Ukuqubuka kombani kwamanje nokuvikelwa kwamandla okushisa

Ukuqubuka kombani kwamanje nokuvikelwa kwamandla okushisa

Ukweqisa okukhulu komsuka womkhathi
Izincazelo zevoltage

Ukweqisa kwamandla (kohlelo) noma imaphi amandla aphakathi kwesigaba esisodwa somqhubi nomhlaba noma phakathi kwabaqhubi besigaba abanenani eliphakeme elidlula inani elihambisanayo lamandla aphezulu encazelo yemishini evela ku-International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV 604-03-09)

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-overvoltage

I-overvoltage i-pulse ye-voltage noma i-wave ebekwe phezulu kumthamo olinganisiwe wenethiwekhi (bona i-Fig. J1)

Lolu hlobo lwe-overvoltage lubonakala nge (bona i-Fig. J2):

• isikhathi sokukhuphuka tf (kuma-μs);
• i-gradient S (kuma-kV / μs).

I-overvoltage iphazamisa imishini futhi ikhiqize imisebe kagesi kagesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubude be-overvoltage (T) budala ukuphakama kwamandla kumasekethe kagesi angabhubhisa imishini.
Umdwebo J2 - Izici eziyinhloko ze-overvoltage

Izinhlobo ezine zevoltage engaphazamisa ukufaka kagesi kanye nemithwalo:

• Ukushintsha ama-surges: ama-overvoltages we-high-frequency noma ukuphazamiseka kokuqhuma (bona i-Fig. J1) okubangelwe ukuguqulwa kwesimo sokuzinza kunethiwekhi kagesi (ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-switchgear).
• Ukweqiwa kwamandla emvamisa yamandla: ukweqiwa kwemvamisa efanayo nenethiwekhi (50, 60, noma 400 Hz) okubangelwe ukuguqulwa unomphela kwesimo kunethiwekhi (kulandela iphutha: iphutha lokuhlukanisa, ukuwohloka komqhubi ongathathi hlangothi, njll.).
• Ukweqiwa kwamandla okubangelwa ukukhishwa kwe-electrostatic: ama-overvoltages amafushane kakhulu (ama-nanosecond ambalwa) wemvamisa ephezulu kakhulu edalwe ukukhishwa kwamanani kagesi anqwabelene (ngokwesibonelo, umuntu ohamba kukhaphethi onamasoli wokuvikela ukhokhiswa ngogesi amandla kagesi ama-kilovolts amaningana).
• Ukweqisa okungaphezulu kwemvelaphi yomkhathi.

Izici ze-overvoltage zomsuka womkhathi

Imivimbo yombani ezibalweni ezimbalwa: Ukubaneka kombani kukhiqiza amandla amakhulu kagesi ashaywayo (bheka Umfanekiso J4)

• wezinkulungwane eziningana zama-ampere (nezinkulungwane zama-volts)
• yemvamisa ephezulu (cishe i-megahertz engu-1)
• yesikhathi esifushane (kusuka ku-microsecond kuya ku-millisecond)

Phakathi kuka-2000 no-5000 iziphepho zihlala zakhiwa emhlabeni wonke. Lezi zivunguvungu zihambisana nemivimbo yombani emele ubungozi obukhulu babantu nemishini. Ukubaneka kombani kushaya phansi ngesilinganiso semivimbo engama-30 kuye kwayi-100 ngomzuzwana, okusho ukuthi imivimbo yombani engu-3 billion unyaka ngamunye.

Ithebula elikumfanekiso J3 likhombisa amanani wesiteleka sombani namathuba awo ahlobene. Njengoba kungabonakala, imivimbo engu-50% yemibani inamanje angaphezu kuka-35 kA no-5% njengamanje ongaphezu kuka-100 kA. Amandla adluliswa ngunhlangothi wombani ngakho-ke aphezulu kakhulu.

I-Fig. J3 - Izibonelo zamanani wokukhishwa kombani anikezwe yizinga le-IEC 62305-1 (2010 - Ithebula A.3)

Umdwebo J4 - Isibonelo samanje wombani

Umbani ubuye udale imililo eminingi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezolimo (okucekela phansi izindlu noma ukuzenza zingakulungele ukusetshenziswa). Izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zivame kakhulu ukushaywa umbani.

Imiphumela ekufakweni kukagesi

Umbani ulimaza izinhlelo zikagesi nezikagesi ikakhulukazi: ama-transformer, amamitha kagesi nezinto zikagesi ezakhiweni zokuhlala kanye nasezimbonini.

Izindleko zokulungisa umonakalo odalwe umbani ziphakeme kakhulu. Kepha kunzima kakhulu ukuhlola imiphumela ye:

• ukuphazamiseka okubangelwe kumakhompyutha nakunethiwekhi yokuxhumana ngocingo;
• amaphutha akhiqizwe ekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo zokulawula logic ezihleliwe kanye nezinhlelo zokulawula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokulahleka kokusebenza zingaphakama kakhulu kunenani lemishini ebhujisiwe.

Imithelela yokushaywa umbani

Umbani yisimo sikagesi esisebenza kaningi esidala ukuqhuma kwezinto zonke ezihamba phambili, ikakhulukazi kukhebuli kagesi nemishini.

Iziteleka zombani zingathinta amasistimu kagesi (kanye / noma kagesi) wesakhiwo ngezindlela ezimbili:

• ngomthelela oqondile wesiteleka sombani esakhiweni (bheka i-Fig. J5 a);
• ngomthelela ongaqondile wesiteleka sombani esakhiweni:
• Ukushaywa wumbani kungawela kulayini wamandla kagesi ohamba phezulu oletha isakhiwo (bheka i-Fig. J5 b). I-overcurrent kanye ne-overvoltage ingasakazeka ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka endaweni yomthelela.
• Ukushaywa wumbani kungawela eduze kwentambo yamandla kagesi (bheka i-Fig. J5 c). Yimisebe kagesi yombani wamanje okhiqiza amandla aphezulu kanye nokuchichima kwamandla kunethiwekhi kagesi. Ezimweni ezimbili zokugcina, imisinga eyingozi nemithamo idluliselwa ngenethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamandla.

Ukushaywa wumbani kungawela eduze kwesakhiwo (bheka i-Fig. J5 d). Amandla omhlaba azungeze iphuzu lomthelela akhuphuka ngendlela eyingozi.

Umdwebo J5 - Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zomthelela wombani

Kuzo zonke izimo, imiphumela yokufakwa kukagesi kanye nemithwalo ingaba mikhulu.

Umdwebo J6 - Umphumela womthelela wokushaywa umbani

Umbani uwela esakhiweni esingavikelekile.	Umbani uwela eduze kolayini ongaphezulu.	Umbani uwela eduze kwesakhiwo.
Umbani wamanje ugeleza emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezincanyana noma ezincanyana zesakhiwo esinemiphumela emibi kakhulu: imiphumela eshisayo: Ukushisa okweqile kwezinto, okubangela umlilo imiphumela yemishini: Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo i-thermal flashover: Isimo esiyingozi kakhulu lapho kukhona izinto ezivuthayo noma eziqhumayo (ama-hydrocarbon, uthuli, njll.)	Umbani wamanje wenza ama-overvoltages ngokufakwa kwe-electromagnetic ohlelweni lokusabalalisa. Lawa ma-overvoltages asakazwa eceleni kolayini kuya ezintweni zikagesi ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo.	Isifo sombani senza izinhlobo ezifanayo zamandla okukhokha ngokweqile njengalezo ezichasene nokuphikisana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla ombani akhuphuka abuyele emhlabeni lapho kufakwa khona ugesi, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukuwohloka kwemishini.
Isakhiwo nokufakwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo ngokuvamile konakala	Ukufakwa kukagesi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo ngokuvamile konakala.

Izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusakazwa

Imodi ejwayelekile

Ukuqubuka kwemodi ejwayelekile kuvela phakathi kwabaqhubi ababukhoma nomhlaba: isigaba-to-earth noma i-neutral-to-earth (bona i-Fig. J7). Ziyingozi ikakhulukazi ezintweni ezisetshenziswayo uhlaka lwazo luxhunywe emhlabeni ngenxa yezingozi zokonakala komoya.

Umdwebo J7 - Imodi ejwayelekile

Imodi ehlukile

Ukwehlukahluka kwemodi ehlukile kuvela phakathi kwabaqhubi ababukhoma:

isigaba-to-phase noma isigaba-to-neutral (bona i-Fig. J8). Ziyingozi ikakhulukazi kwimishini ye-elekthronikhi, ihadiwe elibucayi njengezinhlelo zamakhompyutha, njll.

Umdwebo J8 - Imodi yokuhlukanisa

Ukuchazwa kwegagasi lombani

Ukuhlaziywa kwezimo kuvumela incazelo yezinhlobo zamaza ombane wamanje namandla kagesi.

• Izinhlobo ezi-2 zamaza wamanje zibhekwa ngamazinga we-IEC:
• Igagasi le-10/350 :s: ukubonisa amagagasi amanje ngokushaywa umbani oqondile (bheka Umdwebo J9);

I-Fig. J9 - 10/350 igagasi lamanje

• Igagasi le-8/20: ukubonisa amagagasi amanje ngokushaywa umbani ongaqondile (bheka i-Fig. J10).

I-Fig. J10 - 8/20 igagasi lamanje

Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zamaza wamanje osibani asetshenziselwa ukuchaza izivivinyo kuma-SPDs (i-IEC standard 61643-11) nemishini yokuvikela imisinga yombani.

Inani eliphakeme lamagagasi amanje libonisa ubukhulu besifo sombani.

Ukweqiwa okwedlulele okwenziwe yimivimbo yombani kubonakala ngegagasi lamandla wamandla kagesi elingu-1.2 / 50 (bona i-Fig. J11).

