Uhlelo Lokuphakela Amandla (TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS, TT, IT)
Uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi olusetshenziswa ekunikezelweni kwamandla kumaphrojekthi wokwakha luzigaba ezintathu olunezintambo ezintathu kanye nolwesigaba sesithathu lwezingcingo ezine njll, kepha umqondo wale migomo awunzima kakhulu. I-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) yenze imibandela efanayo ngalokhu, futhi ibizwa nge-TT system, TN system, kanye ne-IT system. Yikuphi uhlelo lwe-TN oluhlukaniswe ngohlelo lwe-TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS. Okulandelayo isingeniso esifushane ngezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokuphakelwa kukagesi.
uhlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi
Ngokuya ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuvikela namatemu achazwe yi-IEC, amasistimu okusabalalisa amandla kagesi aphansi ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu ngokuya ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubeka phansi, okungukuthi izinhlelo ze-TT, TN, ne-IT, futhi zichazwe ngale ndlela elandelayo.
Uhlelo lwe-TN-C lokuhambisa ugesi
Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla emodi ye-TN-C lusebenzisa ulayini osebenzayo ongathathi hlangothi njengolayini wokuvikela onqamula u-zero, ongabizwa ngokuthi ulayini wokuvikela ongathathi hlangothi futhi ongamelwa yi-PEN.
Uhlelo lwe-TN-CS lokuphakela ugesi
Ngokunikezwa kukagesi kwesikhashana kohlelo lwe-TN-CS, uma ingxenye engaphambili inikwe amandla yindlela ye-TN-C, futhi ikhodi yokwakha icacisa ukuthi indawo yokwakha kumele isebenzise uhlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi lwe-TN-S, ibhokisi lokusabalalisa eliphelele lingaba ihlukaniswe ngasemuva kohlelo. Ngaphandle komugqa we-PE, izici zohlelo lwe-TN-CS zimi kanje.
1) Ukusebenza zero line N kuxhunywe nomugqa okhethekile wokuvikela PE. Lapho i-current engalinganisiwe yomugqa inkulu, ukuvikelwa kwe-zero kwemishini kagesi kuthinteka ngamandla we-zero line. Uhlelo lwe-TN-CS lunganciphisa i-voltage yezindlu zezimoto phansi, kepha alikwazi ukuqeda nya leli voltage. Ubukhulu bale voltage buxhomeke ekungalingani kokulayishwa kwezintambo nobude balayini. Lapho umthwalo ulinganisela ngokwengeziwe futhi izintambo zinde, kukhuphuka amandla wevolumu yedivayisi eyakhiwe phansi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi okwamanje ukungalingani kokulayisha akufanele kube kukhulu kakhulu, nokuthi ulayini we-PE kufanele ugxishwe kaninginingi.
2) Ulayini we-PE awukwazi ukungena kumvikeli wokuvuza ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo, ngoba isivikeli sokuvuza ekugcineni komugqa sizokwenza ukuthi isivikeli sokuvuza sangaphambili sikhubeke futhi sidale ukwehluleka kwamandla amakhulu.
3) Ngokungeziwe kulayini we-PE kufanele kuxhunywe kulayini we-N ebhokisini elijwayelekile, umugqa we-N nomugqa we-PE akumele uxhunywe kwezinye izingxenye. Akukho ukushintshwa kanye namabhulashi azofakwa kulayini we-PE, futhi akukho mhlaba oyosetshenziswa njenge-PE. umugqa.
Ngokuhlaziywa okungenhla, uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi lwe-TN-CS lulungiswa okwesikhashana ohlelweni lwe-TN-C. Lapho isiguquli samandla esigaba sesithathu sisesimweni esihle sokusebenza phansi futhi umthwalo wezigaba ezintathu ulinganisela ngokulinganayo, umphumela wohlelo lwe-TN-CS ekusetshenzisweni kukagesi usasebenza. Kodwa-ke, esimweni semithwalo engalinganiswanga yezigaba ezintathu kanye ne-transformer kagesi ezinikele esizeni sokwakha, uhlelo lwe-TN-S lokuhambisa ugesi kufanele lusetshenziswe.
