Incwadi ethi 'Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems' KaDokotela uMnu Peter Hasse
Ngikhumbula incwadi ethi 'Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems' kaPeter Hasse yanginika ulwazi oluyisisekelo ngenkathi ngisengumfana owayebambe iqhaza emkhakheni wokuvikela ukuqhuma ngoDisemba 2006.
Ingabe i-honorto ifunde le ncwadi, ulande mahhala le ncwadi yohlobo lwesiNgisi nolwesiShayina.
UDkt Peter Hasse, 'Mnu. 10/350 'Godfather we-10/350 wave waveform.
Emhlabeni wokuvikelwa kombani, uPeter Hasse uyinsumansumane ephilayo.
Wazalwa ngo-1940, wenza izifundo zobunjiniyela bamandla kagesi namandla eBerlin Technical University, waphumelela ngo-1965. Wabe esebenza njengomsizi wocwaningo e-Adolf Attias Institute for High Voltage Engineering yasendaweni waze wathola iziqu zobudokotela lapho ngo-1972. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva wajoyina umnyango we-R & D we-DEHN + Sohne. Lapho waba nesandla ekwakheni igebe lomoya lokuzicisha elinamandla amakhulu kanye nomqondo omusha wokucacisa ukusetshenziswa kwawo ekuvikelweni kombani. Lokhu kwabizwa ngaleso sikhathi ngokuthi “okusha” 10/350 waveform. Ngo-1981, uDkt. Hasse waba nguMqondisi Wokuphatha uDehn futhi wahlala kanjalo waze wathatha umhlalaphansi ngo-2004. Kusukela ngo-2002 ubesesigungwini sabaqondisi belabhorathri yokuhlola yaseJalimane: GHMT AG Bexbach.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi kuDehn, uDkt. Hasse waklonyeliswa nge-Order of Merit yodumo yaseFederal Republic of Germany.
Emcimbini wemiklomelo ka-2005 uHasse wakhazinyuliswa ngokuguqula uDehn + Sohne (inkampani encane ephethwe ngumndeni ekhiqiza izintambo zombani) waba umdlali omkhulu wamazwe omhlaba emakethe yokuvikela umbani. Ngasikhathi sinye wanconywa "ngeqhaza elibalulekile" ayelibambile ekuthonyeni izinhlangano zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe ezenza amazinga ezazibhekana nokuvikelwa kombani.
Ukudumisa akuzange kwenziwe ihaba. Yonke i-akhawunti yalokho okufeziwe nguHasse iqukethe umugqa ofanayo: “Ubambe iqhaza elibalulekile ezinhlakeni ezenza amazinga namazinga kazwelonke endaweni yokuvikela umbani.” Ukuthi nje “kubaluleke kangakanani” obekunzima ukukuthola ngoba kuze kube manje izinga lezenzo zakhe kule nkundla belingakabhalwa ngokuphelele.
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 esebenza i-Dehn, uHasse ngesikhathi esifanayo wayegqugquzela imibono nezinsiza zakhe ezintsha kubabhali bamazinga futhi azibhalele emazingeni okusetshenziswa okuyimpoqo. Ngo-1975, waba yilungu elasungula i-VDE (German standard organization) Committee on Lightning Protection (ABB) kanti kungekudala wayelisebenzisa (ngokusho kukaProfesa uDkt. Kawamura, uMongameli we-IEIE waseJapan) Ngo-1977 uHasse wajoyina i-DKE ( Ummeli waseJalimane ku-IEC naku-CENELEC) emnikeza isisekelo sokudinga usizo sokuba abe ngumkhulumeli waseJalimane kuwo womabili ama-IEC / SC37A “Low Voltage Surge Protective Devices” kanye ne-IEC / TC81 “Lightning Protection” (ayijoyine ekuqaleni kwayo.)
Dlula kumakhasi we-Hasse alandelayo (afinyeleleke ngezixhumanisi ezingezansi) futhi uzothola ukuthi bekungewona uThor noma omunye unkulunkulu wombani onikeze impilo ku-10/350 wave waveform. Kwakungeyona iCIGRE noma umcwaningi waseSwitzerland owaziwayo, uDkt Karl Berger.
Phakamisa umgubuzelo bese omunye ethola umthombo weqiniso wefomu le-wave le-10/350 kungabi omunye ngaphandle kukaDkt Peter Hasse wethu.
ISHADI LE-HASSE 10/350 - Ukuzalwa kwefomu le-wave le-10/350
UDkt. Hasse wethule umbono wakhe omkhulu "10/350" ekhasini 46 lohlelo lokuqala lwesiJalimane lwencwadi yakhe ethi "Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems: Using electronic materials even in the directly of strikening directly" "Überspannungsschutz von Niederspannungsanlagen - Einsatz elektronischer Geräte auch bei direkten Blitzeinschlägen ”, (Verlag TOV Rheinland GmbH, Koblenz,) eyashicilelwa ngo-1987. Ishadi liyakhonjiswa ngezansi.