Lolu hlobo lwegagasi lamandla kagesi lisetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa imishini emelana nokuqhuma okukhulu komsuka womkhathi (amandla okushaywa ngamandla ngokwe-IEC 61000-4-5).

I-Fig. J11 - 1.2 / 50 voltages voltage wave

Isimiso sokuvikelwa kombani
Imithetho ejwayelekile yokuvikelwa kombani

Inqubo yokuvikela ubungozi besiteleka sombani
Uhlelo lokuvikela isakhiwo emiphumeleni yombani kufanele lubandakanye:

• ukuvikelwa kwezinhlaka ngokushaywa wumbani ngqo;
• ukuvikelwa kokufakwa kukagesi emivimbo eqondile nengaqondile yombani.

Umgomo oyisisekelo wokuvikela ukufakwa engcupheni yeziteleka zombani ukuvimbela amandla aphazamisayo ukuthi afinyelele ezintweni ezibucayi. Ukufeza lokhu, kuyadingeka:

• thatha umbani wamanje bese uwuthumela emhlabeni ngendlela eqonde kakhulu (ukugwema indawo eseduze nemishini ebucayi);
• yenza ukubopha kwe-equipotential kokufakwa; Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwe-equipotential kusetshenziswa ngabaqhubi be-bonding, bengezelwa ngama-Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) noma izikhala ze-spark (isb., I-antenna mast spark spark).
• nciphisa imiphumela eyenziwe futhi engaqondile ngokufaka ama-SPD kanye / noma izihlungi. Izinhlelo ezimbili zokuvikela zisetshenziselwa ukuqeda noma ukukhawulela ukweqisa kwamanzi: zaziwa njengohlelo lokuvikela ukwakhiwa (lwangaphandle kwamabhilidi) kanye nohlelo lokuvikela ukufakwa kukagesi (ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo).

Uhlelo lokuvikela ukwakha

Indima yohlelo lokuvikela ukwakha ukuluvikela ekushayweni wumbani ngqo.
Uhlelo luqukethe:

• idivayisi yokubamba: uhlelo lokuvikela umbani;
• ama-down-condors aklanyelwe ukudlulisela umbani emhlabeni;
• “Unyawo lwegwababa” umhlaba uhola uxhumene;
• izixhumanisi phakathi kwawo wonke amafreyimu ensimbi (i-equipotential bonding) nokuhola komhlaba.

Lapho umbani ugeleza ku-conductor, uma umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwawo nozimele abaxhunywe emhlabeni abatholakala endaweni eseduze, lokhu kwamuva kungadala ukucekela phansi okulimazayo.

Izinhlobo ezi-3 zohlelo lokuvikela umbani
Izinhlobo ezintathu zokuvikela ukwakhiwa zisetshenziswa:

Induku yombani (induku elula noma isistimu ebangela)

Induku yombani iyithiphu yokubamba yensimbi ebekwe ngaphezulu kwesakhiwo. Itholwa umqhubi oyedwa noma abaningi (imvamisa imicu yethusi) (bheka i-Fig. J12).

Umdwebo J12 - Induku yombani (induku elula noma isistimu yokuqalisa)

Induku yombani enezintambo ezilahlekile

Lezi zintambo zeluliwe ngaphezu kwesakhiwo okufanele zivikelwe. Zisetshenziselwa ukuvikela izakhiwo ezikhethekile: izindawo zokuqalisa i-rocket, ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kanye nokuvikelwa kwemigqa ephezulu yamandla kagesi (bheka i-Fig. J13).

Umdwebo J13 - Izintambo ze-Taut

Umqhubi wombani onezinyoni ezinamakhemikhali (ikheji leFaraday)

Lokhu kuvikela kufaka ukufaka phansi amakhondaktha / amateyipu amaningi ngokulingana nxazonke zesakhiwo. (bheka i-Fig. J14).

Lolu hlobo lohlelo lokuvikela umbani lusetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezivezwe kakhulu ezinokufakwa okubucayi kakhulu njengamakamelo ekhompyutha.

I-Fig. J14 - Ikheji eligciniwe (ikheji leFaraday)

Imiphumela yokuvikelwa kokwakhiwa kwemishini yokufaka kagesi

U-50% wamanje wombani okhishwe uhlelo lokuvikela ukwakhiwa ubuyela emuva kumanethiwekhi omhlaba wokufakwa kagesi (bona i-Fig. J15): ukukhuphuka okungaba khona kozimele kaningi kakhulu kudlula ukumelana namandla okuqhuba kwabaqhubi kumanethiwekhi ahlukahlukene ( I-LV, ezokuxhumana ngocingo, ikhebula levidiyo, njll.).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugeleza kwamanje ngabashayeli abaphansi kudala ukukhuphuka kwamandla ekufakweni kukagesi.

Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo lokuvikela ukwakhiwa alukuvikeli ukufakwa kukagesi: ngakho-ke, kuphoqelekile ukuhlinzekela uhlelo lokuvikela ukufakwa kagesi.

Umdwebo J15 - Umbani oqondile obuyela emuva njengamanje

Ukuvikelwa kombani - uhlelo lokuvikela ukufakwa kagesi

Inhloso enkulu yohlelo lokuvikelwa kokufakwa kukagesi ukukhawulela ukweqiwa kwamanani kumanani amukelekile entweni yokusebenza.

Uhlelo lokuvikelwa kokufakwa kagesi luqukethe:

• i-SPD eyodwa noma amaningi ngokuya ngesakhiwo;
• ukubopha kwe-equipotential: i-mesh yensimbi yezingxenye eziveziwe ezivezayo.

Implementation

Inqubo yokuvikela izinhlelo zikagesi neze-elektroniki zesakhiwo imi ngale ndlela elandelayo.

Sesha imininingwane

• Khomba yonke imithwalo ebucayi nendawo yayo esakhiweni.
• Khomba izinhlelo zikagesi nezikagesi kanye nezindawo zazo zokungena esakhiweni.
• Hlola ukuthi ingabe uhlelo lokuvikela umbani lukhona yini esakhiweni noma endaweni eseduze.
• Jwayelana nemithetho esebenzayo endaweni yesakhiwo.
• Hlola ubungozi bokushaywa umbani ngokusho kwendawo, uhlobo lokuphakelwa kwamandla, ukuminyana kwesiteleka sombani, njll.

Ukuqaliswa kwezixazululo

• Faka ama-bonding conductor kuzimele ngocingo.
• Faka i-SPD ebhodini lokungena elingenayo le-LV.
• Faka i-SPD eyengeziwe ebhodini ngalinye lokwabiwa komhlaba eliseduze kwemishini ebucayi (bheka i-Fig. J16).

Umdwebo J16 - Isibonelo sokuvikelwa kofaka ugesi omkhulu

Idivayisi Yokuvikela Ukuqubuka (i-SPD)

Amadivayisi Wokuvikela (i-SPD) asetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi wokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi, amanethiwekhi ocingo, kanye nezokuxhumana kanye namabhasi wokulawula okuzenzakalelayo.

Idivayisi Yokuvikela Ukuqubuka (i-SPD) iyingxenye yohlelo lokuvikela ukufakwa kagesi.

Le divayisi ixhunywe ngokufana kwisekethe yokuphakelwa kwamandla yemithwalo okufanele iyivikele (bona i-Fig. J17). Ingasetshenziswa futhi kuwo wonke amazinga wenethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamandla.

Lolu uhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu futhi olusebenza kahle kakhulu lokuvikelwa kwamandla okukhokha ngokweqile.

Umdwebo J17 - Isimiso sohlelo lokuvikela ngokufana

I-SPD exhunywe ngokufana ine-impedance ephezulu. Lapho ukuqhuma kwamandla okuhamba kwesikhashana kuvela ohlelweni, impedance yedivayisi incipha ngakho ukuqhuma kwamanje kuqhutshwa nge-SPD, kudlula okokusebenza okubucayi.

isimiso

I-SPD yakhelwe ukukhawulela ukwehla kwesikhashana kwemvelaphi yomkhathi futhi igudlise amagagasi amanje emhlabeni, ukuze kukhawulwe ukuphakama kwalokhu kudlulela kunani elingeyona ingozi ekufakweni kukagesi nasekushintsheni kukagesi nasekulawuleni.

I-SPD iqeda ama-overvoltages

• kumodi ejwayelekile, phakathi kwesigaba nokungathathi hlangothi noma umhlaba;
• kumodi yokuhlukanisa, phakathi kwesigaba nokungathathi hlangothi.

Uma kwenzeka i-overvoltage idlula umkhawulo wokusebenza, i-SPD

• ihambisa amandla emhlabeni, ngemodi efanayo;
• isabalalisa amandla kwabanye abaqhubi ababukhoma, ngemodi ehlukile.

Izinhlobo ezintathu ze-SPD

Thayipha i-1 SPD
I-Type 1 SPD inconyiwe esimweni esithile sezinsizakalo zomkhakha nezakhiwo zezimboni, ezivikelwe ngohlelo lokuvikela umbani noma ikheji elinamakhemikhali.
Kuvikela ukufakwa kukagesi emivimbo eqondile yombani. Ingakhipha i-back-current kusuka ngombani osabalala usuka kumqhubi womhlaba uye kubaqhubi benethiwekhi.
Uhlobo lwe-1 SPD lubonakala ngegagasi lamanje le-10 / 350's.

Thayipha i-2 SPD
Uhlobo 2 SPD wuhlelo oluphambili lokuvikela kukho konke ukufakwa kwamandla kagesi anamandla amancane. Kufakwe ebhodini ngalinye likagesi, kuvimbela ukusabalala kwama-overvoltages ekufakweni kukagesi futhi kuvikele imithwalo.
Uhlobo lwe-2 SPD lubonakala ngegagasi lamanje le-8/20.

