Ukuvikelwa kombani nokuqhuma kohlelo lwe-turbine yomoya

Ngokukhula kokuqwashisa ngokufudumala kwembulunga yonke kanye nemikhawulo yamafutha asetshenziswa ezimbiwa phansi, isidingo sokuthola umthombo wamandla ovuselelekayo kangcono siyabonakala. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla omoya kuyimboni ekhula ngokushesha. Ukufakwa okunjalo kuvame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile neziphakeme futhi ngenxa yalokho kunamaphuzu wokuthwebula akhanyayo wokukhishwa kombani. Uma ukunakekelwa okuthembekile kuzogcinwa kubalulekile ukuthi imithombo yokulimala kwamandla kagesi incishiswe. I-LSP inikeza uhla olubanzi lwamadivayisi wokuvikelwa kokuqhamuka alungele imisinga yombani eqondile nengxenye.

Ukuvikelwa kombani nokuqhuma kohlelo lwe-turbine yomoya

I-LSP ine-suite ephelele yemikhiqizo yokuvikela ukuqhuma etholakalayo yezicelo ze-turbine yomoya. Ukunikezwa kusuka ku-LSP kuya emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yokuvikelwa kwesitimela ye-DIN nokuqapha ukuqhuma nombani. Njengoba singena esikhathini emlandweni lapho umfutho obhekela amandla aluhlaza kanye nobuchwepheshe kuqhubeka kubangela ukuthi kwakhiwe amapulazi amaningi omoya, kanye namapulazi omoya akhona manje ukuba anwetshwe, bobabili abakhiqizi be-turbine kanye nabanikazi / opharetha bamapulazi omoya baya ngokuya bazi izindleko ezihambisana umbani ushaya. Ukulimala kwemali okusetshenziswa opharetha lapho kunesimo sesiteleka sombani kuza ngezindlela ezimbili, izindleko ezihambisana nokushintshwa kwemishini ngenxa yokulimala ngokomzimba nezindleko ezihambisana nokuthi uhlelo lungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi futhi alukhiqizi ugesi. Amasistimu kagesi we-Turbine abhekana nezinselelo eziqhubekayo zomhlaba obazungezile, kanti imishini yomoya ngokuvamile iyizakhiwo ezide kakhulu ekufakweni. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi abazodalulwa kuso, kuhlanganiswe nokulindelwe kweturbine eshaywa umbani amahlandla amaningi kulo lonke isikhathi sokuphila kwayo, izindleko zokushintshwa nokulungiswa kwemishini kumele zifakwe ohlelweni lwebhizinisi yanoma yimuphi osebenza epulazini lomoya. Ukulimala okuqondile nokungaqondile kombani kudalwa yizinkundla ezinamandla zikagesi ezidala ukweqiwa kwesikhashana. Lawa ma-overvoltages abese edluliselwa ohlelweni lukagesi ngqo kwimishini ezwelayo ngaphakathi kukaphephela uqobo. Ukukhuphuka kusakazeka ngohlelo kukhiqiza umonakalo osheshayo nowesikhashana kumishini yesekethe neyekhompyutha. Izinto ezinjengama-generator, ama-transformer, kanye neziguquli zamandla kanye nezilawuli ze-elekthronikhi, ezokuxhumana kanye nezinhlelo ze-SCADA zingalimala ngokukhanyisa okwenziwe ngama-surges. Ukulimala okuqondile nokwenzeka ngokushesha kungahle kube sobala, kepha ukulimala okuqubekile okwenzeka ngenxa yeziteleka eziningi noma ukuvezwa okuphindaphindwayo kwama-surges kungenzeka ezingxenyeni zamandla ezibalulekile ngaphakathi komoya ophephuliwe, izikhathi eziningi lo monakalo awuhlanganiswa neziqinisekiso zomkhiqizi, ngakho-ke izindleko zokulungisa nokufaka ezinye esikhundleni ziwela kubahlinzeki.

Izindleko ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi zingesinye isici esikhulu okufanele sitholwe kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lwebhizinisi oluhlotshaniswa nepulazi lomoya. Lezi zindleko ziza lapho i-turbine ikhutshaziwe futhi kufanele kusetshenzwe ngayo yithimba lezinsizakalo, noma kufakwe ezinye izinto ezibandakanya izindleko zokuthenga, zokuthutha nezokufaka. Imali engenzeka ingalahleka ngenxa yesiteleka sombani esisodwa ingaba yinto ephawulekayo, futhi umonakalo ofihlekile okhiqizwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi unezela kuleyo ngqikithi. Umkhiqizo wokuvikelwa komoya we-LSP wehlisa kakhulu izindleko ezihambisanayo ngokukwazi ukumelana nokuqubuka kombani okuningi ngaphandle kokwehluleka, nangemva kwezimo eziningi zesiteleka.

