekelo sokuvikela, futhi lihlukanise kahle umehluko phakathi kokuvikela umhlaba nokuvikela. Isisekelo sokuvikela sisho ukuthi izinto zasendlini, okokusebenza kagesi, njll. Kungakhokhiswa ikesi lensimbi ngenxa yomonakalo wokugquma. Isisekelo esihlinzekelwe ukuvimbela amandla anjalo ekulimaleni ukuphepha komuntu kubizwa ngokuthi isisekelo sokuvikela. Ukuvikelwa kokuqina kwesitokisi sensimbi ngocingo oluvikela umhlaba (i-PEE) oluxhunywe ngqo esigxotsheni sokumisa kubizwa ngokuthi ukuvikelwa komhlaba. Lapho i-casing yensimbi ixhunywe kumqhubi wokuvikela (i-PE) kanye ne-conductor engathathi hlangothi (i-PEN), ibizwa ngokuthi ukuvikelwa kokuxhuma okungu-zero.

Idizayini ejwayelekile, inqubo ejwayelekile

Ngokuya ngezidingo ezahlukahlukene zokubekwa kwezindlela ezimbili zokuvikela, amazinga ajwayelekile wokuklanywa nenqubo yokwakha.

Yenza amazinga nezidingo zenqubo yokwakha kanye nezidingo zolayini bokusabalalisa ezakhiweni zamakhasimende ezithola amandla, bese ushintsha ingxenye yokwabiwa kwamandla yasendlini yezakhiwo zamakhasimende ezisanda kwakhiwa noma ezilungisiwe ngohlelo lwendawo lwesithathu lwezintambo ezinhlanu noma isigaba esisodwa izintambo ezintathu. Imodi yokusatshalaliswa kwamandla kagesi enezigaba ezintathu noma isigaba esisodwa kuhlelo lwe-TT noma i-TN-C ingabona ngempumelelo ukuvikelwa kweklayenti. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “uhlelo lwasendaweni lwesigaba sesithathu lwezintambo ezinhlanu noma uhlelo olulodwa lwezintambo ezintathu” kusho ukuthi ngemuva kokuba ulayini wamandla kagesi aphansi uxhunywe kumakhasimende, ikhasimende kufanele liguqule imodi yokuqala yezintambo zendabuko, ngokususelwa uhlelo lokuqala lwezintambo ezine ezinezigaba ezine kanye nokuxhuma izintambo kwesigaba esisodwa. Ngaphezulu, ulayini ngamunye wokuvikela owengeziwe uxhunywe kumatheminali ekhasimende ngalinye elidingayo ukusebenzisa isokhethi lokuvikela ugesi. Ukuze kwenziwe lula ukunakekelwa nokuphathwa, impambana-mgwaqo yokuphuma kwangaphakathi nendawo yokuphela kwangaphandle yomugqa wokuvikela izofakwa ebhodini lokusabalalisa amandla okwethulwa kwamandla kagesi, bese kuba indlela yokufinyelela yokuvikela ulayini uzobekwa ngokuhlukile ngohlelo lokusabalalisa amandla lapho ikhasimende litholakala khona.

1, Izidingo zokubeka umugqa wokuvikela we-TT system (PEE)

Lapho uhlelo lokusabalalisa amandla lwekhasimende luyi-TT system, uhlelo ludinga ukuthi ikhasimende lithathe indlela yokuvikela isisekelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nenani lokumelana nesisekelo sokuvikela isisekelo, ikhasimende kufanele lingcwabe ithuluzi lokuzenzela elingaphandle ngokuya ngezidingo ze- "Technical Regulations for Rural Low Voltage Power". Ukumelana nesisekelo kufanele kuhlangabezane nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo:

I-Re≤Ulom / Iop

Ukuphindaphinda ukumelana (Ω)

I-Ulom ibizwa ngokuthi yi-voltage limit (V). Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, kungabhekwa njengevelu ye-AC RMS engu-50V.