Thayipha i-3 SPD
Lawa ma-SPD anomthamo wokukhipha ophansi. Ngakho-ke kumele zifakwe ngokwesibopho njengezengezo ku-Type 2 SPD nasezindaweni ezinemithwalo ebucayi.
Uhlobo lwe-3 SPD lubonakala ngenhlanganisela yamagagasi kagesi (1.2 / 50 μs) namagagasi amanje (8/20 μs).

Incazelo ejwayelekile ye-SPD

Umdwebo J18 - Incazelo ejwayelekile ye-SPD

Qaphela 1: Kukhona i-T1 + T2 SPD (noma Uhlobo 1 + 2 SPD) elihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwemithwalo emivimbo eqondile nengaqondile yombani.

Qaphela 2: enye i-T2 SPD nayo ingamenyezelwa njenge-T3

Izici ze-SPD

I-International standard IEC 61643-11 Edition 1.0 (03/2011) ichaza izici nokuhlolwa kwe-SPD exhunywe kumasistimu wokusabalalisa amandla aphansi (bona i-Fig. J19).

Okuluhlaza, ububanzi bokusebenza obuqinisekisiwe be-SPD.
I-Fig. J19 - Isikhathi / isici samanje se-SPD esine-varistor

Izici ezivamile

• U_C: Ubuningi bokusebenza kwamandla okuqhubekayo. Lona ngamandla we-AC noma we-DC ngaphezulu lapho i-SPD isebenza khona. Leli nani likhethwa ngokuya ngevolthi elinganisiwe nokuhlelwa komhlaba kohlelo.
• U_PIzinga lokuvikelwa kwe-Voltage (ku-I_n). Lawa amandla aphezulu wamandla kumatheminali we-SPD lapho esebenza. Le voltage ifinyelelwa lapho ukugeleza kwamanje ku-SPD kulingana no-In. Izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi elikhethiwe kumele libe ngaphansi kwamandla we-overvoltage ukumelana nemithwalo. Uma kwenzeka kushaya umbani, amandla wevolontiya kumatheminali we-SPD ngokuvamile ahlala ngaphansi kuka-U_P.
• Ku: Ukukhishwa kwegama ngegama. Leli inani eliphakeme lesilinganiso samanje se-8/20 thats ukuthi i-SPD ikwazi ukukhipha ubuncane izikhathi eziyi-19.

Kungani kubalulekile?
Kuhambisana nesikhathi samanje sokukhishwa lapho i-SPD ingamelana okungenani izikhathi eziyi-19: inani eliphakeme le-In lisho impilo ende ye-SPD, ngakho-ke kunconywa kakhulu ukuthi kukhethwe amanani aphakeme kunenani eliphansi elibekiwe le-5 kA.

Thayipha i-1 SPD

• I_imp: Impulse yamanje. Leli inani eliphakeme lesilinganiso samanje se-10/350 thats ukuthi i-SPD ikwazi ukukhipha ukukhipha okungenani kanye.

Kungani ngi_imp kubalulekile?
Izinga le-IEC 62305 lidinga inani lamanje lokufaka umfutho eliphakeme lama-25 kA nge-pole yohlelo lwezigaba ezintathu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwinethiwekhi ye-3P + N i-SPD kufanele ikwazi ukumelana nomfutho ophelele wamanje we-100kA ovela ekuxhumaneni komhlaba.

• I_fi: Autoextinguish landela zamanje. Kusebenza kuphela kubuchwepheshe be-spark gap. Lokhu kuyamanje (i-50 Hz) i-SPD ekwazi ukuziphazamisa yona ngemuva kwe-flashover. Lesi sikhathi samanje kufanele ngaso sonke isikhathi sibe sikhulu kunesikhathi samanje esiseduze sokufakwa.

Thayipha i-2 SPD

• I-Imax: Ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwamanje. Leli inani eliphakeme lesilinganiso samanje se-8/20 thats i-SPD ekwazi ukuyikhipha kanye.

Kungani i-Imax ibalulekile?
Uma uqhathanisa ama-SPD ama-2 ne-In efanayo, kepha nge-Imax ehlukile: i-SPD enenani eliphakeme le-Imax ine- "margin yokuphepha" ephakeme futhi ingamelana namandla wamanje aphezulu ngaphandle kokulimala.

Thayipha i-3 SPD

• U_OC: Amandla kagesi avulekile asetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwekilasi III (Uhlobo 3).

izicelo main

• I-Voltage ephansi ye-SPD. Amadivayisi ahluke kakhulu, avela kokubuka kwezobuchwepheshe nokusetshenziswa, aqokwa yileli gama. Ama-voltage we-SPD aphansi angama-modular ukuthi afakwe kalula ngaphakathi kokushintshwa kwe-LV. Kukhona futhi ama-SPD aguquguqukayo kumasokhethi kagesi, kepha lawa madivayisi anomthamo wokukhipha ophansi.

• I-SPD yamanethiwekhi wokuxhumana. Lawa madivayisi avikela amanethiwekhi wezingcingo, amanethiwekhi ashintshiwe kanye namanethiwekhi wokulawula okuzenzakalelayo (ibhasi) ekulweni namandla amaningi avela ngaphandle (umbani) nalawo angaphakathi kunethiwekhi yokuhambisa ugesi (imishini engcolisayo, ukusebenza kwe-switchgear, njll. Ama-SPD anjalo afakiwe ku-RJ11, RJ45,… izixhumi noma ahlanganiswe nemithwalo.

amanothi

1. Ukulandelana kokuhlolwa ngokuya nge-IEC 61643-11 ejwayelekile ye-SPD ngokuya nge-MOV (varistor). Ingqikithi yemicabango engu-19 ku-I_n:

• Isifiso esisodwa esihle
• Isifiso esisodwa esibi
• Imizwelo engu-15 ivumelaniswe ngayo yonke i-30 ° kumandla we-50 Hz
• Isifiso esisodwa esihle
• Isifiso esisodwa esibi

2. ngohlobo lwe-1 SPD, ngemuva kokushaywa yi-15 ku-I_n (bheka inothi langaphambilini):

• Umfutho owodwa ku-0.1 x I_imp
• Umfutho owodwa ku-0.25 x I_imp
• Umfutho owodwa ku-0.5 x I_imp
• Umfutho owodwa ku-0.75 x I_imp
• Isifiso esisodwa ku-I_imp

Ukwakhiwa kohlelo lokuvikela ukufakwa kagesi
Imithetho yokwakhiwa kohlelo lokuvikela ukufakwa kagesi

Ukuvikela ukufakwa kukagesi esakhiweni, imithetho elula iyasebenza ekukhetheni kwe-

• Ama-SPD;
• uhlelo lwayo lokuvikela.

Ohlelweni lokusatshalaliswa kwamandla, izici eziyinhloko ezisetshenziselwa ukuchaza uhlelo lokuvikela umbani bese ukhetha i-SPD ukuvikela ukufakwa kukagesi esakhiweni yilezi:

• I-SPD
• ubuningi be-SPD
• uhlobo
• izinga lokuchayeka ekuchazeni ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwe-SPD kwe-Imax yamanje.
• Idivayisi yokuvikelwa kwesifunda emfushane
• ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwe-Imax yamanje;
• i-Isc yamanje yesikhashana endaweni yokufakwa.

Umdwebo onengqondo kuMfanekiso J20 ngezansi ukhombisa lo mthetho wokuklama.

Umdwebo J20 - Umdwebo weLogic wokukhetha uhlelo lokuvikela

Ezinye izici zokukhethwa kwe-SPD zichazwe ukufakwa kagesi.

• inani lezigxobo ku-SPD;
• izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla U_P;
• U_C: Ubuningi bokusebenza kwamandla okuqhubekayo.

Lo mdwebo ongaphansi kwesigaba sohlelo lokuvikelwa kokufakwa kukagesi uchaza ngokuningiliziwe indlela yokukhetha uhlelo lokuvikela ngokuya ngezimpawu zokufakwa, okokusebenza okufanele kuvikelwe kanye nemvelo.

Izinto zohlelo lokuvikela

I-SPD kumele ihlale ifakiwe lapho kufakwa khona ugesi.

Indawo nohlobo lwe-SPD

Uhlobo lwe-SPD elizofakwa ekuqaleni kokufakwa lincike ekutheni lukhona yini noma cha uhlelo lokuvikela umbani. Uma lesi sakhiwo sifakwe uhlelo lokuvikela umbani (ngokwe-IEC 62305), kufanele kufakwe iType 1 SPD.

Nge-SPD efakwe ekugcineni okungenayo kokufakwa, amazinga wokufaka we-IEC 60364 abeka amanani amancane ngalezi zici ezi-2 ezilandelayo:

• Ukukhishwa kwegama okwamanje I_n = 5 kA (8/20) µs;
• Izinga lokuvikelwa kwe-Voltage U_P(lapho ngi_n) <2.5 kV.

Inani lama-SPD angeziwe okufanele afakwe linqunywa ngu:

• ubukhulu besiza nobunzima bokufaka ama-bonding conductor. Kumasayithi amakhulu, kubalulekile ukufaka i-SPD ekugcineni okungenayo kwendawo ebiyelweyo yokusabalalisa.
• ibanga elihlukanisa imithwalo ebucayi ukuze ivikelwe kusuka kudivayisi engenayo yokuvikela ukuphela. Lapho imithwalo itholakala ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10 ukusuka kudivayisi yokuvikela engenayo, kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuhle okwengeziwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka emithwalweni ebucayi. I-phenomena ye-wave reflection iyanda kusuka kumamitha ayi-10 bheka Ukusabalala kwegagasi lombani
• ingozi yokuvezwa. Endabeni yesiza esidalulwe kakhulu, i-SPD engenayo ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa kokubili ukugeleza okuphezulu kombane wamanje nezinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi ngokwanele. Ikakhulu, Uhlobo 1 SPD ngokuvamile luhambisana nohlobo 2 SPD.