Uhlelo lwe-TN-S lokuhambisa ugesi
Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla emodi ye-TN-S luhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla oluhlukanisa ngokuqinile ukusebenza kwe-N engathathi hlangothi kulayini wokuvikela ozinikele. Ibizwa ngohlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi lwe-TN-S. Izici zohlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi lwe-TN-S zimi ngale ndlela elandelayo.
1) Lapho uhlelo lusebenza ngokujwayelekile, akukho okukhona kulayini wokuvikela ozinikele, kepha kukhona okungalinganiyo kulayini osebenzayo onguziro. Akukho voltage kulayini we-PE phansi, ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa zero kwegobolondo lensimbi lemishini kagesi kuxhunywe kulayini okhethekile wokuvikela, ophephile futhi onokwethenjelwa.
I-2) Ulayini osebenzayo ongathathi hlangothi usetshenziswa kuphela njengesigaba sokulayisha umthwalo wesigaba esisodwa.
I-3) Ulayini okhethekile wokuvikela i-PE awuvunyelwe ukwephula umugqa, futhi awunakufaka inkinobho yokuvuza.
4) Uma umvikeli wokuvuza komhlaba esetshenziswa kulayini we-L, umugqa osebenzayo we-zero akumele ugxishwe kaninginingi, futhi umugqa we-PE uphindaphinde ukugxila, kepha awudluli umvikeli wokuvuza komhlaba, ngakho-ke umvikeli wokuvuza angafakwa kulayini we-TN-S wokuphakelwa kwamandla wesistimu L.
I-5) Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi lwe-TN-S luphephile futhi lunokwethenjelwa, lulungele amasistimu kagesi aphansi anjengezakhiwo zezimboni nezomphakathi. Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi lwe-TN-S kumele lusetshenziswe ngaphambi kokuqala kwemisebenzi yokwakha.
Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kukagesi lwe-TT
Indlela ye-TT isho uhlelo lokuvikela olubeka ngqo izindlu zensimbi zedivayisi kagesi, ebizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokuvikela umhlaba, olubizwa nangokuthi uhlelo lwe-TT. Uphawu lokuqala T lukhombisa ukuthi iphuzu lokungathathi hlangothi kohlelo lwamandla lizinze ngqo; uphawu lwesibili T lukhombisa ukuthi ingxenye ehambayo yedivayisi yokulayisha engavulelekile emzimbeni ophilayo ixhunywe ngqo emhlabathini, noma ngabe uhlelo lusekelwe kanjani. Konke ukugxila komthwalo ohlelweni lwe-TT kubizwa ngokuthi isisekelo sokuvikela. Izici zalolu hlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla zimi kanje.
1) Lapho igobolondo lensimbi lemishini kagesi likhokhiswa (ulayini wesigaba uthinta igobolondo noma okokuvikela imishini konakele futhi kuvuza), ukuvikelwa komhlaba kunganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokushaqeka kukagesi. Kodwa-ke, ama-breaker-voltage circuit breakers (amaswishi wokuzenzekelayo) awakhubeki, abangela amandla okuvuza komhlaba wedivayisi yokuvuza ukuthi abe phezulu kunevolthi ephephile, okuyi-voltage eyingozi.
2) Lapho ukuvuza okuncane kuncane kakhulu, noma i-fuse kungenzeka ingakwazi ukuqhuma. Ngakho-ke, isivikeli sokuvuza siyadingeka ukuvikelwa. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lwe-TT kunzima ukuluqhakambisa.
I-3) Idivayisi yokuqinisa uhlelo lwe-TT isebenzisa insimbi eningi, futhi kunzima ukuphinda kusetshenziswe kabusha, isikhathi nezinto zokwakha.
Njengamanje, ezinye izingxenye zokwakha zisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-TT. Lapho uphiko lokwakha luboleka amandla alo okusetshenziswa okwesikhashana kagesi, kusetshenziswa ulayini okhethekile wokuvikela ukunciphisa inani lensimbi elisetshenziselwe okokufaka.