Icala lezinhlelo zokuvikela ukuqhuma kwama-trubine omoya

Ukushintsha okuqhubekayo kwezimo zezulu kuhlangene nokwanda kokuncika kumafutha ezimbiwa phansi kunikeze intshisekelo enkulu emithonjeni yamandla eqhubekayo, evuselelekayo emhlabeni jikelele. Obunye bobuchwepheshe obuthembisa kakhulu kumandla aluhlaza amandla omoya, okuthi ngaphandle kwezindleko zokuqalisa eziphezulu kube ukukhetha kwamazwe amaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Isibonelo, ePortugal, umgomo wokukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi kusuka ku-2006 kuya ku-2010 bekuwukukhuphukela ku-25% ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuphelele kwamandla omoya, inhloso efinyelelwe futhi yadlula eminyakeni eyalandela. Ngenkathi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinolaka ezicindezela ukukhiqizwa kwamandla omoya namandla elanga zikhule kakhulu embonini yomoya, ngalokhu kwanda kwenani lomoya ophephela kuza ukwanda kwamathuba okuthi imishini yomoya ishaywe umbani. Iziteleka eziqonde ngqo kuma-turbine omoya sezibonwe njengenkinga enkulu, futhi kunezingqinamba ezihlukile ezenza ukuvikelwa kombani kube yinselelo enkulu kumandla omoya kunakwamanye amabhizinisi.

Ukwakhiwa kwama-turbine omoya kwehlukile, futhi lezi zakhiwo ezinde kakhulu eziyinsimbi zisengozini enkulu yokulimala ezitelekeni zombani. Kunzima nokuvikela ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokuvikela ukuqhuma okuzidela bona ngemuva kokuhlinzwa okukodwa. Ama-wind turbines angakhuphuka ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-150 ukuphakama, futhi atholakala emhlabathini ophakeme ezindaweni eziqhelile ezichayeke kuzulu, kufaka phakathi iziteleka zombani. Izingxenye ezivezwa kakhulu zomoya ophephela yizinhlamvu kanye ne-nacelle, futhi ngokuvamile lezi zenziwe ngezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezingakwazi ukugcina isiteleka sombani esiqondile. Isiteleka esiqondile esijwayelekile senzeka kaningi emaceleni, sidale isimo lapho ukuqhuma kuhamba kuzo zonke izingxenye zomoya ophephela ngaphakathi ku-windmill futhi kungenzeka kuzo zonke izindawo ezixhunywe ngogesi epulazini. Izindawo ezijwayele ukusetshenziselwa amapulazi omoya zinezimo ezimbi zomhlaba, kanti ipulazi lomoya lesimanje licubungula izinto zikagesi ezizwela ngendlela emangalisayo. Zonke lezi zinkinga zenza ukuvikeleka komoya ophephela emonakalweni ohlobene nombani kube yinselele enkulu.

Ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-turbine yomoya uqobo, ama-elekthronikhi namabhere atholakala kakhulu ekulimaleni kombani. Izindleko zokulungisa ezihlotshaniswa nogesi bomoya ziphezulu ngenxa yobunzima bokubuyisela lezi zingxenye. Ukuletha ubuchwepheshe obungenza ngcono izibalo zezibalo zokushintshwa kwezinto ezidingekayo kungumthombo wengxoxo enkulu ngaphakathi kwamakamelo amaningi ebhodi nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ezibandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni umoya. Imvelo eqinile yomugqa womkhiqizo wokuvikelwa kokuqhuma ihlukile kubuchwepheshe bokuvikela ukuqhuma ngoba iyaqhubeka nokuvikela okokusebenza noma isasebenza, futhi asikho isidingo sokuphindisela noma ukusetha kabusha ngemuva kokuqhuma kombani. Lokhu kuvumela ugesi ophehla ugesi ukuthi uhlale ku-inthanethi isikhathi eside. Noma ikuphi ukwenziwa ngcono kwezibalo ezimaphakathi zezimo ezingaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi nezikhathi lapho ophephela abaphansi bezolungiswa ekugcineni kuzoletha ezinye izindleko kumthengi.

Ukuvimbela ukulinyazwa kwamasekethe ane-voltage ephansi nokulawula kubalulekile, njengoba ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi ukwehluleka okungaphezu kwama-50% okwehluleka kwenjini yomoya kubangelwa ukuwohloka kwalezi zinhlobo zezinto. Ukuwohloka okubhaliwe kwemishini ekhonjelwe ukuhlasela okuqondile nokuyimbani kanye nokuqubuka kokuhamba emuva okusakazeka ngemuva kwesiteleka sombani, kujwayelekile. Izibani zombani ezifakwe ohlangothini lwegridi yamandla ezinhlelo zigxiliwe kanye nohlangothi olunamandla aphansi ukuze kunciphise ukumelana nokwehla, kukhuphule ikhono lalo lonke uchungechunge ukumelana nesiteleka somoya owodwa ophephela.

Ukuvikelwa kombani nokuqhuma kwemishini yomoya

Le ndatshana ichaza ukuqaliswa kwezinyathelo zokuvikela umbani nezokuvikela zamadivayisi nezinhlelo zikagesi nogesi kugesi ophephela emoyeni.

Ama-turbine omoya asengozini enkulu emiphumeleni yokushaywa wumbani ngqo ngenxa yobubanzi bawo obudaluliwe nobude bawo. Njengoba ingozi yombani eshaya i-turbine yomoya inyuka ngekota ngokuhamba kwayo, kungalinganiselwa ukuthi i-turbine yomoya yamamegawathi amaningi ishaywa isiteleka sombani esiqondile cishe njalo ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili.