Gingqa igundane lakho ngaphezu kweshadi elingenhla ukuze wenze izixhumanisi zinikeze imininingwane yezici ezifanele. Ukubukeka kokuqala kukhombisa ukuthi ifaka wonke ama-5 we-IEC 62305's 10/350 parameter (aqokonyisiwe). Ukubukeka kwesibili kubonisa ukuthi uHasse unikeza le mingcele kumazinga ajwayelekile aseJalimane athi “VG 96901.” Isheke ne-DIN (i-German Standards Institute) lidalule ukuthi i-VG96901 ayikaze ibe yindinganiso evumelekile. Kwakuyi "prerestard" ngaphandle kwegunya noma ukwandulela.
Kepha lokho akusho lutho oluncane njengoba uHasse asho embhalweni wethula leli shadi ukuthi ulidalele yena uqobo. Futhi, impela, ukucaphuna okukodwa (okukhonjiswe ezansi kweshadi njengo / / 42 /) kubhekisa “kusiqondisi” esabhalwa uHasse ngo-1982.
Umbhalo ohambisana nawo umemezela kabanzi (mhlawumbe okokuqala ngqa) ukuthi leli shadi limele imingcele yeziteleka zombani eziqondile, nokuthi abavikeli bezinhlansi zegebe babedingeka "ngaphandle kokukhetha" ukuthi basetshenziselwe ukuvikela izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe bolwazi lukagesi futhi ikakhulukazi. (ikhasi 46-47)
Ezinyangeni nje ezimbalwa ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwencwadi yakhe uDkt. Hasse waletha Ishadi lakhe le-10/350 emhlanganweni we-IEC TC 81 owawuseJapan (ngoJuni 1988) ngenhloso yokuhlelela inkulumo yakhe "ngombani oqondile." Lapha ukufundiswa kufaka phakathi imingcele evela eshadini likaHasse 10/350 (200kA, 100 C, 10 MJ nge-ohm) kanye nokukhombisa inqwaba yezithombe zababoshwe bakhe beDehn spark gap. Nasi isilayidi seHasse 10/350 Ishadi esikhishwe kuleso sethulo. Uyabona uzisho ngokuziqhenya ngokwakhe (nencwadi yakhe yango-1987) njengomthombo weshadi.
Ngalezo zinsuku uHasse wayengakaqali ukubeka umthwalo wefomu le-wave le-10/350 emnyango we-Berger & CIGRE. Lokho kwakufanele kwenzeke kamuva.
Incwadi yakhe yango-1987 (lapho kwavela khona kuqala ishadi) iqukethe izingcaphuno nezikhombo ezingama-83 kepha akukho lapho kukhulunywa khona ngoBerger noma uCIGRE.
Lokho kungenxa yokuthi, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kwidatha engenhla, ifomu le-wave le-10/350 lavela kuDkt Peter Hasse.
I-IEC 62305 UKUVIKELA UMBANE ZONE CONCEPT (ithuluzi elisebenzayo lesayensi noma ubudlelwano bomphakathi?)
I-LPZ - Umqondo Wendawo Yokuvikela Umbani: Uyini?
Izindawo Zokuvikela Umbani (noma ama-LPZs) ziphakathi kwendlela ye-IEC 62305 yokuvikela umbani. Umqondo ukukhawulela ukwenyuka kombani kwamanje namandla kagesi angena esakhiweni ngokuhlukanisa isakhiwo sibe yindawo elandelanayo yezindawo ezinobungozi (ezihlanganisiwe ngaphakathi komunye nomunye.) Ngokusebenzisa ngokucophelela amasu okuvikela kanye nama-SPD imiphumela yombani eshaya indawo engaphandle yenzelwe anciphiswe ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele ezindaweni ezingaphakathi. Okungenani leyo mbono. Ngokwe-IEC 62305-4 (Sect. 4.1) lo mqondo we-LPZ uyisisekelo sakho konke ukuvikelwa kombani.
Usebenza kangakanani umqondo we-IEC 62305 Lightning Protection Zone?
Umqondo we-IEC we-LPZ usetshenziswe kabanzi ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka engama-20. Kodwa lapho uRakov no-Uman befuna, abakwazanga ukuthola isifundo esisodwa esasinezibalo eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwaso (“Lightning, Physics and Effects, Cambridge University Press” ikhasi 591). Ukuseshwa okuqhubekayo ngo-2013 nakho kwavela kwaba yize. Ngokusobala akukho sifundo esake saqinisekisa ukusebenza kohlelo lwe-IEC 62305's LPZ.
Ebusweni bayo, uhlelo lwe-LPZ lubonakala luyindlela enengqondo yokuvikela ukuvikelwa. Ngakho-ke kungani, eminyakeni engama-20, kungazange kube nezifundo ezibhala ngempumelelo yayo? Lowo mbuzo uholele ekubukeni ngokujulile ekuziphendukeleni nasekusebenzeni kwawo.