Ithebula elikumfanekiso J21 ngezansi likhombisa ubuningi nohlobo lwe-SPD okufanele lusethwe ngesisekelo sezici ezimbili ezichazwe ngenhla.

Umdwebo J21 - Amacala ama-4 wokuqaliswa kwe-SPD

Ukuvikelwa kusatshalaliswa amazinga

Amazinga wokuvikela amaningana we-SPD avumela amandla ukuthi asatshalaliswe phakathi kwama-SPD amaningi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMdwebo J22 lapho izinhlobo ezintathu ze-SPD zihlinzekelwa khona:

• Thayipha 1: lapho isakhiwo sifakwa uhlelo lokuvikela umbani futhi sisekungeneni kokufakwa, sithatha amandla amaningi kakhulu;
• Thayipha 2: ithatha ama-overvoltages asalayo;
• Uhlobo lwe-3: luhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa "okuhle" uma kunesidingo semishini ebucayi kakhulu etholakala eduze kakhulu nemithwalo.

Qaphela: Uhlobo 1 no-2 SPD lungahlanganiswa ku-SPD eyodwa
Umdwebo J22 - Isakhiwo esihle sokuvikela

Izici ezijwayelekile ze-SPDs ngokuya ngezici zokufaka
Ubuningi bokusebenza okuqhubekayo kwamandla we-Uc

Ngokuya ngohlelo lokumiswa komhlaba, amandla okusebenza aphezulu aqhubekayo u_C ye-SPD kumele ilingane noma ibe nkulu kunamanani aboniswe kuthebula ku-Figure J23.

Umdwebo J23 - Inani eliphansi elibekiwe le-U_C kuma-SPD ngokuya ngohlelo lokuhlelwa komhlaba (kususelwa kuThebula 534.2 we-IEC 60364-5-53 standard)

N / A: akusebenzi
U: i-line-to-line voltage yamandla we-low-voltage system
a. lawa manani ahlobene nezimo zamacala amabi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukubekezelelwa kwe-10% akubhekwa.

Amanani ajwayelekile we-UC akhethwe ngokuya ngohlelo lokuhlelwa komhlaba.
I-TT, TN: 260, 320, 340, 350 V
I-IT: 440, 460 V

Izinga lokuvikelwa kwe-Voltage U_P (lapho ngi_n)

Izinga elijwayelekile le-IEC 60364-4-44 lisiza ekukhetheni ileveli yokuvikela Ephezulu ye-SPD ekusebenzeni kwemithwalo ezovikelwa. Ithebula loMdwebo J24 likhombisa umfutho wokumelana namandla ohlobo ngalunye lwemishini.

Umdwebo J24 - Amandla wamandla we-Uw adingekayo alinganisiwe (ithebula 443.2 le-IEC 60364-4-44)

a. Ngokusho kwe-IEC 60038: 2009.
b. Le voltage yokulinganisa enamandla isetshenziswa phakathi kwabaqhubi ababukhoma ne-PE.
c. ECanada nase-USA, ngama-voltages emhlabeni aphakeme kune-300 V, amandla we-voltage wokulinganisa ahambelana namandla aphezulu aphezulu kule kholomu ayasebenza.
d. Ngokusebenza kwezinhlelo ze-IT ku-220-240 V, kuzosetshenziswa umugqa ongu-230/400, ngenxa yamandla omoya asephathini emhlabeni kulayini owodwa.

Umdwebo J25 - Isigaba semishini ye-Overvoltage

	Izinsizakusebenza zesigaba sevoltage ngilungele ukusetshenziswa kuphela ekufakweni okungaguquki kwezakhiwo lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuzivikela ngaphandle kwemishini - ukukhawulela ukuqhuma okungaphezulu kwesikhashana ezingeni elibekiwe. Izibonelo zemishini enjalo yilezo eziqukethe amasekethe kagesi njengamakhompyutha, izinto zokusebenza ezinezinhlelo zikagesi, njll.
	Izinsiza kusebenza zesigaba se-overvoltage II zilungele ukuxhunyaniswa nokufakwa okungaguquki kagesi, okunikeza ngezinga elijwayelekile lokutholakala okuvame ukudingeka kumishini esebenzisa manje. Izibonelo zemishini enjalo izinto zasendlini nemithwalo efanayo.
	Izinsizakusebenza zesigaba III sevoltage yokusetshenziswa ekufakweni okungaguquki ezansi nomfula, futhi kufaka phakathi ibhodi lokusabalalisa elikhulu, ukuhlinzeka ngezinga eliphezulu lokutholakala. Izibonelo zemishini enjalo amabhodi okusabalalisa, ama-breaker breaker, ama-wiring system afaka izintambo, amabha-bha, amabhokisi okuhlangana, amaswishi, amasokhethi) ekufakweni okungaguquki, nemishini yokusetshenziswa kwezimboni neminye imishini, isib. Ama-motors amile uxhumano unomphela kokufakwa okungaguquki.
	Izinsizakusebenza zesigaba IV sevoltage efanelekile ukusetshenziselwa, noma ebangeni eliseduze, imvelaphi yokufakwa, ngokwesibonelo umfula webhodi lokusabalalisa elikhulu. Izibonelo zemishini enjalo ngamamitha kagesi, amadivayisi okuvikela okuyisisekelo, namayunithi wokulawula ama-ripple.

U “ofakiwe” U_P ukusebenza kufanele kuqhathaniswe namandla wokumelana nemithwalo.

I-SPD inezinga lokuvikela amandla u-U_P lokho kungaphakathi, okusho ukuthi kuchaziwe futhi kwahlolwa ngokuzimela kokufakwa kwayo. Ngokwenzayo, ngokukhethwa kwe-U_P ukusebenza kwe-SPD, umkhawulo wezokuphepha kumele uthathwe ukuvumela ukuqhuma okukhona ekufakweni kwe-SPD (bona Umfanekiso J26 kanye nokuXhuma Kwedivayisi Yokuvikela Ukuqubuka).

I-Fig. J26 - Kufakiwe U_P

Izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi “elifakiwe” u_P evamise ukusetshenziswa ukuvikela imishini ezwelayo ekufakweni kukagesi okungu-230/400 V kungu-2.5 kV (isigaba sevoltage II, bheka i-Fig. J27).

Qaphela:
Uma ileveli ebekiwe yokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi ingafinyelelwa yi-SPD engenayo noma uma izinto zemishini ebucayi zikude (bona Izinto zohlelo lokuvikela # Indawo nohlobo lwendawo ye-SPD nohlobo lwe-SPD, i-SPD ehlanganisiwe eyengeziwe kufanele ifakwe ukufezekisa izinga lokuvikela elidingekayo.

Inani lezigxobo

• Ngokuya ngohlelo lokuhlelwa komhlaba, kuyadingeka ukuhlinzekela ukwakhiwa kwe-SPD ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kumodi ejwayelekile (i-CM) naku-differential-mode (DM).

Umdwebo J27 - Ukuvikelwa kudinga ngokuya ngohlelo lokuhlelwa komhlaba

a. Ukuvikelwa phakathi kwesigaba nokungathathi hlangothi kungafakwa kwi-SPD ebekwe lapho kuqala khona ukufakwa noma ibuyiselwe eduzane nemishini ezovikelwa
b. Uma kungathathi hlangothi kusatshalaliswa

Qaphela:

Imodi ejwayelekile yokuvota ngokweqile
Indlela eyisisekelo yokuvikela ukufaka i-SPD ngemodi ejwayelekile phakathi kwezigaba kanye nomqhubi we-PE (noma i-PEN), noma ngabe yiluphi uhlobo lohlelo olusetshenziswa emhlabeni.

Ukwehlukahluka kwemodi ehlukile
Kuzinhlelo ze-TT ne-TN-S, ukuqhuma kwemiphumela engathathi hlangothi ku-asymmetry ngenxa yokuphazamiseka komhlaba okuholela ekubonakaleni kwemibono yemodi ehlukile, noma ngabe ukuqhuma okukhulu okubangelwa ukushaywa umbani kuyindlela ejwayelekile.

2P, 3P kanye ne-4P SPDs
(bheka i-Fig. J28)
Lokhu kuguqulelwa kumasistimu we-IT, TN-C, TN-CS.
Banikela ngokuvikelwa ekuvikelekeni kwemodi ejwayelekile

I-Fig. J28 - 1P, 2P, 3P, 4P SPDs

1P + N, 3P + N SPDs
(bheka i-Fig. J29)
Lokhu kuguqulelwa kumasistimu we-TT ne-TN-S.
Banikela ngokuvikelwa ekuvukeleni kwemodi ejwayelekile nokwehluka kwemodi

Umdwebo J29 - 1P + N, 3P + N SPDs

Ukukhethwa kohlobo 1 SPD
Impulse Iimp yamanje

• Lapho kungekho mithetho kazwelonke noma imithethonqubo ethile yohlobo lwesakhiwo okufanele luvikelwe: i-Impulse yamanje ye-Impuls izoba okungenani i-12.5 kA (10/350 µs wave) egatsheni ngalinye ngokuya nge-IEC 60364-5-534.
• Lapho kukhona imithethonqubo: IEC ejwayelekile 62305-2 ichaza amazinga ama-4: I, II, III no-IV

Ithebula elikuMfanekiso J31 likhombisa amazinga ahlukene ka-I_imp esimweni sokulawula.

Umdwebo J30 - Isibonelo esiyisisekelo sokulinganisela i_imp ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje ohlelweni lwesigaba esithathu

Umdwebo J31 - Ithebula lika-I_imp amanani ngokusho kwezinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla esakhiwo (ngokususelwa ku-IEC / EN 62305-2)

Autoextinguish landela i-I yamanje_fi

Lesi sici sisebenza kuphela kuma-SPD ngobuchwepheshe be-spark gap. I-autoextinguish ilandela i-I yamanje_fi kufanele ihlale iba nkulu kunalesi esingahle sifinyelele esikhathini esifushane njengamanje_sc endaweni yokufaka.