Isinxephezelo sokuphakelayo kufanele silinganise izindleko eziphezulu zokutshala imali kungakapheli iminyaka embalwa, okusho ukuthi isikhathi sokuphumula ngenxa yomonakalo wombani nokuqhuma kwezindleko kanye nezindleko zokubhangqa kabusha ezihambisanayo kufanele kugwenywe. Kungakho izinyathelo ezibanzi zombani nezokuvikela zibalulekile.

Lapho uhlela uhlelo lokuvikela umbani kuma-turbines omoya, hhayi kuphela ukukhanya kwefu-to-earth, kepha nokukhanya komhlaba-to-cloud, okuthiwa abaholi abaphezulu, kufanele kubhekwe ngezinto ezinokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-60 ezindaweni eziveziwe. . Ukushaja okuphezulu kukagesi kwalaba baholi abaphezulu kumele kubhekelwe ikakhulukazi ukuvikelwa kwama-rotor blades nokukhetha imibani efanelekile njengamanje ababambayo.

Ukumiswa-Umbani nokuvikelwa kokuqhuma kohlelo lwe-turbine yomoya
Umqondo wokuvikela kufanele ususelwe kumazinga wamazwe omhlaba wonke i-IEC 61400-24, i-IEC 62305 uchungechunge olujwayelekile kanye nemihlahlandlela yomphakathi wokuhlukaniswa kwamaJalimane waseLloyd.

Izindlela zokuvikela
I-IEC 61400-24 incoma ukukhethwa kwazo zonke izingxenye ezingaphansi kohlelo lokuvikela umbani kweturbine yomoya ngokwezinga lokuvikelwa kombani (LPL) I, ngaphandle uma ukuhlaziywa kobungozi kukhombisa ukuthi i-LPL ephansi yanele. Ukuhlaziywa kwengozi kungaveza nokuthi izingxenye ezincane ezahlukahlukene zinama-LPL ahlukile. I-IEC 61400-24 incoma ukuthi uhlelo lokuvikela umbani lususelwe kumqondo ophelele wokuvikela umbani.

Ukuvikelwa kombani nokuqhuma kohlelo lwe-turbine yomoya kuqukethe uhlelo lwangaphandle lokuvikela umbani (LPS) nezinyathelo zokuvikela (SPMs) ukuvikela imishini kagesi neye-elekthronikhi. Ukuze uhlele izinyathelo zokuvikela, kungakuhle ukuthi uhlukanise i-turbine yomoya ibe yizindawo zokuvikela umbani (LPZs).

Ukuvikelwa kombani nokukhuphuka kohlelo lwe-turbine yomoya kuvikela ama-sub-system amabili atholakala kuphela kuma-wind turbines, okungukuthi ama-rotor blades kanye ne-mechanical power train.

I-IEC 61400-24 ichaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ungazivikela kanjani lezi zingxenye ezikhethekile zomoya ophephela nokuthi ukufakazela kanjani ukusebenza kwezinyathelo zokuvikela umbani.

Ngokuya ngaleli zinga, kungakuhle ukuthi kwenziwe izivivinyo zamandla aphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ombani amelana namandla ezinhlelo ezifanele ngesifo sohlangothi sokuqala kanye nohlangothi olude, uma kungenzeka, ngokukhipha okuvamile.

Izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi maqondana nokuvikelwa kwama-rotor blades nezingxenye / amabombo abekwe ngokuhloba kufanele zihlolwe ngokuningiliziwe futhi zincike kumkhiqizi wezinto nohlobo lwazo. Izinga le-IEC 61400-24 linikela ngemininingwane ebalulekile kulokhu.

Umqondo wendawo yokuvikela umbani
Umqondo wendawo evikela umbani uyindlela yokwakha ukudala imvelo ye-EMC echaziwe entweni. Indawo echaziwe ye-EMC icaciswa ukungavikeleki kwemishini kagesi esetshenzisiwe. Umqondo wendawo evikela umbani uvumela ukuncishiswa okwenziwe nokukhanyiswa kwemisebe emikhawulweni yamanani achaziwe. Ngalesi sizathu, into ezovikelwa ihlukaniswe yaba izindawo zokuvikela.

Indlela ye-rolling sphere ingasetshenziselwa ukucacisa i-LPZ 0A, okuyizingxenye zomoya ophephela emoyeni ongabhekana ngqo neziteleka zombani, kanye ne-LPZ 0B, okungukuthi izingxenye zomoya ophephela ovikelekile ezitelekeni zombani eziqondiswa ngumoya wangaphandle- amasistimu wokuqeda noma amasistimu wokuqeda umoya ahlanganiswe ezingxenyeni zomoya ophephela emoyeni (ku-rotor blade, ngokwesibonelo).

Ngokuya nge-IEC 61400-24, indlela egingqikayo yesigaba akumele isetshenziselwe izindwani zeroror ngokwazo. Ngalesi sizathu, ukwakheka kohlelo lokunqamula umoya kufanele kuhlolwe ngokwesahluko 8.2.3 sezinga le-IEC 61400-24.