I-EF Vance: Umdali Womqondo Wokuvikelwa Kombani
Umqondo wokuqala we-LPZ wadalwa yiMelika, i-EF Vance, yeStanford Research Institute eMenlo Park, eCalifornia. UVance wayethula ngo-1977 ephepheni elinesihloko esithi “Shielding and Grounding Topology for Interference Control.” Ngakwesobunxele umdwebo okhishwe kulelo phepha okhombisa izindawo eziyingozi zeVance. Ngokubeka "ingaphandle" kwesihlangu ngasinye ngaphakathi kwesihlangu esiseduze, iVance yafuna ukulawula umphumela wama-surges angaphandle angena esikhungweni. Wabuye wabona isidingo sokunciphisa ama-surges ezintanjeni zamandla nezedatha ezingena esakhiweni.
IZone 0 bekuyi-moniker Vance enikezwe imvelo yangaphandle ngokuya ngemibani. Izindawo 1 & 2 uzinikeze izindawo ezingaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Uhlelo lweVance LPZ olwenziwe nguDkt Peter Hasse
UDkt. Hasse wabeka umbono kaVance wawuguqula waba yincwadi ayibiza ngokuthi: "EMC-Lightning Protection Zone Concept" (eyabhalwa ngokuhlanganyela nguPeter Hasse & Johannes Wiesinger futhi yashicilelwa nguPflaum Verlag ngo-1993.)
Ngakwesokudla ungabona umdwebo we-Vance's LPZ njengoba ubonakala, ungashintshiwe (ngaphandle kokungezwa kokuhumusha kwesiJalimane) ekhasini. 52 sencwadi kaHasse. Isakhiwo sokuqala kanye namatemu eVance agcinwe ekushintsheni kweHasse: iZone Zero iqhubeke nokumela indawo engaphandle kwesakhiwo; Izindawo 1 & 2, izindawo ezingaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Ngeshwa uDkt.Hasse usebenzise uhlelo lwe-LPZ ukudlulisa umbono wakhe we-10/350 wave wave ngokufaka umbono wokuthi yonke imibani yombani e-Zone Zero kufanele ibonakale ngo-10/350 waveformform. Chofoza lapha ukuze ubone ukuthi incwadi kaHasse ka-1993 ye-LPZ yafaka kanjani ifomu le-wave le-10/350 kumqondo we-LPZ.
Ngokwenza njalo, wenza ize impumelelo engaba khona yalokho okungaba yindlela esebenzayo kakhulu ekuvikelweni kombani. Izinkinga ezibangelwe uhlelo lwe-LPZ ngefomu le-wave le-10/350 zifaka ukukhubazeka kwezikhala ze-spark, kanye ne-quagmire ye- "SPD coordination" yomibili ekhulunywa ngayo kwenye indawo kule webhu.
Ama-akhawunti womunye umonakalo odalwe yimishini kanye nokufakwa "okuvikelwe" ngokwalolu hlelo lwe-10/350-LPZ kungatholakala kwenye indawo kule webhu.
Ukufuduka kwe-LPZ - Kusuka encwadini kaHasse kuye kumazinga wokuvikela umbani we-IEC
Ngesikhathi kushicilelwa incwadi yakhe ye-LPZ ngo-1993, uDkt. Hasse wayeyinto esabekayo ekomitini lokuvikela umbani le-IEC, u-TC 81. Kwamthatha iminyaka engaphansi kwemibili kusukela kushicilelwe leyoncwadi ukuze umqondo wakhe we-LPZ ungeniswe ngokuphelele kuzinga le-IEC 61312-1.
Ngakwesobunxele umdwebo we-LPZ osuka ku-IEC 61312-1. Ifomu le-wave le-10/350 lenziwe laba yingxenye ebalulekile yalo. Chofoza lapha ukuze ubone amapharamitha wombani weHasse 10/350 njengoba avela ezingeni le-61312-1.
Ngakho-ke kungabonakala, ukuthi ngombani owodwa wombani, uDkt Hasse uphumelele ekutholeni zombili ifomu lakhe lomgagasi elingu-10/350 KANYE nomqondo wakhe we-LPZ ungeniswe ezingeni lokuvikela umbani lamazwe omhlaba jikelele.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo bekuwufudusela ezingeni le-IEC 62305. Indaba yokuthi wakwazi kanjani ukuphatha lokho ingatholakala lapha.
Ukufingqa, uDkt.Peter Hasse akahlonishwa nje kuphela ngokuzala ifomu le-10/350, kodwa futhi nokwakha uhlelo lwe-LPZ olusetshenziswa namuhla kuwo wonke amazinga wokuvikela umbani we-IEC.
I-LPZ Ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke: ukunciphisa umbani noma ukunciphisa ukuncintisana?