Ukukhethwa kohlobo 2 SPD
Ukukhishwa okukhulu kwe-Imax yamanje

Ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwe-Imax yamanje kuchazwa ngokuya ngezinga lokuchayeka elilinganisiwe elihlobene nendawo yesakhiwo.
Inani lamanje lokukhishwa okuphezulu (Imax) linqunywa ngokuhlaziywa kwengozi (bona ithebula ku-Figure J32).

I-Fig. J32 - Kunconywe ukukhishwa okuphezulu kwe-Imax yamanje ngokuya ngeleveli yokuvezwa

Ukukhethwa Kwedivayisi Yangaphandle Yokuvikelwa Kwesekethe (SCPD)

Amadivayisi wokuvikela (isifunda esishisayo nesifushane) kufanele ahlanganiswe ne-SPD ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile, isib
qinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwensiza:

• ukumelana namagagasi wamanje ombani
• hhayi ukukhiqiza amandla we-residual voltage.

qinisekisa ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-overcurrent:

• ukulayisha ngokweqile kulandela ukweqa okushisayo kwe-varistor;
• isifunda esifushane sokuqina okuphansi (impedant);
• isifunda esifushane sokuqina okuphezulu.

Izingozi okufanele zigwenywe ekugcineni kwempilo yama-SPD
Ngenxa yokuguga

Endabeni yokuphela kwemvelo kokuphila ngenxa yokuguga, ukuvikelwa kunguhlobo lokushisa. I-SPD enama-varistors kufanele ibe ne-disconnector yangaphakathi ekhubaza i-SPD.
Qaphela: Ukuphela kokuphila ngokubaleka okushisayo akuthinti i-SPD ngepayipi lokukhipha igesi noma igebe le-spark elifakiwe.

Ngenxa yephutha

Izimbangela zokuphela kokuphila ngenxa yephutha lesikhashana yilezi:

• Umthamo omkhulu wokukhipha weqiwe. Leli phutha liholela kusifunda esifushane esiqinile.
• Iphutha ngenxa yohlelo lokusabalalisa (ukungathathi hlangothi / ukushintsha kwesigaba, ukunqamula okungathathi hlangothi).
• Ukuwohloka kancane kancane kwe-varistor.
  Amaphutha amabili wokugcina aholela ekuvinjelweni kwesifunda esifushane.
  Ukufakwa kufanele kuvikelwe emonakalweni odalwe yilezi zinhlobo zamaphutha: isixhumi sangaphakathi (esishisayo) esichazwe ngenhla asinaso isikhathi sokufudumala, yingakho sisebenza.
  Umshini okhethekile obizwa nge- “external Short Circuit Protection Device (external SCPD)”, okwazi ukuqeda isekethe elifushane, kufanele ufakwe. Ingasetshenziswa nge-breaker circuit noma nge-fuse device.

Izici ze-SCPD yangaphandle

I-SCPD yangaphandle kufanele ihlanganiswe ne-SPD. Yenzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezingqinamba ezimbili ezilandelayo:

Umbani wamanje uyamelana

Ukumelana kwamanje kombani kuyisici esibalulekile sedivayisi yangaphandle ye-SPD Yokuvikelwa Kwesekethe.
I-SCPD yangaphandle akumele ikhubeke phezu kwemisinga yokushayisana elandelanayo eyi-15 e-In.

Ukumelana kwamanje kwesikhashana

• Amandla wokwephula anqunywa yimithetho yokufaka (ejwayelekile ye-IEC 60364):
  I-SCPD yangaphandle kufanele ibe nomthamo wokuqhekeka olingana noma omkhulu kune-Isc yamanje yesikhashana esifushane endaweni yokufaka (ngokuya nge-IEC 60364 standard).
• Ukuvikelwa kokufakwa kumasekhethi amafushane
  Ikakhulu, isekeli elifushane elifakelwe amandla likhipha amandla amaningi futhi kufanele lisuswe ngokushesha okukhulu ukuvimbela ukulimala kokufakwa kanye ne-SPD.
  Ukuhlangana okulungile phakathi kwe-SPD ne-SCPD yayo yangaphandle kufanele kunikezwe ngumenzi.

Imodi yokufaka ye-SCPD yangaphandle
Idivayisi "ochungechungeni"

I-SCPD ichazwa njenge- “in series” (bona i-Fig. J33) lapho ukuvikelwa kwenziwa yidivayisi ejwayelekile yokuvikela yenethiwekhi okufanele ivikelwe (ngokwesibonelo, i-connection circuit breaker umfula ofakiwe).

Umdwebo J33 - SCPD “ochungechungeni”

Idivayisi "ngokufana"

I-SCPD ichazwa njenge- “in parallel” (bona i-Fig. J34) lapho ukuvikelwa kwenziwa ngokukhethekile ngedivayisi yokuvikela ehlotshaniswa ne-SPD.

• I-SCPD yangaphandle ibizwa nge- "disconnecting circuit breaker" uma umsebenzi wenziwa nge-breaker circuit.
• Isihlukanisi sokunqamula ukuxhuma kungenzeka noma singafakwa ku-SPD.

Umdwebo J34 - SCPD “ngokufana”

Qaphela:
Endabeni ye-SPD enethubhu yokukhipha igesi noma igebe le-spark elifakiwe, i-SCPD ivumela ukuthi i-current isikwe ngokushesha ngemuva kokusetshenziswa.

Isiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa

I-SCPD yangaphandle kufanele ihlanganiswe ne-SPD futhi ihlolwe futhi iqinisekiswe ngumkhiqizi we-SPD ngokuya ngezincomo zeleveli ye-IEC 61643-11. Kufanele futhi ifakwe ngokuya ngezincomo zomkhiqizi. Njengesibonelo, bona amatafula wokuxhumanisa we-Electric SCPD + SPD.

Lapho le divayisi ihlanganiswa, ukuhambisana nomkhiqizo ojwayelekile i-IEC 61643-11 ngokwemvelo kuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa.

I-Fig. J35 - SPDs ene-SCPD yangaphandle, engahlanganisiwe (iC60N + iPRD 40r) futhi ihlanganiswe (iQuick PRD 40r)

Isifinyezo sezimpawu zangaphandle ze-SCPDs

Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezimpawu kunikezwa esigabeni Izici ezinemininingwane ze-SCPD yangaphandle.
Ithebula eliku-Figure J36 likhombisa, ngokwesibonelo, isifinyezo sezici ngokuya ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-SCPD yangaphandle.

I-Fig. J36 - Izici zokuvikelwa kokuphela kohlobo lwe-2 SPD ngokuya ngama-SCPD angaphandle

Imodi yokufaka ye-SCPD yangaphandle	Kuchungechunge	Ngokufana
		Ukuvikelwa kwe-Fuse	Okuhambisana nokuvikelwa kwesekhethi	Ukuvikelwa kwesekethe okuhlanganisiwe kuhlanganisiwe
Ukuvikelwa kokukhula kwemishini	=	=	=	=
	Ama-SPD avikela okokusebenza ngokwenelisayo noma ngabe yiluphi uhlobo lwe-SCPD yangaphandle ehambisanayo
Ukuvikelwa kokufakwa ekupheleni kwempilo	-	=	+	+ +
	Akunasiqinisekiso sokuvikelwa	Isiqinisekiso somkhiqizi		Isiqinisekiso esigcwele
		Ukuvikelwa kusuka kuma-circuits amafushane akuqinisekisiwe kahle	Ukuvikelwa kumasekethe amafushane kuqinisekiswe ngokuphelele
Ukuqhubeka kwensizakalo ekugcineni kwempilo	- -	+	+	+
	Ukufakwa okuphelele kuvaliwe	Isifunda se-SPD kuphela esivaliwe
Isondlo ekugcineni kwempilo	- -	=	+	+
	Ukuvalwa kokufakwa kuyadingeka	Ukushintsha kwamafusi	Ukusetha kabusha ngokushesha

I-SPD netafula lokuxhumanisa ledivayisi

Ithebula elikumfanekiso J37 ngezansi likhombisa ukuhlanganiswa kokunqamula ama-breakers wesekethe (i-SCPD yangaphandle) yohlobo 1 no-2 SPDs womkhiqizo we-XXX Electric kuwo wonke amazinga wemisinga yamasekethe amafushane.

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-SPD nezinqamuleli zayo zokunqamula ukunqamula, okukhonjiswe futhi kwaqinisekiswa ngugesi, kuqinisekisa ukuvikeleka okuthembekile (umbani wamaza ukumelana, ukuvikeleka okuqinisiwe kwemisinga yesikhashana ye-impedance, njll.)

I-Fig. J37 - Isibonelo setafula lokuxhumanisa phakathi kwama-SPD kanye nama-breakers wesekhethi wabo wokunqamula Njalo bheka amatafula wakamuva ahlinzekwe ngabakhiqizi.

Ukuxhumanisa namadivayisi wokuvikela akhuphukayo

Ukuxhumanisa namadivayisi wokuvikela ngokweqile
Ekufakeni kagesi, i-SCPD yangaphandle iyinsimbi efana nezinto zokusebenza zokuvikela: lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa amasu wokukhetha nawokufaka amacala wokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho kwecebo lokuvikela.

Ukuxhumanisa namadivayisi wamanje asalayo
Uma i-SPD ifakwa ezansi kwensiza yokuvikela ukuvuza komhlaba, eyokugcina kufanele ibe ngeye- “si” noma uhlobo lokukhetha olunokuvikeleka kokushaya imisinga okungenani engu-3 kA (8/20 μs wave wave).

Ukufakwa Kwedivayisi Yokuvikela Ukuqubuka
Ukuxhuma Kwedivayisi Yokuvikela Ukuqhuma

Ukuxhuma kwe-SPD emithwalweni kufanele kube kufushane ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kwehliswe inani leleveli yokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi (efakwe Phezulu) kumatheminali wemishini evikelwe.