Umdwebo 1 ukhombisa ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwendlela ye-rolling sphere, kuyilapho uFig. 2 ekhombisa ukuhlukaniswa okungenzeka komoya ophephela emikhakheni ehlukene yokuvikela umbani. Ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuvikela umbani kuncike ekwakhiweni komoya ophephela. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka komoya ophephela kufanele kubhekwe.

Kodwa-ke, kuyisinqumo esinqumayo ukuthi imingcele yombani ejojwe kusuka ngaphandle komoya ophephela ku-LPZ 0A incishiswe ngezindlela ezifanele zokuvikela futhi ivuse amadivayisi okuvikela kuyo yonke imingcele yendawo ukuze amadivayisi kagesi nawakwa-elekthronikhi nezinhlelo ezingaphakathi kwe-turbine yomoya zisebenze ngokuphepha.

Izindlela zokuvikela
Ubungako bezinhlamvu kufanele benziwe njengesihlangu sensimbi esihlanganisiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ivolumu enensimu ye-electromagnetic eyehlise kakhulu kunenkambu engaphandle kwe-turbine yomoya iyatholakala ekhejini.

Ngokuya nge-IEC 61400-24, umbhoshongo wensimbi oyishubhu, osetshenziselwa kakhulu imishini emikhulu yomoya, ungathathwa njengekheji ecishe ifane neFaraday, elungele kakhulu ukuvikelwa ngogesi. Ama-switchgear kanye namakhabethe wokulawula asesihlalweni noma "nacelle" futhi, uma kukhona, esakhiweni sokusebenza, kufanele futhi kwenziwe ngensimbi. Izintambo zokuxhuma kufanele zifake isihlangu sangaphandle esikwazi ukuthwala imisinga yombani.

Izintambo ezivikelekile zimelana kuphela nokuphazanyiswa kwe-EMC uma izihlangu zixhunywe ku-equipotential bonding kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Amahawu kufanele athintwe ngokusebenzisa amatheminali wokuxhumana ngokugcwele (360 °) ngaphandle kokufaka izintambo zokuxhuma ezinde ezingahambelani ze-EMC kuphephela womoya.

Ukuvikelwa kwamagnetic kanye nokwenziwa kwentambo kufanele kwenziwe ngokwesigaba 4 se-IEC 62305-4. Ngalesi sizathu, izinkombandlela ezijwayelekile zomkhuba wokufaka ohambelana ne-EMC ngokwe-IEC / TR 61000-5-2 kufanele zisetshenziswe.

Izinyathelo zokuzivikela zifaka, isibonelo:

• Ukufaka insimbi eluka kuma-nacelles aboshwe nge-GRP.
• Umbhoshongo wensimbi.
• Amakhabethe ensimbi switchgear.
• Amakhabethe wokulawula izinsimbi.
• Izintambo zamanje eziphethe umbani eziphethe izintambo zokuxhuma (insimbi yekhebula lensimbi, ipayipi elivikelwe noma okunye okunjalo).
• Ukuvikelwa kwentambo.

Izinyathelo zokuvikela umbani wangaphandle
Umsebenzi we-LPS yangaphandle ukunqanda iziteleka eziqonde ngqo zombani kufaka phakathi iziteleka zombani ezingena embhoshongweni we-turbine yomoya nokukhipha umbani osuka endaweni yesiteleka uye phansi. Ibuye isetshenziselwe ukusabalalisa umbani emhlabathini ngaphandle kokulimala okushisayo noma okwenziwe ngomshini noma inhlansi eyingozi engadala umlilo noma ukuqhuma futhi ifake abantu engozini.

Amaphoyinti angaba khona wesiteleka somoya ophephela emoyeni (ngaphandle kwama-rotor blades) anganqunywa ngendlela yokugudluza kwe-sphere ekhonjiswe ku-Fig. 1. Kuma-wind turbines, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise i-class LPS I. Ngakho-ke, irediyasi r = 20 m isongwe phezu komoya ophephela ukucacisa amaphuzu wesiteleka. Izinhlelo zokunqanyulwa komoya ziyadingeka lapho umkhakha uthinta i-turbine yomoya.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-nacelle / casing kufanele kuhlanganiswe ohlelweni lokuvikela umbani ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umbani ushaya ku-nacelle ushaya izingxenye zensimbi zemvelo ezikwazi ukumelana nalomthwalo noma uhlelo lokuqeda umoya olwenzelwe le nhloso. Ama-Nacelles anokumbozwa kwe-GRP kufanele afakwe uhlelo lokuqeda umoya futhi phansi abaqhubi abakha ikheji elizungeze i-nacelle.

Uhlelo lokunqanyulwa komoya kufaka phakathi abaqhubi abangenalutho kuleli kheji kufanele bakwazi ukumelana neziteleka zombani ngokwezinga lokuvikelwa kombani elikhethiwe. Abaqhubi abengeziwe ehhokweni likaFaraday kufanele baklanywe ngendlela yokuthi bakwazi ukumelana nengxenye yombani wamanje abangabhekelwa kuwo. Ngokuhambisana ne-IEC 61400-24, amasistimu wokunqamula umoya wokuvikela imishini yokukala efakwe ngaphandle kwe-nacelle kufanele aklanywe ngokuhambisana nezidingo ezijwayelekile ze-IEC 62305-3 futhi abaqhubi bezansi kufanele baxhunyaniswe nekheji elichazwe ngenhla.