Umdwebo weLPZ wakamuva kakhulu ovela ku-IEC 62305 uboniswa ngakwesokudla. Inhloso yawo ngokusobala ukunciphisa umthelela wombani ongenayo. Kodwa abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ukusebenza kohlelo lwe-IEC LPZ kuhlobene kakhulu nokucacisa ukuthi yimiphi imishini yokwakha nokuqhuma okufanele ithathwe “njengefanele” futhi ngaleyo ndlela ilawule ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Isibonelo, i-IEC 62305 igcizelela ukuthi umbani oqondile kumele ubonakale ngo-10/350 test waveform, ngakho-ke kungasetshenziswa kuphela i-spark gap "ababopha umbani" eZone Zero. Ezinye izinhlobo zama-SPD zivinjelwe.
Kunezinkinga ezintathu ezinkulu ngale ndlela. Izimbili zokuqala zinobuchwepheshe futhi zibhalwe kuyo yonke le webhu, okuyilezi: 1) ifomathi yamagagasi ayi-10/350 ayimeli umbani wangempela, kanti 2) igebe le-spark "ababopha umbani" linamaphutha amaningi wangaphakathi.
Inkinga enkulu yesithathu kungaba ngeyomthetho. Indlela uhlelo lwe-LPZ olusetshenziswe ngayo emazingeni kungahle kube ukwephula umthetho we-European Union Competition Law. (Bheka ikhasi le-FAQ.)
Isibindi
Uma kwenzeka noma ubani ethatha lokhu "uqobo" sicela wamukele iqiniso lokuthi le webhusayithi akuhloselwe ukuthi ibe yisihluku kunoma yimuphi umuntu othile, inkampani, noma ikomidi. Into yayo yonke ukuthuthukisa isimo sokuvikelwa kombani. Futhi noma kungathatha isibindi ukusukuma ukhulume, kuthatha isibindi esifanayo ukuhlala phansi ulalele.
UMKHANKASO WEHASSE 10/350 - Umfula wezincwadi, izindatshana, nezethulo: 10km ububanzi / 350km ubude
Ngesikhathi sama-80s nama-90s (ngokusho kwewebsite yakwaDehn) uHasse, umhlanganyeli wakhe uJ. Wiesinger, kanye nabanye abasebenzi bakwaDehn namaqembu babhala noma babamba iqhaza kumakhulu amaphepha, izincwadi, izethulo ezingqungqutheleni zamazwe omhlaba, imibukiso, nezingqungquthela. Omunye “wesikhathi esidala” walinganisela ukuthi kwasetshenziswa imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyishumi zamaRandi kulo mkhankaso. Umyalezo oyisisekelo kokuningi kwalolu daba nezethulo uhambisane nencwadi kaHasse yango-1987 ethi: “umbani oqondile umelwe yigagasi elingu-10/350; kufanele kusetshenziswe abavikeli be-spark gap kuphela abakwaziyo ukuphasa isivivinyo samagagasi angu-10/350 okufanele bavikele umbani oqondile. ”
Uhlu olukhethiwe lungatholakala lapha.
U-Hasse unyuse ishadi lakhe le-10/350 waya ku-TC-81 enkulumweni yakhe ye-1988 "Umlando Wokuvikelwa Kombani" emhlanganweni we-IEC TC-81 weSikhumbuzo eJapan. Ishadi lavela nasezinhlelweni zakamuva zencwadi yakhe yango-1987. Ingatholakala ezindabeni ezinjengethi “Neues aus der Blitzschutztechnik,” etz, Umq. 108, amakhasi 612-618, nayo yashicilelwa ngo-1987 ne-EMV-Blitz-Schutzzonen-Konzept, eyabhalwa ngokubambisana noJ. Wiesinger futhi yashicilelwa yi-VDE Verlag ngo-1994. Ifakwe encwadini kaHasse ka-1998 ethi “Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems ”Nezinguqulo zayo zakamuva.
Izici zokulingana
Ngo-1999, uDkt. Hasse waya eKomidini Lezinsimbi Zokuzivikela le-IEEE futhi wacela, njengommeleli ovelele we-TC 81, ukuba amenywe emhlanganweni we-IEEE we-SPD Committee entwasahlobo ka-2000 ngenhloso yokwethula inkulumo mayelana “nomsuka, ukubaluleka nokusebenza kwe-10/350 μs waveform. ” NgoSepthemba 29, 1999 iKomidi le-SPD lasamukela isicelo sakhe, kwathi ngoMeyi olandelayo umhlangano wabanjelwa eSt. Petersberg, eFlorida. UDkt. Hasse ukhombise ukuthi unethemba lokuhambela abebehambele i-IEEE ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa ifomathi engu-10/350 ukuphindaphinda ukushaywa kombani okuqondile. Ekudluliseni ubalule into engu-10: 1 yokulinganisa yokuguqula isimo se-10/350 sibe ngu-8/20, kepha wabeka ingcindezi encane kuso. UHasse akabanga nempumelelo encane kulowo mhlangano kanti ngonyaka olandelayo wathumela uDehn VP wakhe (uRichard Chadwick) ukuba azame futhi. Kushunyayelwa umyalezo ofanayo, kusetshenziswa amashadi afanayo nezimangalo ezifanayo maqondana nemingcele yombani omuhle, lesi sethulo sigcizelele kakhudlwana isici sokukala: “Kungenzeka yini kungabi khona isici sokukala iSpark Gaps neMOV SPDs esingaqhathaniswa ngaso?”