Ubude obuphelele bokuxhuma kwe-SPD kunethiwekhi nebhulokhi lomhlaba lokugcina akufanele kudlule u-50 cm.

Enye yezinto ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni imishini ileveli ephezulu yokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi (efakwe Phezulu) imishini engamelana nayo ezikhumulweni zayo. Ngokunjalo, i-SPD kufanele ikhethwe ngezinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla Okuphakama okushintshelwe ekuvikeleni okokusebenza (bona i-Fig. J38). Ubude obuphelele babaqhubi bokuxhuma ngu

L = L1 + L2 + L3.

Ngemisinga yamaza aphezulu, i-impedance ngobude beyunithi eyodwa yalokhu kuxhuma cishe ingu-1 µH / m.

Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa umthetho kaLenz kulokhu kuxhumana: ΔU = L di / dt

Igagasi lamanje elijwayelekile le-8/20 ,s, nge-amplitude yamanje ye-8 kA, ngokufanele yakha ukukhuphuka kwamandla ka-1000 V ngemitha ngayinye yekhebula.

=U = 1 x 10-6 x 8 x 103/8 x 10-6 = 1000 V

Umdwebo J38 - Ukuxhuma kwe-SPD L <50 cm

Ngenxa yalokhu i-voltage kuwo wonke amatheminali wemishini, imishini ye-U, yile:
Izisetshenziswa ze-U = Up + U1 + U2
Uma i-L1 + L2 + L3 = 50 cm, negagasi lingu-8/20 withs nge-amplitude ye-8 kA, amandla we-voltage kuwo wonke amatheminali wemishini azoba ngu-Up + 500 V.

Ukuxhuma endaweni ebiyelwe ngepulasitiki

Umdwebo J39 ngezansi ukhombisa ukuthi ungaxhuma kanjani i-SPD endaweni ebiyelwe ngepulasitiki.

I-Fig. J39 - Isibonelo sokuxhuma endaweni ebiyelwe ngepulasitiki

Ukuxhuma endaweni ebiyelwe yensimbi

Endabeni yomhlangano we-switchgear endaweni ebiyelwe ngensimbi, kungakuhle ukuthi uxhume i-SPD ngqo endaweni ebiyelwe ngensimbi, lapho okubiyelwe kusetshenziswa khona njengomqhubi wokuvikela (bona i-Fig. J40).
Leli lungiselelo lihambisana ne-IEC 61439-2 ejwayelekile futhi umkhiqizi woMkhandlu kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi izici zokuvaleka zenza ukuthi lokhu kusetshenziswa kwenzeke.

Umdwebo J40 - Isibonelo sokuxhuma endaweni ebiyelwe yensimbi

Isigaba esiphambanweni sabaqhubi

Ingxenye yesiphambano sabaqhubi abanconyiwe iyabhekisisa:

• Isevisi ejwayelekile ezonikezwa: Ukuhamba kwegagasi lamanje lombani ngaphansi kokwehla kwamandla kagesi (50 cm rule).
  Qaphela: Ngokungafani nezicelo eziku-50 Hz, isimangaliso sombani ukuba semvamisa kakhulu, ukwanda kwesigaba esiphambanweni somqhubi akukunciphisi kakhulu impedance yayo yemvamisa ephezulu.
• Ama-conductor 'amelana nemisinga yesekethe emfushane: Umqhubi kufanele amelane nomsinga wesikhashana ngesikhathi esiphezulu sokunqamula uhlelo lokuvikela.
  I-IEC 60364 incoma ekufakweni okungenayo ukuphela kwesigaba esiphambanweni se:
• I-4 mm2 (Cu) yokuxhuma kohlobo 2 SPD;
• 16 mm2 (Cu) yokuxhuma kohlobo 1 SPD (ubukhona bohlelo lokuvikela umbani).

Izibonelo zokufaka okuhle nokubi kwe-SPD

I-Fig. J41 - Izibonelo zokufakwa okuhle nokubi kwe-SPD

Idizayini yokufaka imishini kufanele yenziwe ngokuya ngemithetho yokufaka: izintambo ubude bazoba ngaphansi kuka-50 cm.

Imithetho ye-Cabling ye-Surge Protection Device
UMthetho 1

Umthetho wokuqala okufanele uhambisane nawo ukuthi ubude bokuxhuma kwe-SPD phakathi kwenethiwekhi (nge-SCPD yangaphandle) kanye ne-blocking terminal block kufanele kungeqi ku-50 cm.
Umdwebo J42 ukhombisa amathuba amabili wokuxhuma kwe-SPD.
I-Fig. J42 - SPD ene-SCPD yangaphandle ehlanganisiwe noma ehlanganisiwe

UMthetho 2

Abaqhubi be-feeder ephumayo evikelekile:

• kufanele ixhunywe kumatheminali we-SCPD yangaphandle noma i-SPD;
• kufanele ihlukaniswe ngokomzimba nabaqhubi abangenayo abangcolisiwe.

Zitholakala kwesokudla samatheminali we-SPD kanye ne-SCPD (bheka Umfanekiso J43).

Umdwebo J43 - Ukuxhumeka kwabaphakeli abaphumayo abavikelwe kungakwesokudla kwamatheminali we-SPD

UMthetho 3

Ama-conductor phase engenayo, angathathi hlangothi, kanye nokuvikelwa (PE) kufanele aqhutshane eceleni komunye ukuze anciphise i-loop surface (bona i-Fig. J44).

UMthetho 4

Abaqhubi abangenayo be-SPD kufanele babe kude nabaqhubi abaphumayo abavikelekile ukuze bagweme ukubangcolisa ngokuhlanganisa (bona i-Fig. J44).

UMthetho 5

Izintambo kufanele ziphinwe ezingxenyeni zensimbi zokuvalelwa (uma zikhona) ukuze kuncishiswe ingaphezulu lendwangu yozimele futhi ngenxa yalokho zizuze kumphumela wokuvikela ekuphazanyisweni kwe-EM.

Kuzo zonke izimo, kufanele kuhlolwe ukuthi amafreyimu wamabhodi wokushintsha nezindawo ezivalekile ayatholakala ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana okufishane kakhulu.

Ekugcineni, uma kusetshenziswa izintambo ezivikelekile, kufanele kugwenywe ubude obukhulu, ngoba banciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokuvikela (bona i-Fig. J44).

I-Fig. J44 - Isibonelo sokwenza ngcono i-EMC ngokuncipha kwendawo evulekile kanye ne-impedance ejwayelekile endaweni ebiyelwe ngogesi

Ukuvikelwa kokuqubuka Izibonelo zohlelo lokusebenza

Isibonelo sesicelo se-SPD eSuphamakethe

Umdwebo J46 - Inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana ngocingo

Izixazululo nomdwebo wesikimu

• Umhlahlandlela wokukhetha wokukhuphuka wenze ukuthi kutholakale inani eliqondile lesiboshwa esikhulayo ekugcineni okungenayo kokufakwa kanye nalokho kwesihlukanisi sesifunda sokunqamula ukuxhumeka.
• Njengamadivayisi abucayi (U_imp <1.5 kV) zitholakala ngaphezu kwe-10m kusuka kudivayisi engenayo yokuvikela, izivikeli ezinhle zokuvikela izivikelo kumele zifakwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kulayishwa.
• Ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kokuhlinzekwa kwezindawo ezibandayo: “si” uhlobo lwentsalela yamasekhethi ezosetshenziswa manje ukugwema ukukhubeka okuba khona ngenxa yokudlondlobala kwamandla omhlaba njengoba igagasi lombani lidlula.
• Ukuze uvikeleke emazingeni asemkhathini: 1, faka isiboshwa esikhulayo ebhodini lokushintsha elikhulu. 2, faka isivikelo esihle sokuvalelwa esikrinini ngasinye (1 no-2) esinikezela ngamadivayisi abucayi atholakala ngaphezu kwe-10m kusuka kulowo ozayo ozobamba. 3, faka isiboshwa esikhulayo kwinethiwekhi yezokuxhumana ukuze uvikele amadivayisi ahlinzekwayo, isibonelo, ama-alamu omlilo, ama-modem, izingcingo, amafeksi.

Izincomo ze-Cabling

• Qinisekisa ukuqina kokuqedwa komhlaba kwesakhiwo.
• Nciphisa izindawo zezintambo ezihanjiswa ugesi.

Izincomo zokufaka

• Faka i-surge arrester, mina_max = 40 kA (8/20 µs), kanye ne-iC60 disconnection circuit breaker elinganiswe ngo-40 A.
• Faka ukuvikelwa okuhle kokuboshwa kwababanjiwe, mina_max = 8 kA (8/20 µs) kanye nama-breakers wesifunda wokuxhumeka kwe-iC60 ahlanganiswe ngo-10 A

Umdwebo J46 - Inethiwekhi yezokuxhumana ngocingo

I-SPD yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-photovoltaic

Ukweqisa ngokweqile kungenzeka ekufakweni kukagesi ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Kungabangelwa:

• Inethiwekhi yokusabalalisa ngenxa yombani noma yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwayo.
• Iziteleka zombani (eziseduze noma ezakhiweni kanye nokufakwa kwe-PV, noma kubaqhubi bombani).
• Ukuhluka emkhakheni kagesi ngenxa yombani.

Njengazo zonke izakhiwo zangaphandle, ukufakwa kwe-PV kuvezwa engcupheni yombani ohlukahluka kuye ngesifunda. Izinhlelo zokuvikela nokubopha kufanele zibekhona.

Ukuvikelwa ngokuxhuma kwe-equipotential

Isivikelo sokuqala okufanele sisetshenziswe (i-conductor) esiqinisekisa ukubopha kwe-equipotential phakathi kwazo zonke izingxenye zokufakwa kwe-PV.