Hlukanisa umugqa wokuvikela okhethekile osanda kufakwa kulayini osebenzayo ongu-zero N, obonakala ngo:
1 Akukho ukuxhumana ngogesi phakathi komugqa ojwayelekile wokubeka phansi nentambo yokusebenza engathathi hlangothi;
2 Ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile, umugqa osebenzayo we-zero ungaba nowamanje, futhi ulayini wokuvikela okhethekile awunawo owamanje;
3 Uhlelo lwe-TT lufanele izindawo lapho ukuvikelwa komhlaba kuhlakazeke kakhulu.
Uhlelo lokuhambisa ugesi lwe-TN
Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla emodi ye-TN Lolu hlobo lohlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla luhlelo lokuvikela oluxhuma izindlu zensimbi zemishini kagesi nentambo engathathi hlangothi. Ibizwa ngohlelo lokuvikela u-zero futhi imelwe yi-TN. Izici zayo zimi kanje.
I-1) Uma idivaysi inikwe amandla, uhlelo lokuvikela u-zero-crossing lukhuphula ukuvuza kwamanje kube yi-short-circuit current. Le yamanje inkulu ngokuphindwe ka-5.3 kunaleyo yohlelo lwe-TT. Empeleni, kuyiphutha lesikhashana elilodwa lesigaba esisodwa futhi i-fuse yefuse izoshaya. Iyunithi yohambo lwe-breaker-voltage circuit breaker izokhubeka ngokushesha futhi ikhubeke, yenze ukuthi idivayisi enamaphutha icishwe futhi iphephe.
2) Uhlelo lwe-TN lusindisa impahla namahora womuntu futhi lusetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni amaningi nasemazweni aseChina. Kubonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-TT lunezinzuzo eziningi. Kuhlelo lokunikezwa kwamandla emodi ye-TN, ihlukaniswe yaba yi-TN-C ne-TN-S ngokuya ngokuthi ulayini wokuvikela u-zero uhlukaniswe yini nomugqa osebenzayo we-zero.
umgomo wokusebenza:
Kuhlelo lwe-TN, izingxenye eziveziwe zokuhamba zayo yonke imishini kagesi zixhunywe kulayini wokuvikela futhi zixhunywe endaweni yomthombo wamandla kagesi. Leli phuzu lomhlabathi ngokuvamile liyiphuzu elingathathi hlangothi lohlelo lokusabalalisa amandla. Uhlelo lwamandla wohlelo lwe-TN lunephuzu elilodwa eligxile ngqo. Ingxenye evulekile kagesi yedivayisi kagesi ixhunywe kuleli phuzu ngomqhubi ovikelayo. Uhlelo lwe-TN imvamisa uhlelo lwegridi lwesigaba sesithathu olungathathi hlangothi. Isici sayo ukuthi ingxenye ebonakalayo yemishini kagesi ixhunywe ngqo endaweni yokubeka uhlelo. Lapho kwenzeka isifunda esifushane, i-short-circuit current iyi-loop evaliwe eyenziwe ngocingo lwensimbi. Kwakhiwa isifunda esifushane sesimbi esisodwa, okuholela ekutheni kube nesikhathi samanje esifushane esanele ngokwanele ukwenza ukuthi idivayisi evikelayo isebenze ngokuthembekile ukususa iphutha. Uma umugqa osebenzayo ongathathi hlangothi (N) uphansi kaninginingi, lapho icala lifinyezwa, ingxenye yamanje ingaphambukiselwa endaweni ephindaphindwayo yokubeka phansi, engadala ukuthi insiza yokuvikela yehluleke ukusebenza ngokuthembekile noma ukuvikela ukwehluleka, ngaleyo ndlela landisa iphutha. Kuhlelo lwe-TN, okungukuthi, uhlelo olunezintambo ezinhlanu olunezintambo ezinhlanu, i-N-line ne-PE-line zibekwe ngokwehlukana futhi zahlukaniswa, futhi ulayini we-PE uxhunywe ezindlini zedivayisi kagesi esikhundleni umugqa we-N. Ngakho-ke, into ebaluleke kakhulu esiyikhathalelayo yicingo le-PE, hhayi amandla ocingo lwe-N, ngakho-ke ukugxila okuphindiwe ohlelweni lwe-TN-S akuyona indawo ephindaphindwayo yocingo lwe-N. Uma umugqa we-PE no-N umugqa ugxilile ndawonye, ngoba umugqa we-PE no-N uxhunywe endaweni ephindaphindwayo yokwakha, umugqa phakathi kwephoyinti lokuphinda eliphindaphindwayo nendawo yokusebenzela ye-transformer yokusabalalisa awunawo umehluko phakathi komugqa we-PE futhi umugqa ongu-N. Umugqa woqobo umugqa ongu-N. Okwamanje okungathathi hlangothi okucatshangwayo kwabiwa umugqa we-N nolayini we-PE, futhi ingxenye yamanje ishixiwe ngephoyinti lokuphindaphinda eliphindiwe. Ngoba kungabhekwa ukuthi awukho umugqa we-PE ohlangothini olungaphambili lwendawo yokuphinda ephindaphindwayo, kuphela umugqa we-PEN oqukethe umugqa wokuqala we-PE no-N umugqa ngokufana, izinzuzo zohlelo lwangempela lwe-TN-S zizolahleka, ngakho-ke umugqa we-PE nomugqa we-N akunakuba yisisekelo esijwayelekile. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingenhla, kushiwo ngokusobala emithethweni efanele ukuthi ulayini ongathathi hlangothi (ie N line) akumele ubekwe phansi kaninginingi ngaphandle kwephoyinti lokuphakelwa kwamandla.