Njengesiphakamiso sokuqala uChadwick waphonsa into engu "30." Lokhu bekusho ukuthi i-MOV SPD evivinywe ngefomu le-wave le-8/20 elizobhekwa ekilasini elilodwa ne-Spark Gap ehlolwe nge-25kA 10/350 μs impulse, i-MOV SPD izodinga ukulinganiswa ku-750kA. UDkt. Chadwick wabona ngokuphelele ukuthi lokho kwakungelona iqiniso futhi ekugcineni kwesethulo sakhe waphetha ngokuthi “akumele kusetshenziswe izinto zokukala jikelele” kepha ukuthi kuphela abavikeli begebe abafanele ukufakwa eminyango yezinsizakalo.
Ngokumangazayo, ngaphandle komyalezo wangempela kaChadwick, kuqale abantu abathile be-IEEE becabanga ukuthi le ndlela ingaba yindlela yokuthola ukubuyisana ne-IEC ngalolu daba. Izibalo ezahlukahlukene zashaywa zagcina zigcina ngo- “10” zamukelwa kafushane yi-IEEE.
UHasse wahlala eqinile. Isethulo seChadwick kamuva ngalowo nyaka saphikelela ekuphindaphindweni kokulingana kwama-25. Bona leso silayidi lapha.
Yonke le nkulumo “yokulingana” ishukumise uFrancois Martzloff, wekomidi le-IEEE SPD, ukuba athumele ucwaningo lokuthola ukuthi ngabe "ukuvumelana okuthathwe ekuvumelaneni 'okulingana' kwamafomu amabili wamagagasi" kungatholakala "ngokusebenzisa into elula yokuphindaphindeka." Ukuhlolwa kwezibalo nokucabangela izici ezihlukahlukene ezihilelekile kwathola ukuthi umzamo “awunangqondo.” Ungafunda wonke umbhalo lapha. Ngo-2006 noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezibucayi mayelana nezici "zokulingana" zase ziphelile. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa ku-IEEE Std C62.62 (2010) lapho kungekho khona ifomu lamagagasi elingu-10/350 elivunyelwe.
Kuzindatshana nasezethulweni zikaHasse umuntu angawucabanga umzabalazo wezifiso eziphikisanayo: Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isifiso sakhe sangempela sokubandakanya izindaba zobuchwepheshe futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuphoqelelwa ukuthengisa ngentengiso imikhiqizo yakhe yegebe le-spark. Umuntu akanakusiza ukuphawula ukuthi ezethulweni zakhe zobuchwepheshe nasezincwadini zakhe kuyaqabukela eyeke ukukhombisa izithombe zabavikeli bakhe beDehn spark futhi azishaye isifuba ngokuthi bavikele kangakanani “kumbani oqondile.”
Lokhu kungabonakala nokusetshenziswa ngobuciko komthetho wokuphakelwa kanye nokufunwa: I-Hasse ibinokunikezwa kwamadivayisi we-spark gap. Obekudingeka nje bekuwukuthi i-IEC ihlinzeke "ngesidingo." Njengecebo lebhizinisi, belikhazimula.
UDkt. I-HASSE, TC81 ne-IEC 62305 SERIES - ukudunwa kwezinga elijwayelekile
I-10/350 Milestones neZenith: Uchungechunge lokuvikela umbani lwe-IEC 62305
Ngo-1993 ukukhishwa kwe-IEC 61024-1-1 kwaphawula igxathu elikhulu eliya phambili enkundleni yamazwe omhlaba weHasse10 / 350 waveform. Imingcele yayo yombani yamandla wempi wamanje, ukushaja, namandla athile iphakanyisiwe yaphuma eshadini likaHasse. Kepha bekungu-1995 lapho uHasse ekugcineni abone ukusebenza kwakhe kanzima kuphumelela lapho i-TC 81 ikhipha i-IEC 61312-1 ukuqamba igama, ukwenza kube semthethweni nokunikeza igunya kwifomu le-hasse10 / 350. Kusukela lapho wonke umuntu ubezokwazi ukuthi umbani oqondile ungabonakala kuphela ngefomu le-wave le-10/350. Iphathi eyayiseNeumarkt ngalobo busuku kumele ukuthi yayijabule.