Inhloso ukubopha bonke abaqhubi abaphansi nezingxenye zensimbi ngakho-ke kwakhiwe amandla alinganayo kuzo zonke izindawo ohlelweni olufakiwe.

Ukuvikelwa ngamadivayisi wokuvikela ama-surge (SPDs)

Ama-SPD abaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela imishini kagesi ebucayi njenge-AC / DC Inverter, amadivayisi wokuqapha kanye namamojula we-PV, kepha futhi neminye imishini ebucayi enikwe amandla yi-230 VAC network network distribution. Indlela elandelayo yokuhlola ubungozi isuselwa ekuhlolweni kwe-Lcrit yobude obubucayi nokuqhathanisa kwayo no-L ubude obuqoqayo bemigqa ye-dc.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-SPD kuyadingeka uma uL-Lcrit.
I-Lcrit incike ohlotsheni lokufakwa kwe-PV futhi ibalwa njengoba kubekwa ithebula elilandelayo (i-Fig. J47):

Umdwebo J47 - SPD DC ukukhetha

L yisamba se:

• isamba samabanga phakathi kwama (in) (s) kanye nebhokisi lokuhlangana, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ubude bekhebula elisendleleni efanayo babalwa kanye kuphela, futhi
• isamba samabanga aphakathi kwebhokisi lokuhlangana nezindawo zokuxhuma zamamojula we-photovoltaic akha intambo, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ubude bekhebula elisendleleni efanayo babalwa kanye kuphela.

Ng i-arc lightning density (inani leziteleka / km2 / ngonyaka).

Umkhi. J48 - Ukukhethwa kwe-SPD

Ukuvikelwa kwe-SPD
Indawo	Amamojula we-PV noma amabhokisi we-Array		Inverter DC ohlangothini	Inverter AC ohlangothini		Ibhodi eyinhloko
	LDC			LAC		Induku yombani
Imigomo	<10 m	> 10 m		<10 m	> 10 m	Yebo	Cha
Uhlobo lwe-SPD	Asikho isidingo	"SPD 1" Thayipha 2 [a]	"SPD 2" Thayipha 2 [a]	Asikho isidingo	"SPD 3" Thayipha 2 [a]	"SPD 4" Thayipha 1 [a]	"SPD 4" Thayipha 2 uma Ng> 2.5 & umugqa ngaphezulu

[a]. 1 2 3 4 Uhlobo 1 lokuhlukanisa ibanga ngokuya nge-EN 62305 alibonwa.

Ukufaka i-SPD

Inombolo nendawo yama-SPD ohlangothini lwe-DC kuncike ebude bezintambo eziphakathi kwamapaneli elanga ne-inverter. I-SPD kufanele ifakwe endaweni eseduze ne-inverter uma ubude bungaphansi kwamamitha ayi-10. Uma ingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10, i-SPD yesibili iyadingeka futhi kufanele itholakale ebhokisini eliseduze kwephaneli lelanga, eyokuqala isendaweni ye-inverter.

Ukuze isebenze kahle, izintambo zokuxhuma ze-SPD kunethiwekhi ye-L + / L- naphakathi kwebhulokhi lomhlaba le-SPD kanye ne-busbar yomhlaba kufanele ibe mfushane ngangokunokwenzeka - ibe ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-2.5 (d1 + d2 <50 cm).

Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuphephile nokunokwethenjelwa kwe-photovoltaic

Ngokuya ngebanga phakathi kwengxenye ye- "generator" nengxenye "yokuguqula", kungadingeka ukufaka ama-surge arresters amabili noma ngaphezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwengxenye ngayinye yalezi zingxenye.

Indawo ye-J49 - SPD

Ukuvikelwa kokuvikeleka kwezithasiselo zobuchwepheshe

Izindinganiso zokuvikela umbani

Izingxenye ezijwayelekile ze-IEC 62305 1 kuya ku-4 (NF EN 62305 izingxenye 1 kuya ku-4) zihlela kabusha futhi zivuselele ukushicilelwa okujwayelekile i-IEC 61024 (uchungechunge), i-IEC 61312 (uchungechunge), kanye ne-IEC 61663 (uchungechunge) kuzinhlelo zokuvikela umbani.

Ingxenye 1 - Izimiso ezijwayelekile

Le ngxenye yethula imininingwane ejwayelekile ngombani kanye nezici zayo kanye nemininingwane ejwayelekile futhi yethula eminye imibhalo.

Ingxenye 2 - Ukuphathwa kobungozi

Le ngxenye iveza ukuhlaziywa okwenza kube lula ukubala ubungozi besakhiwo nokunquma izimo ezahlukahlukene zokuvikela ukuze kuvunyelwe ukusebenza kahle kwezobuchwepheshe nezomnotho.

Ingxenye 3 - Ukulimazeka ngokomzimba ezakhiweni kanye nengozi empilweni

Le ngxenye ichaza ukuvikelwa emivimbo yombani eqondile, kufaka phakathi uhlelo lokuvikela umbani, phansi-umqhubi, ukuhola komhlaba, i-equipotentiality ngakho-ke i-SPD ene-equipotential bonding (Type 1 SPD).

Ingxenye 4 - Izinhlelo zikagesi nezikagesi ezingaphakathi kwezinhlaka

Le ngxenye ichaza ukuvikelwa emiphumeleni eyenziwe umbani, kufaka phakathi uhlelo lokuvikela olwenziwa yi-SPD (Izinhlobo 2 no-3), ukuvikelwa kwentambo, imithetho yokufakwa kwe-SPD, njll.

Lolu chungechunge lwamazinga lungezwe ngu:

• uchungechunge lwamazinga e-IEC 61643 encazelo yemikhiqizo yokuvikela ukuqhuma (bheka Izakhi ze-SPD);
• uchungechunge lwamazinga we-IEC 60364-4 no -5 wokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ekufakweni kukagesi kwe-LV (bheka inkomba ye-End-of-life ye-SPD).

Izingxenye ze-SPD

I-SPD ngokuyinhloko iqukethe (bona i-Fig. J50):

1. ingxenye eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ye-nonlinear: ingxenye ebukhoma (i-varistor, i-gas discharge tube [GDT], njll.);
2. ithuluzi lokuvikela elishisayo (i-disconnector yangaphakathi) eliyivikelayo ekubalekeni okushisayo ekugcineni kwempilo (i-SPD ene-varistor);
3. inkomba ekhombisa ukuphela kwempilo ye-SPD; Amanye ama-SPD avumela ukubikwa okukude kwalesi sibonakaliso;
4. i-SCPD yangaphandle enikela ngokuvikelwa kumasekhethi amafushane (le divayisi ingahlanganiswa ne-SPD).

Umdwebo J50 - Umdwebo we-SPD

Ubuchwepheshe bengxenye ebukhoma

Ubuchwepheshe obuningi buyatholakala ukwenza ingxenye ebukhoma. Ngamunye unezinzuzo nezinkinga:

• Ama-diode e-Zener;
• Ishubhu yokukhipha igesi (elawulwayo noma engalawulwa);
• I-varistor (i-zinc oxide varistor [ZOV]).

Ithebula elingezansi likhombisa izici namalungiselelo obuchwepheshe obu-3 obujwayele ukusetshenziswa.

Umdwebo J51 - Ithebula lokusebenza lokufingqa

Uphiko	I-Tube Yokukhishwa Kwegesi (GDT)	Igebe le-spark elihlanganisiwe	I-zinc oxide varistor	I-GDT ne-varistor ochungechungeni	Igebe le-spark elihlanganisiwe ne-varistor ngokufana
Izici
Imodi yokusebenza	Voltage usuke	Voltage usuke	Ukukhawulelwa kwamandla kagesi	Ukushintsha kwe-Voltage noku-lima ochungechungeni	Ukushintsha kwe-Voltage noku -limitha ngokufana
Amajika wokusebenza
Isicelo	Inethiwekhi yeTelecom Inethiwekhi ye-LV (ehlotshaniswa ne-varistor)	Inethiwekhi ye-LV	Inethiwekhi ye-LV	Inethiwekhi ye-LV	Inethiwekhi ye-LV
Uhlobo lwe-SPD	Thayipha 2	Thayipha 1	Thayipha 1 noma Uhlobo 2	Thayipha 1+ Uhlobo 2	Thayipha 1+ Uhlobo 2

Inkomba yokuphela kokuphila kwe-SPD

Izinkomba zokuphela kokuphila zihlotshaniswa ne-disconnector yangaphakathi kanye ne-SCPD yangaphandle ye-SPD ukwazisa umsebenzisi ukuthi okokusebenza akusavikelekile ekuqubukeni okungaphezulu kwemvelaphi yomkhathi.

Inkomba yendawo

Lo msebenzi ngokuvamile udinga amakhodi wokufaka. Inkomba yokuphela kokuphila inikezwa yinkomba (ekhanyayo noma eyimishini) kusixhumi sangaphakathi kanye / noma kwi-SCPD yangaphandle.

Lapho i-SCPD yangaphandle isetshenziswa nge-fuse device, kuyadingeka ukuhlinzekela i-fuse ngomgadli nesisekelo esifakwe ngohlelo lokukhubeka ukuqinisekisa lo msebenzi.

Ukuhlanganiswa kokunqamula isekhethi okuhlanganisiwe

Isibonisi semishini kanye nendawo yesibambo sokulawula kuvumela inkomba yemvelo yokuphela kwempilo.

Inkomba yendawo nokubika okukude

IQuick PRD SPD yomkhiqizo we-XXX Electric ingeyohlobo “olulungele ukwenziwa ngocingo” ngesihlanganisi esihlukanisayo sokunqamula ukuxhuma.