“Izinto zemvelo” ezenziwe ngezinto ezihambisanayo ezifakwe unomphela ku / kuphephela womoya futhi zihlala zingashintshi (isb. Uhlelo lokuvikela umbani wamarori, ama-bearings, ama-mainframes, umbhoshongo we-hybrid, njll.) Angahlanganiswa kwi-LPS. Uma ama-wind turbines enokwakhiwa kwensimbi, kungacatshangwa ukuthi afeza izidingo zohlelo lokuvikela umbani lwangaphandle lwe-LPS I ngokwe-IEC 62305.

Lokhu kudinga ukuthi isiteleka sombani sinqandwe ngokuphepha yi-LPS yamaroror blade ukuze ikwazi ukukhishelwa ohlelweni lokuqeda umhlaba ngokusebenzisa izinto zemvelo ezinjengamabheringi, ama-mainframes, umbhoshongo kanye / noma izinhlelo zokudlula (isb. amabhulashi ekhabhoni).

Isistimu yokunqamula umoya / umqhubi wezansi
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-Fig. 1, ama-rotor blades; i-nacelle kufaka phakathi izakhiwo ezinkulu; ihabhu le-rotor nombhoshongo womoya ophephela emoyeni ungashaywa umbani.
Uma bekwazi ukunqamula amandla amakhulu okushaywa wumbani ophakeme angama-200 kA ngokuphepha futhi bakwazi ukuwudlulisela ohlelweni lokuqeda umhlaba, bangasetshenziswa "njengezinto zemvelo" zohlelo lokuqeda umoya lohlelo lwangaphandle lokuvikela umbani womoya.

Ama-metallic receptors, amele amaphuzu wesiteleka achaziwe ezenzakalweni zombani, avame ukufakwa eceleni kwensimbi ye-GRP ukuvikela ama-rotor blades ekulimaleni ngenxa yombani. Umqhubi wezansi uhanjiswa kusuka ku-receptor kuya empandeni ye-blade. Uma kwenzeka isiteleka sombani, kungacatshangwa ukuthi isiteleka sombani sihlasela ithiphu yensimbi (i-receptor) bese sikhishwa nge-conductor phansi ngaphakathi kwensimbi kuya ohlelweni lokuqeda umhlaba nge-nacelle kanye nombhoshongo.

Uhlelo lokuqeda umhlaba
Uhlelo lokuqeda umhlaba lwomoya ophendulayo kufanele lwenze imisebenzi eminingana njengokuvikela komuntu, ukuvikela i-EMC nokuvikelwa kombani.

Uhlelo olusebenzayo lokuqeda umhlaba (bheka uFig. 3) lubalulekile ukusabalalisa imisinga yombani kanye nokuvikela i-turbine yomoya ekucekelweni phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo lokuqeda umhlaba kumele luvikele abantu nezilwane ekushayweni ugesi. Uma kwenzeka isiteleka sombani, uhlelo lokuqeda umhlaba kufanele ludedele imisinga yombani ephezulu emhlabathini bese luyisabalalisa emhlabathini ngaphandle kwemiphumela eyingozi yokushisa kanye / noma ye-electrodynamic.

Ngokuvamile, kubalulekile ukusungula uhlelo lokuqeda umhlaba lwento ephehlwa ngumoya esetshenziselwa ukuvikela i-turbine yomoya ezitelekeni zombani nasemhlabeni uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi.

Qaphela: Imithethonqubo yamandla kagesi aphezulu njengeCenelec HO 637 S1 noma amazinga kazwelonke asebenzayo acacisa ukuthi ungakhelwa kanjani uhlelo lokuqeda umhlaba ukuvimbela ukuthinta okuphezulu nezinyathelo zezinyathelo ezibangelwa amasekhethi amafushane ezinhlelweni eziphakeme noma eziphakathi. Mayelana nokuvikelwa kwabantu, izinga le-IEC 61400-24 libhekisa ku-IEC // TS 60479-1 naku-IEC 60479-4.

Ukuhlelwa kwama-electrode womhlaba

I-IEC 62305-3 ichaza izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokuhlelwa komhlaba kwe-electrode yama-turbines omoya:

Uhlobo A: Ngokwe-Annex I we-IEC 61400-24, leli lungiselelo akumele lisetshenziselwe ama-wind turbines, kepha lingasetshenziselwa izijobelelo (isibonelo, izakhiwo eziqukethe imishini yokukala noma amashedi ehhovisi maqondana nepulazi lomoya). Uhlobo A lwamalungiselelo e-electrode yomhlaba aqukethe ama-electrode womhlaba ovundlile noma amile axhunywe okungenani ngabaqhubi ababili phansi esakhiweni.

Uhlobo B: Ngokwe-Annex I we-IEC 61400-24, leli lungiselelo kumele lisetshenziselwe ama-wind turbines. Kungenzeka ukuthi iqukethe i-electrode yangaphakathi yomhlaba eyindilinga efakwe emhlabathini noma isisekelo se-electrode yomhlaba. Ama-electrode womhlaba wezinsimbi nezingxenye zensimbi esisekelweni kumele zixhunywe ekwakhiweni kombhoshongo.