Ingqophamlando yesibili bekuwukuthi ifomu le-wave le-10/350 lifakwe ku-IEC 61643-1.
Kepha ukuphakama kwayo ngokungangabazeki kwakuwusuku lapho ifomu le-hasse le-Hasse 10/350 lafakwa (ngokuphelele) ochungechungeni lokuvikela umbani lwe-IEC 62305. Futhi kunendaba ethokozisayo ehlotshaniswa nalokho.
Yiliphi iqhinga likaHasse lokufuna ukuvelela nelinesibindi sokudlulisa ifomu lakhe lamagagasi elingu-10/350 elichazwe kahle ngu-Ernst Landers kwi-IEC Document 81/195 / INF yango-2002.07.05 enesihloko esithi TC 81 WG 3's Convenor's Report? U-Ernst U. Landers, ngaleso sikhathi owayesebenzisana noHasse isikhathi eside, wayengumphathi we-TC81 WG3 ngo-2002. Kodwa uDkt. Hasse naye wayekhona emhlanganweni we-TC81 owawudingidwa (eFirenze, e-Italy ngo-Okthoba 17, 2001) futhi wayecabanga ukuthi indima "Yokuguqula Umgqugquzeli." Asazi kahle ukuthi “umxhumanisi oyisikhulu” uyini, kepha umqulu uyakucacisa ukuthi uHasse nguyena obeqhuba umhlangano obudingida udaba lokuthi zingafakwa kanjani "izidingo ze-SPD" kanye "Nesiqondisi sohlelo" kusuka ku-IEC 61312-1 ochungechungeni lwamazinga asebenzayo i-IEC 62305. Lokhu kuzo, i-ipso facto, ifake yomibili imingcele yeshadi le-Hasse 10/350 nomqondo we-LPZ.
Ngaphansi kokufundiswa nguHasse, i-TC 81 WG3 ibisivele ithathe isinqumo sokuhlanganisa ngokuphelele imininingwane ye-IEC 61312-1 Hasse iye ku-62305. Ukucaphuna lapha embikweni womhlanganisi, ngoba okuqukethwe kwezobuchwepheshe kuka-61312-1 kwase "kuxoxiswene ngakho futhi kwamukelwa ngazwi linye ku-WG3, umhlanganisi unikele, ukuhlanganisa ngokuhlelekile lezi zingxenye ezinhlanu (ze-IEC 61312-1) kuhlaka lwe-IEC 62305… ”Impela isicelo sakhe samukelwa kalula. Kumele sivume ukuthi lokhu bekuyisinyathelo esihle esivela embonweni kaDkt Hasse – ukuthola umbono weHasse 10/350 waveform kanye ne-LPZ ebhalwe ochungechungeni olusha lwe-62305 ngendlela engonakalisiwe kwakubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi ongashiywa kuma-vagaries "ekomidi isenzo. ” Ngokwalo mbiko, "umsebenzi wokuhlela" uqediwe futhi idokhumende yemiphumela yathunyelwa kuwo wonke amalungu e-WG 3 ebanika inyanga eyodwa ukuthi baphendule. Ngenkathi, ngemuva kwenyanga eyodwa, AKEKHO kubo owayephendulile, umgqugquzeli wangempela, uDkt. Landers, ngokwemvelo, wamemezela ukuthi "kuvunyelwene" sekufinyelelwe futhi wathumela lo mbhalo kuDkt Lo Piparo (uNobhala we-TC 1) owathola ukuthi ushicilelwe njengo isiphakamiso sento entsha yomsebenzi. Lokhu kwayiqhubekisela phambili ekugcineni kwaba yindinganiso ephelele.
Kwethulwa i-IEC 62305 emhlabeni
Kudala ngaphambi kokuthi i-62305 Standard iqedwe, uHasse wazithathela yena ukwethula nokwamukelwa yiyo. Wayengowokuqala ukuletha ukunakekelwa komhlaba ngephepha lakhe elithi “New Standards for Protection Against Lightning – New Series 62305” elalethuliwe eVII SIPDA eCuritiba, eBrazil ngo-2003.
Ukusakaza imibono yakhe nokwenza ukuthi yamukelwe kwakuyimisebenzi uHasse ayithatha ngokungathi sína kakhulu. Ngo-1994 Engqungqutheleni Yama-22 Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuvikelwa Kombani eBudapest isihloko sakhe esithi “Isimiso Sokuxhumanisa Okuthuthukile Kwamadivayisi Wokuvikela Ku-Low Voltage Systems” ngokokuqala ngqa wasebenzisa umusho othi: “usongo oluyinhloko lombani kwakuyindlela yamagagasi ayi-10/350.” Kuqinisekisiwe ukuheha ukunakwa, lokhu kamuva kwafakwa ku-62305 Series. Indatshana yakhe ethi “Isimiso esenzelwe ikusasa lokuhlanganiswa kwababoshiwe ezinhlelweni ezinamandla aphansi” (etz. Umagazini i-Issue 1, amakhasi 20-23, 1995) wabizwa ngokufanelekile. Umbono kaDkt.Hasse owawusengaphambili wawumvumele ukuthi abikezele ngqo imingcele yokuvikela umbani we-IEC 62305's 10/350 eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-10 ngaphambi kweqiniso.