Ukusebenza kwamanje kwesivikelo samanje esisele (ukuvuza) esiseduze ne-Iop (I)

Kumakhasimende ajwayelekile, inqobo nje uma kusetshenziswa i-40 × 40 × 4 × 2500 mm engeli yensimbi, ingaqhutshelwa engxenyeni engaphansi komhlaba engu-0.6 m ngokushayela ngemishini, engahlangabezana nemfuneko yokumelana nokuphikiswa kokuqina. Ngemuva kwalokho, ifakwa ngensimbi eyindilinga enobubanzi obungu- ≥ φ8 bese iholelwa phansi emhlabathini i-0.6 m, bese ixhunywe ocingweni lokuvikela (PEE) lwe-switchboard ngento efanayo nohlobo lwentambo njengokungenisiwe isigaba sokuphakelwa kukagesi.

2, Izidingo zokubeka umugqa wokuvikela zero (PE) wohlelo lwe-TN-C

Njengoba uhlelo ludinga ukuthi ikhasimende lamukele imodi yokuvikela ukuxhumana no-zero, kuyadingeka ukwengeza umugqa wokuvikela okhethekile (i-PE) ngesisekelo sohlelo lokuqala lwezintambo ezine noma uhlelo lwesigaba esisodwa, oluthi ivikelwe amandla okuthola amandla ekhasimende. Ulayini wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi (i-PEN) webhodi lokushintsha uyakhishwa futhi uxhunywe nohlelo lokuqala lwezintambo ezine zocingo noma uhlelo lwesigaba esisodwa sezintambo ezimbili. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha nokuthembeka kohlelo lonke, ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe ukusetshenziswa. Ngemuva kokuthi ulayini wokuvikela (PE) ukhishwe kulayini wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi (PEN), ulayini ongathathi hlangothi nolayini wokuvikela (PE) akhiwa ohlangothini lweklayenti. Izintambo ezimbili azikwazi ukuhlanganiswa zibe umugqa (PEN) ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthembeka kwesisekelo esiphindaphindwayo somugqa wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi (i-PEN), owokuqala nowokuphela kohlelo oluyisisekelo lwe-TN-C, zonke izinduku ze-T terminal, izinduku zokuphela kwegatsha, njll. imigqa yokuphinda ephindaphindwayo, nezigaba ezintathu Uhlelo lwezintambo ezine kufanele futhi lubekwe phansi ngokuphindaphindiwe kubakaki wokungena kulayini wobhalisile, ngaphambi kokuba ulayini (wePEN) uhlukaniswe ulayini ongathathi hlangothi (N) nolayini wokuvikela (PE). Isigaba esiphambanweni sezintambo sokungathathi hlangothi okuvikelayo (i-PEN), ukungathathi hlangothi (N) noma ucingo oluvikelayo (i-PE) kuhlala kukhethwa ngokuya ngohlobo lwentambo nezinga lesigaba somugqa wesigaba.

Ukuvikela umhlaba nokuvikela isihlabathi / Ukuvikela isisekelo

Isisekelo sokuvikela

1, Indawo evikelwe:

Amakhabethe onke angaphakathi. Isibonelo, ngokuvamile ayikho indawo kwikhabethe lapho kungekho pende khona, bese izintambo zixhunyiwe. Lokhu kungumgogodla womzimba wekhabhinethi. Intambo yomhlabathi ngaphakathi kokuphakelwa kwamandla (okungukuthi, isigaba esiphuzi ngokuluhlaza) nayo iyindima. Inhloso yalo ukuvimbela ikhabhinethi ukuthi ingabekwa amacala.

2, indawo yokuvikela ngokuvamile yenziwa ngemishini kagesi

3 amandla phansi:

Lo mugqa, imvamisa ngokusebenzisa amandla kagesi, ubuyela kulayini wesiguquli bese ungena phansi. Kwezinye izindawo, lokhu nendawo evikelekile kumunye, futhi ezinye izindawo azisodwa.

Isihlangu sigxila

1, Ebizwa nangokuthi umhlabathi wensimbi:

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi insimbi yensimbi yomhlabathi kufanele ivinjelwe ukuxhumana nomhlabathi kagesi / wokuvikela ngesikhathi senqubo yokuxhuma, ngaphandle kwalokho izolahlekelwa yincazelo yayo.