Ukuqiniswa kwesisekelo sombhoshongo kufanele kuhlanganiswe nomqondo womhlaba we-turbine yomoya. Uhlelo lokuqedwa komhlaba kwesisekelo sombhoshongo kanye nesakhiwo sokusebenza kufanele kuxhunywe ngenethiwekhi enezikhala yama-electrode omhlaba ukuthola uhlelo lokuqeda umhlaba oluhlanganisa indawo enkulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuvikela ukuqhuma kwesinyathelo ngokweqile ngenxa yesiteleka sombani, kufanele kufakwe izilawuli ezingaba namandla zokulawula ukugqwala (ezakhiwe ngensimbi engagqwali) ezungeze isisekelo sombhoshongo ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwabantu (bheka umfu. ​​3).

Ama-electrode esisekelo somhlaba

Ama-electrode eSisekelo somhlaba enza umqondo wobuchwepheshe nezomnotho futhi, ngokwesibonelo, ayadingeka ezimeni zaseGerman technical Connection Conditions (TAB) zezinkampani ezihambisa ugesi. Ama-electrode eSisekelo somhlaba ayingxenye yokufakwa kukagesi futhi afeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yokuphepha. Ngalesi sizathu, kufanele zifakwe ngabantu abanamakhono kagesi noma ngaphansi kweso lomuntu onekhono kagesi.

Izinsimbi ezisetshenziselwa ama-electrode omhlaba kufanele zihambisane nezinto ezibalulwe kuThebula 7 le-IEC 62305-3. Ukuziphatha kokugqwala kwensimbi emhlabathini kufanele kubhekwe njalo. Ama-electrode weSisekelo somhlaba kufanele enziwe ngensimbi ehlanganisiwe noma engagxiliwe (insimbi eyindilinga noma eyindilinga). Insimbi eyindilinga kumele ibe nobubanzi obuncane obungu-10 mm. Intambo yensimbi kufanele ibe nobukhulu obuncane obungu-30 x 3,5 mm. Qaphela ukuthi le nto kufanele imbozwe ngokhonkolo okungenani ongu-5 cm (ukuvikela ukugqwala). Isisekelo se-electrode yomhlaba kufanele sixhunyaniswe ne-bar eyinhloko ye-equipotential yokuxhuma ku-injini yomoya. Ukuxhumeka kokumelana nokugqwala kumele kusungulwe ngamaphoyinti wokumisa phansi wezingulube zokugcina ezenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kufakwe iringi yensimbi yensimbi engagqwali emhlabathini.

Ukuvikelwa ekuguqulweni kusuka ku-LPZ 0A kuye ku-LPZ 1

Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokuphepha kwezinto zikagesi neze-elekthronikhi, imingcele yama-LPZs kufanele ivikelwe ekuphazanyisweni yimisebe futhi ivikelwe ekuphazamisweni okwenziwe (bheka amakhiwane. 2 no-4). Amadivayisi wokuvikela okwazi ukukhipha imisinga yombani ephezulu ngaphandle kokubhujiswa kufanele afakwe ekushintsheni kusuka ku-LPZ 0A kuye ku-LPZ 1 (ebizwa nangokuthi "umbani we-equipotential bonding"). Lezi zinsimbi zokuvikela ukubizwa zibizwa njengombani wamanje wokubanjwa kwamanje futhi zivivinywa ngemisinga yempembelelo ye-10/350 μs waveform. Ekuguqulweni okusuka ku-LPZ 0B kuye ku-LPZ 1 naku-LPZ 1 nangaphezulu kuphela imisinga yamandla we-low-energy umfutho obangelwa ukuqhuma okwenziwe ngaphandle kohlelo noma ama-surges akhiqizwe ohlelweni kumele abhekane nakho. Lawa madivayisi wokuvikela abizwa ngokuthi abakwa-class II abashushumbisi futhi ahlolwa ngemisinga yokushaywa kwefomu lokushiswa kwe-8/20 μs.

Ngokomqondo wendawo evikela umbani, zonke izintambo nezintambo ezingenayo kufanele zihlanganiswe ekubambeni kwe-equipotential ngaphandle kokukhetha ngokusebenzisa umbani we-class I umbani wamanje emngceleni osuka ku-LPZ 0A kuya ku-LPZ 1 noma kusuka ku-LPZ 0A kuya ku-LPZ 2.

Okunye ukubopha kwe-equipotential yendawo, lapho zonke izintambo nolayini abangena kulo mngcele kufanele bahlanganiswe, kufanele bafakelwe yonke eminye imingcele yendawo engaphakathi kwevolumu okufanele ivikelwe.

Uhlobo lwe-2 arrest arresters kumele lufakwe ekushintsheni kusuka ku-LPZ 0B kuye ku-LPZ 1 nokusuka ku-LPZ 1 kuye ku-LPZ 2, kanti abakwa-class III ababoshiwe kumele bafakwe ekushintsheni kusuka ku-LPZ 2 kuye ku-LPZ 3. Umsebenzi wesigaba II nesigaba III ababopha ukwenyuka ukunciphisa ukuphazamiseka okusele kwezigaba zokuvikela ezikhuphukayo nokukhawulela ukwenyuka okwenziwe noma okwenziwe ngaphakathi komoya ophephela.