Uhlelo lwe-IT
Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi ngemodi ye-IT ngikhombisa ukuthi uhlangothi lokuphakelwa kukagesi alunamhlaba wokusebenza, noma lubekelwe impedance ephezulu. Uhlamvu lwesibili u-T lukhombisa ukuthi imishini kagesi eseceleni komthwalo isisekelo sayo.
Uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla emodi ye-IT lunokwethenjelwa okuphezulu nokuvikeleka okuhle lapho ibanga lokuphakelwa kwamandla lingekude. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni lapho kungavunyelwe ukucinywa kukagesi, noma ezindaweni lapho kudingeka khona ugesi oqhubekayo oqinile, njengokwenza ugesi wensimbi kagesi, amagumbi okuhlinza ezibhedlela ezinkulu, nasezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba. Izimo zokuphakelwa kukagesi ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba zimbi ngokwedlulele futhi izintambo zingahlaselwa umswakama. Usebenzisa isistimu enikwe amandla yi-IT, noma ngabe iphuzu lokuphakelwa kwamandla lingathathi hlangothi, uma ucingo seluvuza, i-current ground leakage current isincane futhi ngeke ilimaze ibhalansi yamandla kagesi. Ngakho-ke, iphephe ngaphezu kohlelo lokugxilisa ukungathathi hlangothi kokuphakelwa kwamandla. Kodwa-ke, uma amandla kagesi esetshenziselwa ibanga elide, amandla okusatshalaliswa kolayini wokuhambisa amandla emhlabeni awunakunakwa. Lapho iphutha lesifunda elifushane noma ukuvuza komthwalo kubangela ukuthi icala ledivayisi libe bukhoma, amandla okuvuza azokwakha indlela enqamula emhlabeni futhi idivayisi yokuvikela ngeke isebenze. Lokhu kuyingozi. Kuphela lapho ibanga lokuphakelwa kwamandla lingabanga lide kakhulu lapho liphephe khona. Lolu hlobo lokuphakelwa kukagesi aluvamile esakhiweni.
Incazelo yezinhlamvu I, T, N, C, S
1) Ngokwesibonakaliso sendlela yokuphakelwa kwamandla kagesi ebalulwe yi-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), incwadi yokuqala imele ubudlelwano phakathi kohlelo lwamandla kagesi nomhlabathi. Isibonelo, i-T ikhombisa ukuthi iphuzu lokungathathi hlangothi ligxile ngqo; Ngikhombisa ukuthi ugesi uhlukanisiwe nomhlabathi noma ukuthi iphoyinti elilodwa lamandla lixhunywe emhlabathini nge-impedance ephezulu (ngokwesibonelo, 1000 XNUMX;) (Ngiyincwadi yokuqala yegama lesiFulentshi Ukuhlukaniswa kwegama "ukuzihlukanisa").
2) Incwadi yesibili ikhombisa into esebenza ngogesi evezwe phansi. Isibonelo, T kusho ukuthi igobolondo ledivayisi lisisekelo. Akunabudlelwano obuqondile nanoma iyiphi enye indawo yokubeka isisekelo kuhlelo. N kusho ukuthi umthwalo uvikelwe ngo-zero.