UMKHANKASO KA-10/350 UYAQHUBEKA - nge-twist entsha
Umkhankaso uyaqhubeka - ngeNew Twist
Umkhankaso kaDkt Hasse womuntu ongu-10/350 ngokusobala awukapheli impela. Ngo-2010 wabhala iSahluko 7 sencwadi esihloko sithi “Lightning” esashicilelwa yi-Institute of Engineering and Technology, eLondon, e-UK. Kwiprozi likaHasse isigubhu esingu-10/350 saphinda sashaya futhi: “Emingceleni ye-LPZ 0… ama-SPDs kufanele asetshenziswe, akwazi ukudlulisa imisinga yombani engaphelele… Lawa ma-SPD abizwa njengababambi bamanje bonyazi (SPDs class I) futhi ayahlolwa ngemisinga yomfutho, ifomu lamagagasi ayi-10 / 350μs. ” Njengenjwayelo wafaka izithombe eziningi zabavikeli be-Dehn spark gap.
Kepha kulokhu wadlulela kwelinye igxathu. “Ubonile” ikhono lomvikeli wokuqhuma kwe-MOV ukuma endaweni yegebe “uma inani elikhonjisiwe lokukhishwa kwamanje lama-8 / 20μs okungenani lalingama-25 izikhathi ezichaziwe ze-10 / 350μs zamanje.” Isibonelo, ukuze i-MOV SPD idlulise isivivinyo esichazwe ngama-25kA 10 / 350μs, kuzofanele ibhekane nomfutho wamandla “okungenani” 625kA 8 / 20μs. Ngabe ukhona owaziyo lapho uDkt Hasse eza nalokhu?
Isici se-Hasse sezepolitiki sokulingana esifanelekile manje sesisuke ku-10 saya ku-30 saya ku-zero. Kuze kube kufika kuma-25 manje kuze kube “okungenani okungama-25.” (bheka ikhasi langaphambili kulolu chungechunge.) Sicabanga ukuthi ungasho ukuthi uDkt. Hasse wayethanda into efanayo ngaphambi nangemva kokuphikisana nayo… Waze wenza ishadi elisha lokukhomba elizofakwa encwadini ka-2010. Ungayibona lapha ngakwesokudla. Kwazi bani, uma umuntu engenzi okuthile ngokushesha, kungenzeka ukuthi ngokuzayo lapho ubona khona kuzobhalwa kabusha okulandelayo kwe-IEC 62305 Series.
Umkhankaso Wenkampani Uyaqhubeka
Umkhankaso wezinkampani kaDehn noSohne weminyaka engama-30 wokuqhakambisa ifomu lamagagasi le-10/350 liyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Isilinganiso esilandelayo esivela kuwebhusayithi yakwaDehn ngo-Agasti 2013 siyenqaba noma imuphi umqondo wesici sokulingana. Ithi: "I-DEHN ikholelwa ukuthi kunesidingo sokuhlola ngesimo sangempela esingu-10/350 μs… ukuhlolwa kuphela ngefomu le-wave elingu-10/350 μs kumelela ukusebenza ngokuvikela ukuvikeleka emishayweni yombani eqondile."
Isibindi
Uma kwenzeka noma ngubani ethatha lokhu "uqobo" sicela wamukele iqiniso lokuthi le webhusayithi akuhloselwe ukuthi ibe yisihluku kunoma yimuphi umuntu noma inkampani ethile. Into yayo yonke ukuthuthukisa isimo sokuvikelwa kombani. Futhi noma kungadinga isibindi ukusukuma ukhulume, kuthatha isibindi esifanayo ukuhlala phansi ulalele.
IGagasi lika-10/350 -Indaba esele
Kukhona okungaphezulu kokufika ku-10/350 kunengu-10 no-350
Ku- “Hasse 10/350 waveform Chart” ekhonjiswe kwenye indawo ungabona imingcele emibili yesiginesha engu-10/350 egqanyiswe ngombala obomvana: T1 = 10μs no-T2 = 350μs. Kepha "ifomathi yamagagasi ayi-10/350" bekulokhu kuyiphutha. Bheka futhi Ishadi likaHasse futhi uzobona lifaka amanye amapharamitha amathathu (agqanyiswe ngombala ophuzi): Peak current = 200 kA; Ukukhokhisa (Q) = 100 coulombs; futhi W / R = 10MJ / Ω.
Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 "ifomu lamagagasi elingu-10/350" belihlala liyisivumelwano sephakeji. Ihlala ifaka leyo mingcele emi-5. Futhi inani le-peak yamanje (kA) belihlala liphindwe kabili inani lokukhokhiswa (ama-coulombs). Kungani? Mhlawumbe ngoba wonke ama-5 alawo mingcele ayedingeka ukukhiya ekusetshenzisweni kwabavikeli be-spark gap? Umfundi anganquma. Okwamanje, umbiko we-CIGRE 2013 awunikezi ukwethembeka kulawa ma-parameter noma obunye ubudlelwano obunjalo phakathi kwemingcele.
Ngezansi uneThebula kusuka ku-IEC International Lightning Standard yakamuva (IEC 62305-1). Lesi yisisekelo lapho wonke amazinga wokuvikela umbani akhelwe phezu kwawo. Ngabe kukhona okubukeka kujwayelekile? (Gingqa igundane lakho phezu kwalo ukuze ubone ukuthi amapharamitha abalulekile avelaphi.)
Iwundlu nempisi.
I-CIGRE's 2013 Technical Brochure 549 ikubeke kwacaca ukuthi i-CIGRE ngeke isasolwa ngamapharamitha aqokonyisiwe eshadini elingenhla, kufaka phakathi ifomu le-wave le-10/350 uqobo. Uyayikhumbula inganekwane yemvu nempisi? Ngaphansi koboya bezindinganiso zokuvikela umbani ze-IEC 62305 uzothola kuphela isikhumba nezinzipho zikaDkt Peter Hasse.
Isikhathi sesifikile sokuthi umphakathi wokuvikela umbani wamazwe omhlaba ubhekane nalelo qiniso futhi ususe ukusetshenziswa okuyimpoqo kwaleyo mingcele kumazinga.
Ukushayisana Kwezintshisekelo Nokuziphendulela
Asenzi cala lokungafanele. Akudingeki. Sisho kuphela okwenzekile. Noma ngabe kube khona okungalungile, bekuzoba kudala kuthethelelwe yimithetho efanelekile yomkhawulo. Yikusasa elibalulekile, hhayi okwedlule.
Ukungqubuzana kwesithakazelo
Kunzima ukungacabangi ngokungqubuzana okungenzeka kwezintshisekelo okukulesi simo. Ngabe bekulungile yini ukuthi uMphathi Ophethe webhizinisi elidayiswayo njengoDehn noSohne, aqambe amadivayisi emini ngenkathi, ebusuku, ethatha ithonya elikhulu kangaka kumakomidi wamazinga omhlaba ukuthi azocacisa ukusetshenziswa okuyimpoqo kwalawo madivayisi?
IKomidi Likazwelonke lase-CIGRE lisebenzisa Uhlelo Lokuziphatha ngendlela engenamqondo ekuziphatheni okunjalo: “Inqubomgomo yeKomidi Likazwelonke lase-US idinga ukuthi wonke amalungu agweme izingxabano zangempela noma ezibonakalayo. Impikiswano yangempela intshisekelo yomuntu siqu engadala ukuthi umuntu obukele ozimele aphethe ngokuthi umuntu oqhuba ibhizinisi leKomidi Likazwelonke lase-US akakwazi ukwenza isinqumo esingenabandlululo, anikeze… izeluleko ezingachemile, asebenzise ukwahlulela ngokuzimela, noma abe nenhloso maqondana… nemiphumela yobuchwepheshe . Ukungqubuzana okubonakalayo kwezintshisakalo kwenzeka lapho izifiso zomuntu siqu zingenza umuntu obukele ozimele abuze ukuthi ngabe umuntu owenza ibhizinisi egameni leKomidi Likazwelonke lase-US angenza lokho ngokulingana. ”
Ngenkathi kuqashelwa ukuthi amakomidi wamazinga kufanele athembele ekusekelweni kwamabhizinisi ezentengiselwano ukuze enze umsebenzi wawo, kungabonakala sengathi uhlobo oluthile lokwengamela noma lomsebenzi wokubheka ubusola kakhulu kuleli cala.
Ukuziphendulela
Uma wake wafunda indinganiso ye-IEC uzobona masinyane umkhuba ongakwenza konke ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukukhuthaza ukuntuleka kwezibopho kanye nokuntuleka kokuziphendulela ngababhali bamazinga. Sikhuluma ngeqiniso lokuthi amazinga e-IEC awalokothi akhombise ukuthi ngubani owabhala.
Noma ngubani obhala indinganiso, amagama abo bekungcono abe kuyo ukuze bakwazi ukuphendula uma inkinga ifika ndawana thile phansi komgwaqo. Futhi hhayi igama kuphela. Kulokho kufanele kungezwe ukusebenzisana kwalowo muntu nokuthi ngubani omkhokhelayo ukuze eze emihlanganweni. Noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okufihliwe kufanele kwenze umbhali ojwayelekile abhekane nokushushiswa komphakathi kanye / noma kobugebengu.