Ukukhetha ama-SPD ngokususelwa ezingeni lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi (phezulu) kanye nokuzivikela kwemishini

Ukuchaza i-Up in an LPZ, amazinga omzimba wokuvikela ngaphakathi kwe-LPZ kufanele achazwe, isb. Izintambo zikagesi nokuxhunywa kwemishini ngokwe-IEC 61000-4-5 kanye ne-IEC 60664-1; olayini bezokuxhumana kanye nokuxhunywa kwemishini ngokwe-IEC 61000-4-5, ITU-T K.20 ne-ITU-T K. 21, neminye imigqa nokuxhunywa kwemishini ngokwemiyalo yomkhiqizi.

Abakhiqizi bezinto ezisebenza ngogesi nange-elektroniki kufanele bakwazi ukunikeza imininingwane edingekayo ezingeni lokuzivikela ngokuya ngamazinga e-EMC. Ngaphandle kwalokho, umkhiqizi we-turbine yomoya kufanele enze izivivinyo ukuthola izinga lokuzivikela. Izinga lokuzivikela elichaziwe lezinto ku-LPZ lichaza ngqo izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi emingceleni ye-LPZ. Ukuvikelwa kohlelo kufanele kubonakale, lapho kufanele khona, ngawo wonke ama-SPD afakiwe nemishini okufanele ivikelwe.

Ukuvikelwa kokuphakelwa kwamandla

I-transformer ye-turbine yomoya ingafakwa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene (esiteshini esihlukile sokusabalalisa, esisekelweni sombhoshongo, embhoshongweni, e-nacelle). Uma kwenzeka kunomoya ophephela abakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, ikhebula le-20 kV elingavimbelwe esisekelweni sombhoshongo lihanjiswa kokufakwa okuphakathi kwe-voltage switchgear okuqukethe i-vacuum circuit breaker, isikhombisi sokukhiya esikhiye ngomshini, iswitching ephumayo kanye nokudluliswa okuvikelayo.

Izintambo ze-MV zihanjiswa zisuka ekufakweni kweswishi ye-MV embhoshongweni womoya ophendulwa uye ku-transformer ose-nacelle. Isiguquli sondla ikhabethe lokulawula kusisekelo sombhoshongo, ikhabethe le-switchgear ku-nacelle kanye nohlelo lwe-pitch kuhabhu ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-TN-C (L1; L2; L3; IPEN conductor; 3PhY; 3 W + G). IKhabinethi ye-switchgear ku-nacelle inikezela ngemishini kagesi nge-AC voltage ka-230/400 V.

Ngokuya nge-IEC 60364-4-44, yonke imishini kagesi efakwe kuphephela womoya kumele ibe nomfutho othile olinganisiwe wokumelana namandla kagesi ngokusho kwamandla we-turbine yomoya. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-surge arresters azofakwa kumele okungenani abe nezinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi elincike kuye ngamandla kagesi ohlelo. Ama-Surge arresters asetshenziselwa ukuvikela amandla ka-400/690 V wokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi kumele abe nezinga eliphansi lokuvikelwa kwamandla Kuze kube ngu-,2,5 kV, kuyilapho i-surge arrester esetshenziselwa ukuvikela ama-230/400 V amasistimu wokuphakelwa kwamandla kufanele abe nezinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla Kuze kube ngu- ,1,5 kV ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezinto ezibucayi zikagesi / zikagesi. Ukuze ufeze le mfuneko, khulisa amadivayisi wokuvikela ama-400/690 V amasistimu wokuphakelwa kwamandla akwazi ukuqhuba imibani yombani we-10/350 μs waveform ngaphandle kokubhujiswa futhi uqinisekise ukuthi izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla voltage2,5 kV kufanele lifakwe.

Izinhlelo zokuhambisa ugesi ezingama-230/400 V

Ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla kagesi ekhabethe yokulawula esisekelweni sombhoshongo, ikhabethe elishintshayo ku-nacelle kanye nohlelo lwe-pitch kuhabhu ngohlelo lwe-230/400 V TN-C (3PhY, 3W + G) kufanele luvikelwe isigaba II ama-surge arresters afana ne-SLP40-275 / 3S.

Ukuvikelwa kwelambu lokuxwayisa ngendiza

Isibani sesexwayiso sendiza esitimeleni senzwa ku-LPZ 0B kufanele sivikelwe ngomuntu osebenza ekilasini lesibili ekushintsheni kwendawo efanelekile (LPZ 0B → 1, LPZ 1 → 2) (Ithebula 1).

Ama-400 / 690V amasistimu wokuphakela ugesi Abadayisi bamanje ababoshiwe abanesibani esisodwa abanomkhawulo wokulandela wamanje wezinhlelo zokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi okungu-400/690 V njenge-SLP40-750 / 3S, kumele kufakwe ukuvikela i-400/690 V transformer , ama-inverters, izihlungi zamapayipi nemishini yokulinganisa.