3) Uhlamvu lwesithathu lukhombisa ukuhlanganiswa kukaziro osebenzayo nolayini wokuvikela. Isibonelo, u-C ukhombisa ukuthi umugqa osebenzayo ongathathi hlangothi nolayini wokuvikela munye, njenge-TN-C; I-S ikhombisa ukuthi umugqa osebenzayo ongathathi hlangothi nolayini wokuvikela uhlukaniswe ngokuqinile, ngakho-ke umugqa we-PE ubizwa ngokuthi ulayini wokuvikela ozinikele, njenge-TN-S.
Kwinethiwekhi kagesi, uhlelo lomhlaba luyindlela yokuphepha evikela impilo yomuntu nemishini kagesi. Njengoba amasistimu omhlaba ehluka ngokwamazwe, kubalulekile ukuthi ube nokuqonda okuhle ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo zomhlaba njengoba amandla we-PV afakwe emhlabeni wonke aqhubeka nokwanda. Le ndatshana ihlose ukuhlola amasistimu e-earthing ahlukahlukene ngokwe-standard ye-International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) kanye nomthelela wabo ekwakhiweni kohlelo lwe-earthing lwezinhlelo ze-Grid-Connected PV.
Inhloso Yezinto Zendlebe
Amasistimu e-Earthing ahlinzeka ngemisebenzi yokuphepha ngokunikezela ukufakwa kagesi ngendlela ephansi ye-impedance yanoma yimaphi amaphutha kwinethiwekhi kagesi. I-Earthing nayo isebenza njengendawo yokukhomba yomthombo kagesi namadivayisi okuphepha ukuze asebenze kahle.
I-Earthing yemishini kagesi imvamisa kutholakala ngokufaka i-electrode kusisindo esiqinile somhlaba nokuxhuma le electrode kwimishini kusetshenziswa umqhubi. Kunemibono emibili engenziwa nganoma yiluphi uhlelo lomhlaba:
1. Amandla omhlaba asebenza njengesithenjwa esimile (isb zero volts) sezinhlelo ezixhunyiwe. Kanjalo, noma yimuphi umqhubi oxhunywe ku-electrode yomhlaba uzophinda abe nalolo thuba lesethenjwa.
2. Abaqhubi bezindlebe kanye nesigxobo somhlaba banikeza indlela ephansi yokumelana nomhlabathi.
Indlebe Yokuvikela
I-earthing evikelayo ukufakwa kwabaqhubi be-earthing abahlelelwe ukunciphisa amathuba okulimala emaphutheni kagesi ngaphakathi kohlelo. Uma kwenzeka kuba nephutha, izingxenye zensimbi ezingekho zamanje zohlelo ezinjengamafreyimu, uthango nezindawo ezivalekile njll. Zingafinyelela amandla aphezulu maqondana nomhlaba uma zingadalwanga. Uma umuntu exhumana nemishini ngaphansi kwalezo zimo, bazokwethuka ngogesi.
Uma izingxenye zensimbi zixhunywe emhlabeni ovikelayo, iphutha lamanje lizogeleza kumqhubi womhlaba futhi lizwakale ngamadivayisi okuphepha, lawo ahlukanisa isifunda ngokuphepha.
Ukuvikela umhlaba kungatholakala nge:
- Ukufaka uhlelo lokuvikela umhlaba lapho izingxenye ezixhunywayo zixhunywe kokungathathi hlangothi komhlaba okusatshalaliswa kohlelo lokusabalalisa ngabaqhubi.
- Ukufaka amadivayisi wokuvikela wamanje wokuvuza noma wokuvuza komhlaba osebenza ukunqamula ingxenye ethintekile yokufakwa ngaphakathi kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe kanye nemikhawulo yamandla wokuthinta.
Umqhubi womhlaba ovikelayo kufanele akwazi ukuthwala iphutha lamanje elizoba khona isikhathi esilingana noma esikhulu kunesikhathi sokusebenza sedivayisi evikelayo ehambisanayo.