Inkomba yendawo

iQuick PRD SPD (bona i-Fig. J53) ifakwe izinkomba zesimo se-mechanical zendawo:

• isibonisi (esibomvu) sokusebenza kanye nendawo yesibambo sokunqamula okungaxhunywanga kukhombisa ukucisha kwe-SPD;
• isibonisi (esibomvu) sokukhanda ku-cartridge ngayinye sikhombisa ukuphela kwempilo ye-cartridge.

I-Fig. J53 - iQuick PRD 3P + N SPD yomkhiqizo we-XXX Electric

Ukubika okukude

(bheka i-Fig. J54)

iQuick PRD SPD ifakwe oxhumana naye okhombisa okuvumela ukubikwa okukude kwe:

• ukuphela kwegobolondo lokuphila;
• igobolondo elilahlekile, futhi lapho selibuyiselwe endaweni yalo;
• iphutha kunethiwekhi (isekhethi elifushane, ukunqanyulwa kokungathathi hlangothi, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba / nokungathathi hlangothi);
• ukushintshwa kwesandla kwasendaweni.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ukuqapha okukude kwesimo sokusebenza kwama-SPD afakiwe kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lawa madivayisi okuvikela asesimweni sokulinda ahlala ekulungele ukusebenza.

Umdwebo J54 - Ukufakwa kwesibani senkomba nge-iQuick PRD SPD

Umdwebo J55 - Inkomba ekude yesimo se-SPD kusetshenziswa i-Smartlink

Isondlo ekugcineni kwempilo

Lapho inkomba yokuphela kwempilo ikhombisa ukuvala shaqa, i-SPD (noma igobolondo okukhulunywa ngalo) kufanele lithathelwe indawo.

Endabeni ye-iQuick PRD SPD, ukugcinwa kwenziwa lula:

• Igobolondo ekugcineni lempilo (elizothathelwa indawo) likhonjwa kalula nguMnyango Wezondlo.
• Igobolondo ekugcineni kwempilo lingashintshwa ngokuphepha okuphelele ngoba idivaysi yezokuphepha iyakwenqabela ukuvalwa kwekhefu lesifunda elinqamukayo uma igobolondo lilahlekile.

Izici eziningiliziwe ze-SCPD yangaphandle

Igagasi lamanje liyamelana

Igagasi lamanje limelana nokuhlolwa kuma-SCPD angaphandle abonisa ngokulandelayo:

• Ngokwesilinganiso esinikeziwe nobuchwepheshe (i-NH noma i-fuse ye-cylindrical), amandla wamanje wokumelana namandla angcono nge-fuse yohlobo lwe-aM (ukuvikelwa kwemoto) kune-fuse yohlobo lwe-gG (ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile).
• Ngokwesilinganiso esinikeziwe, igagasi lamanje limelana namandla lingcono nge-breaker yesekethe kunedivayisi ye-fuse. Umdwebo J56 ngezansi ukhombisa imiphumela ye-voltage wave standstand izivivinyo:
• ukuvikela i-SPD echazwe nge-Imax = 20 kA, i-SCPD yangaphandle okufanele ikhethwe kungaba yi-MCB 16 A noma i-Fuse aM 63 A, Qaphela: kulokhu, i-Fuse gG 63 A ayifanele.
• ukuvikela i-SPD echazwe nge-Imax = 40 kA, i-SCPD yangaphandle okumele ikhethwe kungaba yi-MCB 40 A noma i-Fuse aM 125 A,

I-Fig. J56 - Ukuqhathaniswa kwamagagasi e-SCPDs amandla wokumelana namandla we-I_max = 20 kA nami_max = 40 kA

Kufakiwe Izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi

Ngenjwayelo:

• Ukwehla kwamandla wevolontiya kumatheminali okwephuka kwesifunda kuphakeme kunalokho ngaphesheya kwamatheminali wedivayisi yefuse. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-impedance yezingxenye ze-circuit-breaker (amadivayisi we-thermal and magnetic tripping) aphezulu kunaleyo ye-fuse.

Nokho:

• Umehluko phakathi kwamaconsi kagesi uhlala umncane kumagagasi amanje angadluli ku-10 kA (95% wamacala);
• Izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla we-Up elifakiwe nalo licabangela impedance yekhebula. Lokhu kungaphakama esimweni sobuchwepheshe be-fuse (isixhobo sokuvikela kude ne-SPD) futhi siphansi esimweni sobuchwepheshe be-circuit-breaker (i-circuit breaker esondele, futhi ihlanganiswe nakwi-SPD).

Qaphela: Izinga lokuvikelwa kwamandla we-Up elifakiwe yisamba samaconsi we-voltage:

• ku-SPD;
• ku-SCPD yangaphandle;
• ekhebuleni lemishini

Ukuvikelwa kusuka kuma-circular short circuits

Isifunda esifushane se-impedance sichitha amandla amaningi futhi kufanele sisuswe ngokushesha okukhulu ukuvimbela umonakalo ekufakweni naku-SPD.

Umdwebo J57 uqhathanisa isikhathi sokuphendula nokukhawulwa kwamandla wohlelo lokuvikela ngefuse engu-63 A aM kanye ne-25 A breaker circuit.

Lezi zinhlelo ezimbili zokuvikela zinamandla we-wave wamanje wamandla we-8/20 (s (27 kA no-30 kA ngokulandelana).

I-Fig. J57 - Ukuqhathanisa isikhathi / samanje namandla okulinganiselwa kwamajika wesephuli sesekethe kanye nefiyuzi enamandla afanayo angu-8/20 waves wave wave ukumelana namandla

Ukusakazeka kwegagasi lombani

Amanethiwekhi kagesi anemvamisa ephansi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukusakazeka kwegagasi lamandla kushesha ngokuhlobene nobuningi bento: nganoma yisiphi isikhathi somqhubi, i-voltage esheshayo iyafana.

Igagasi lombani liyisimo semvamisa ephezulu (amakhulukhulu kHz kuya ku-MHz):

• Igagasi lombani lisakazwa eceleni komqhubi ngejubane elithile maqondana nemvamisa yale nto. Ngenxa yalokho, noma ngasiphi isikhathi, i-voltage ayinayo inani elifanayo kuwo wonke amaphuzu entweni (bona i-Fig. J58).

Umdwebo J58 - Ukusabalala kwegagasi lombani ku-conductor

• Ukushintshwa kokuphakathi kwenza isimo sokusakazeka kanye / noma ukubonakaliswa kwegagasi ngokuya nge:

1. umehluko we-impedance phakathi kwalezi zindaba ezimbili;
2. ukuvama kwegagasi eliqhubekayo (ukuqina kwesikhathi sokukhuphuka esimweni sokushaya kwenhliziyo);
3. ubude baphakathi.

Endabeni yokubonisa okuphelele, ikakhulukazi, inani lamandla kagesi lingaphindeka kabili.

Isibonelo: icala lokuvikelwa yi-SPD

Ukumodeliswa kwento esetshenziswe kumaza wombani nokuhlolwa elabhorethri kukhombisile ukuthi umthwalo onikwe amandla ngamamitha ayi-30 wekhebula ovikelwe ngenhla yi-SPD kumandla we-voltage Up, ngenxa yezimo zokubonisa, amandla aphezulu ka-2 x U_P (bheka i-Fig. J59). Le wave voltage ayinamandla.

Umdwebo J59 - Ukuboniswa kwegagasi lombani lapho kunqanyulwa ikhebula

Isenzo sokulungisa

Kulezi zinto ezintathu (umehluko we-impedance, imvamisa, ibanga), ukuphela kwento engalawulwa ngempela ubude bekhebula phakathi kwe-SPD nomthwalo okufanele uvikelwe. Okukhudlwana lokhu ubude, kukhulu ukukhombisa.

Ngokuvamile, ezingxenyeni zevoltage ebhekene nesakhiwo, izehlakalo zokubonisa zibalulekile kusuka kumamitha ayi-10 futhi zingawuphinda kabili amandla wamandla ukusuka ku-30 ​​m (bheka i-Fig. J60).

Kuyadingeka ukufaka i-SPD yesibili ekuvikelekeni okuhle uma ubude bekhebula budlula i-10 m phakathi kwe-SPD engenayo nemishini ezovikelwa.

I-Fig. J60 - Amandla amakhulu kakhulu ekugcineni kwekhebula ngokuya ngobude bayo ngaphambili kwe-voltage voltage = 4kV / us

Isibonelo samanje wombani kuhlelo lwe-TT

Imodi ejwayelekile ye-SPD phakathi kwesigaba ne-PE noma isigaba ne-PEN ifakiwe noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlelwa komhlaba kohlelo (bona i-Fig. J61).

Isitha esiphikisayo esingathathi hlangothi esingu-R1 esisetshenziselwe ama-pylon sinokumelana okuphansi kune-resistor yomhlaba e-R2 esetshenziselwe ukufakwa.

Umbani wamanje uzogeleza ngesifunda se-ABCD uye emhlabeni ngendlela elula. Izodlula ku-varistors V1 naku-V2 ochungechungeni, kubangele amandla okwehlukanisa alingana kabili ne-Up voltage ye-SPD (U_P1 + U_P2) ukuvela kumatheminali ka-A no-C emnyango wokufakwa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu.

Umdwebo J61 - Ukuvikelwa okuvamile kuphela

Ukuvikela imithwalo phakathi kwe-Ph no-N ngempumelelo, i-voltage mode ehlukile (phakathi kuka-A no-C) kufanele yehliswe.

Olunye ukwakhiwa kwe-SPD kuyasetshenziswa (bheka Umdwebo J62)

Umbani wamanje ugeleza ngesifunda i-ABH esine-impedance ephansi kune-ABCD yesifunda, njengoba impedance yento esetshenziswe phakathi kuka-B no-H ayisebenzi (igebe eligcwele igesi). Kulokhu, amandla okwehlukanisa alingana namandla asalayo we-SPD (U_P2).

Umdwebo J62 - Ukuvikelwa okuvamile nokwehluka