Ukuvikelwa kolayini be-generator

Uma kucatshangelwa ukubekezelelana kwamandla kagesi aphezulu, iziboshwa ezikhuphukayo zekilasi II zamandla okuqokwa angafika ku-1000 V kufanele zifakwe ukuvikela ukuzungezisa kwe-rotor ye-generator nolayini wokuphakela we-inverter. Esinye isiboshwa esisekela i-spark-gap esilinganiswe ngemvamisa yamandla okumelana namandla we-UN / AC = 2,2 kV (50 Hz) sisetshenziselwa ukuhlukaniswa okungahle kwenzeke futhi ukuvimbela ababophi abasuselwa e-varistor ukuthi basebenze ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwamandla kagesi okungenzeka kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-inverter. I-modular three-pole class II surge arrester ene-voltage ekaliwe ye-varistor yezinhlelo ze-690 V efakwe ohlangothini ngalunye lwe-stator ye-generator.

Ama-modular three-pole class II surge arresters wohlobo lwe-SLP40-750 / 3S enzelwe ngqo imishini yomoya. Banamandla kagesi e-varistor Umov ka-750 V AC, uma kubhekwa ukushintshashintsha kwamandla okungenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Ukwenyuka kokuboshwa kwezinhlelo ze-IT

Ukuqhamuka kwababoshiwe ngokuvikela okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi ekuxhumaneni ngocingo nokusayina amanethiwekhi ngokumelene nemiphumela engaqondile neqonde ngqo yeziteleka zombani namanye ama-surges wesikhashana achazwe ku-IEC 61643-21 futhi afakwa emingceleni yezoni ngokuhambisana nomqondo wendawo yokuvikela umbani.

Ama-multi-stage arresters kumele aklanywe ngaphandle kwezindawo eziyimpumputhe. Kumele kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izigaba ezahlukahlukene zokuvikela ziyahlanganiswa zodwa, ngaphandle kwalokho akuzona zonke izigaba zokuvikela ezizokwenziwa zisebenze, okudala amaphutha entweni yokuvikela ukuqhuma.

Ezimweni eziningi, izintambo zengilazi zefayibha zisetshenziselwa ukuhambisa imigqa ye-IT ibe yi-turbine yomoya kanye nokuxhuma amakhabethe wokulawula kusuka esisekelweni sombhoshongo kuya ku-nacelle. Ukufakwa kwekhebula phakathi kwama-actuator nezinzwa namakhabethe wokulawula kwenziwa ngezintambo zethusi ezivikelekile. Njengoba ukuphazanyiswa indawo kagesi kungafakwanga, izintambo zengilazi zefayibha akudingeki ukuthi zivikelwe ngababanjiwe bokuqhuma ngaphandle kwalapho ikhebula lengilazi le-fiber linomgogodla wensimbi okumele uhlanganiswe ngqo ku-equipotential bonding noma ngokusebenzisa amadivayisi wokuvikela.

Ngokuvamile, izintambo zesiginali ezivikelekile ezilandelayo ezixhuma ama-actuator nezinzwa namakhabethe wokulawula kufanele zivikelwe ngamadivayisi wokuvikela ukuqhuma:

• Olayini besiginali besiteshi sezulu esinsikeni senzwa.
• Olayini bezimpawu bahanjiswe phakathi kwe-nacelle nohlelo lwe-pitch kuhabhu.
• Olayini besiginali bohlelo lwe-pitch.

Olayini bezimpawu zesiteshi sezulu

Imigqa yesiginali (4 - 20 mA interface) phakathi kwezinzwa zesiteshi sezulu kanye ne-switchgear cabinet isuswa ku-LPZ 0B iye ku-LPZ 2 futhi ingavikelwa nge-FLD2-24. Laba babambi bendawo abonga ukonga bavikela imigqa emibili noma emine eyodwa enezikhombo ezivamile kanye nezindawo zokuxhumana ezingalingani futhi zitholakala ngesihlangu esiqondile noma esingaqondile. Ama-terminals entwasahlobo amabili aguquguqukayo wokuthintana okungapheli kwe-impedance isihlangu ohlangothini oluvikelwe nolungavikelekile lommangalelwa asetshenziselwa ukuvikela umhlaba.

Ukuhlolwa kwelabhoratri ngokusho kwe-IEC 61400-24

I-IEC 61400-24 ichaza izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo zokwenza izivivinyo zokuzivikela kumazinga ezinhlelo zomoya ophephela:

• Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamanje kokucindezelwa ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza, imijikelezo yokushaywa ngamandla noma imisebe yombani ngokwengxenye iyafakwa emigqeni ngayinye yohlelo lokulawula ngenkathi kutholakala ugesi. Ngokwenza njalo, okokusebenza okufanele kuvikelwe kufaka phakathi wonke ama-SPD kufakwa esivivinyweni samanje sokushaywa.
• Indlela yesibili yokuhlola ilingisa imiphumela ye-electromagnetic yemibani ye-electromagnetic (LEMPs). Umbani ogcwele ujojowe esakhiweni esikhipha isibani samanje nokuziphatha kwesistimu kagesi kuhlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ukulingisa ikhebula ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ngendlela eyiqiniso ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukwehla kwamanje kombani kuyipharamitha yokuhlola enganqumayo.