I-Earthing esebenzayo
Ekusebenzeni komhlaba, noma yiziphi izingxenye ezibukhoma zemishini (kungaba u - '+' noma '-') zingaxhunywa ohlelweni lomhlaba ngenhloso yokunikeza indawo yokubhekisa ukuze isebenze kahle. Abaqhubi abakhelwanga ukumelana nemisinga yamaphutha. Ngokuya nge-AS / NZS5033: 2014, ukusebenza komhlaba kuvunyelwe kuphela uma kukhona ukwahlukana okulula phakathi kwezinhlangothi ze-DC ne-AC (isb. Isiguquli) ngaphakathi kwe-inverter.
Izinhlobo zokumiswa komhlaba
Ukucushwa kwe-Earthing kungahlelwa ngokuhlukile ekunikezelweni nasehlangothini lokulayisha ngenkathi kufinyelelwa kumphumela ofanayo ophelele. I-standard ejwayelekile yamazwe omhlaba i-IEC 60364 (Ukufakwa Kukagesi Kwezakhiwo) ikhomba imindeni emithathu yomhlaba, echazwe kusetshenziswa isihlonzi sezinhlamvu ezimbili sefomu 'XY'. Ngokwesimo sezinhlelo ze-AC, u-'X 'uchaza ukumiswa kwabaqhubi bezwe abathathi hlangothi nabasemhlabeni ohlangothini lokuphakelwa kohlelo (okungukuthi i-generator / i-transformer), futhi u-'Y' uchaza ukumiswa okungathathi hlangothi / komhlaba ohlangothini lomthwalo wohlelo (okusho ukuthi switchboard enkulu kanye nemithwalo exhunyiwe). 'X' no-'Y 'ngamunye angathatha amanani alandelayo:
T - Earth (kusuka eFrance 'Terre')
N - Okungathathi hlangothi
Ngihlukanisiwe
Futhi ama-subsets alokhu kulungiselelwa angachazwa kusetshenziswa amanani:
S - Hlukanisa
C - Kuhlanganisiwe
Usebenzisa lokhu, imindeni emithathu esemhlabeni echazwe ku-IEC 60364 yi-TN, lapho kutholakala khona ugesi nemithwalo yamakhasimende ivulwa ngokungathathi hlangothi, i-TT, lapho kutholakala khona ugesi nemithwalo yamakhasimende ngokwehlukana, ne-IT, lapho kuphela imithwalo yamakhasimende ziyasuswa.
Uhlelo lwe-TN lomhlaba
Iphoyinti elilodwa ohlangothini lomthombo (imvamisa iphuzu lesethenjwa elingathathi hlangothi ohlelweni oluxhunywe ngezinkanyezi olunezigaba ezintathu) luxhunywe ngqo emhlabeni. Noma iyiphi imishini kagesi exhunywe ohlelweni iyadakwa ngendawo efanayo yokuxhuma ohlangothini lomthombo. Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlelo zomhlaba zidinga ama-electrode omhlaba ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile kukho konke ukufakwa.
Umndeni we-TN unama-subsets amathathu, ahlukahluka ngokwehlukaniswa / ukuhlanganiswa komhlaba nabaqhubi abangathathi hlangothi.
I-TN-S: I-TN-S ichaza ilungiselelo lapho abaqhubi abahlukile beProtective Earth (PE) kanye ne-Neutral begijimela kumithwalo yabathengi kusuka ekunikezelweni kwamandla wesayithi (isb i-generator noma i-transformer). Abaqhubi be-PE no-N bahlukaniswe cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zohlelo futhi baxhumeke kuphela endaweni yokuphakela uqobo. Lolu hlobo lomhlaba luvame ukusetshenziselwa abathengi abakhulu abanesiguquli esisodwa noma eziningi ze-HV / LV ezinikezelwe ekufakweni kwabo, ezifakwe eduze noma ngaphakathi kwamakhasimende.
Uhlelo 1 - TN-S System
I-TN-C: I-TN-C ichaza ukuhlelwa lapho i-Protective Earth-Neutral (PEN) ehlangene ixhunywe emhlabeni emthonjeni. Lolu hlobo lwe-earthing alusetshenziswa kakhulu e-Australia ngenxa yezingozi ezihambisana nomlilo ezindaweni ezinobungozi nangenxa yokuba khona kwemisinga ye-harmonic eyenza ingakulungeli okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwe-IEC 60364-4-41 - (Ukuvikelwa kokuphepha- Ukuvikelwa ekushayweni ugesi), i-RCD ayinakusetshenziswa ohlelweni lwe-TN-C.