2, Ukuvikela ukunakwa:

Lapho usebenzisa ikhebula elivikelwe, sebenzisa ukugxilisa okungapheli. Musa ukugaya ucingo oluvikelwe ensimini. Naka ukuhlanza. Ekamelweni elikhulu lokulawula, luka izintambo zokuvikela izintambo eziningana bese uzixhuma endaweni yokugcina izihlangu zekhabhinethi. (Amakhabethe amahle abeke phansi imichilo yethusi futhi akhishwa ngokhuni ekhabetheni)

3, Ukuhlaziywa okuqondile

Isihlangu sokuvikela ikhabethe lixhunywe ne-instrument shield grounding. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuxhuma isisekelo sensimbi ngokujwayelekile. Inomhlaba we-analog, umhlaba wedijithali, amandla kagesi aphansi, amandla kagesi aphezulu (220v), nezinhlobo eziningana zokuvikelwa. Esikhungweni sokulawula, isisekelo sephoyinti siyenziwa, ukumelana nesisekelo kungu-1 ohm, futhi uma kungewona ama-4 ohms, izintambo zokubeka imigqa ehlukahlukene ziqoqwa kuqala ziye endaweni ekhethekile yokubeka phansi. Bese uxhuma wonke amaphuzu okugxila endaweni efingqiwe, imithethonqubo yesisekelo sendawo ngayinye, umhlabathi we-analog, izintambo zamandla ombane ezinamandla aphansi wedijithali zigxilwe ngokulandelana, bese zixhunyaniswa nephoyinti lesisekelo somhlaba, futhi ekugcineni zixhunywe kwi ikhebula lesihlangu, amandla kagesi aphezulu nokuvikelwa Ngemuva kokuxhuma komhlaba, ukumelana komhlaba yi-4 ohms, futhi amaphuzu amabili wensimu avaliwe. Ukumelana kokuvikela kufanele kucaciswe ngokuya ngezidingo zenzwa, kepha kufanele kube kukhulu kuno-0.5 megohms. Lokho ukusho ukuthi, iluphu yesiginali ibekelwe ngasemaphethelweni, kanti inkundla yokuvikela insimu inesivikelo sangaphambili sendawo njengomugqa wesiginali ukuvimbela ukonakala komhlaba ngenxa yamandla kagesi. Uma lezi ziphetho zombili zibekiwe, kuzokwakhiwa i-loop engenayo, ezokwenza isignali yokuphazanyiswa futhi izinciphise. Uma uzizwa ungakhululekile, ungasebenzisa okungaqondile kwe-zinc oxide varistor surge absorber esizeni nasekuvikelweni kwesiza. Izinga lamandla kagesi lingaphansi kwelamandla amakhulu inzwa engamelana nawo. Ngokuvamile, ungeqi kumthamo wokuphakela wama-volts angama-24. Ukuvikela kunezincazelo ezimbili, ukuvikela i-electromagnetic, kanye ne-electrostatic shielding, okubhekiswe ekuvikelweni kwamasekethe kazibuthe namasekethe, ngokulandelana. Ucingo olujwayelekile lokuvikela izintambo alunamthelela ekujikelezeni kukazibuthe, ngakho-ke kuphela ukuvikelwa kokuphazamiseka kukagesi, okungukuthi, ukuvikela i-electrostatic. Ngalesi sikhathi, ungqimba oluvikelayo kufanele lubekwe phansi (isekethe kazibuthe livikelwe ngaphandle kwesisekelo). Umgomo ngokuyisisekelo uyefana: umthombo wokuphazanyiswa kanye nendawo yokwamukela ilingana nezigxobo ezimbili ze-capacitor. Olunye uhlangothi lokushintshashintsha kwamandla luzobona omunye umkhawulo ngokusebenzisa i-capacitor. Isendlalelo esiphakathi (okungukuthi, isihlangu) esifakwa emhlabathini sonakalisa lo mandla alinganayo, ngaleyo ndlela sinqume indlela yokuphazamiseka. Qaphela ukuxhuma emhlabathini wesiginali ofuna ukuyivikela lapho ugxila, bese uxhuma kuphela ekugcineni kwesihlangu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kuzoba khona i-current enkulu (ground loop yamanje) edala umonakalo lapho amandla ezinhlangothini zombili engalingani.