Uhlelo lwe-Fig 2 - TN-C
I-TN-CS: I-TN-CS ichaza ukusethwa lapho uhlangothi lokuphakelwa kohlelo lusebenzisa i-PEN conductor ehlanganisiwe yokwehlisa umhlaba, kanti uhlangothi lokulayisha lwesistimu lisebenzisa umqhubi ohlukile we-PE no-N.Lolu hlobo lomhlaba lusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokusabalalisa e-Australia naseNew Zealand futhi kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-multiple earth-neutral (MEN). Kumakhasimende e-LV, kufakwa uhlelo lwe-TN-C phakathi kwesiguquli sesiza nendawo, (ukungathathi hlangothi kudliwe kaningi kule ngxenye), futhi uhlelo lwe-TN-S lusetshenziswa ngaphakathi kwempahla uqobo (kusuka ku-Main switchchboard engezansi ). Lapho ucubungula uhlelo lonke, luphathwa njenge-TN-CS.
Uhlelo lwe-Fig 3 - TN-CS
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwe-IEC 60364-4-41 - (Ukuvikelwa kokuphepha- Ukuvikelwa ekushayweni ugesi), lapho i-RCD isetshenziswa ohlelweni lwe-TN-CS, umqhubi we-PEN akanakusetshenziswa ohlangothini lomthwalo. Ukuxhumeka komqhubi wokuvikela kumqhubi wePEN kufanele kwenziwe ohlangothini lomthombo we-RCD.
Uhlelo lwe-TT earthing
Ngokucushwa kwe-TT, abathengi basebenzisa ukuxhumana kwabo komhlaba ngaphakathi kwendawo, ezimele kunoma yikuphi ukuxhumana komhlaba ohlangothini lomthombo. Lolu hlobo lwe-earthing luvame ukusetshenziselwa ezimeni lapho umhlinzeki wesevisi yokusabalalisa inethiwekhi (i-DNSP) engenakuqinisekisa ukuxhuma kwamandla aphansi emuva ekunikezelweni kwamandla. I-TT earthing yayijwayelekile e-Australia ngaphambi kuka-1980 futhi isasetshenziswa kwezinye izingxenye zezwe.
Ngamasistimu we-TT earthing, i-RCD iyadingeka kuwo wonke amasekethe kagesi we-AC ukuvikelwa okufanelekile.
Ngokuya nge-IEC 60364-4-41, zonke izingxenye eziveziwe zokuziphatha ezivikeleke ngokubambisana ngedivayisi efanayo yokuvikela zizoxhunyaniswa ngabaqhubi abavikelayo ku-electrode yomhlaba ejwayelekile kuzo zonke lezo zingxenye.
Umdwebo 4 - TT System
Uhlelo lomhlaba lwe-IT
Kuhlelo lwe-IT lokwehla komhlaba, kungenzeka ukuthi akukho ukuthungwa komhlaba ekunikezelweni, noma kwenziwa ngokuxhumeka okuphezulu kwe-impedance. Lolu hlobo lwe-earthing alusetshenziselwa amanethiwekhi wokusabalalisa kepha luvame ukusetshenziselwa iziteshi kanye nezinhlelo ezizimele ezinikezwa yi-generator. Lezi zinhlelo ziyakwazi ukunikeza ukuqhubeka okuhle kokunikezwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Umdwebo 5 - IT System
Imiphumela yohlelo lwe-PV earthing
Uhlobo lohlelo lomhlaba olusetshenziswa kunoma yiliphi izwe luzocacisa uhlobo lohlelo lomhlaba oludingekayo kuzinhlelo ze-Grid-Connected PV; Izinhlelo ze-PV ziphathwa njenge-generator (noma isekethe eliwumthombo) futhi zidinga ukuvuswa kanjalo.
Isibonelo, amazwe asebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwelungiselelo lohlobo lwe-TT lokudinga umhlaba kuzodinga umgodi ohlukile womhlaba wezinhlangothi zombili ze-DC ne-AC ngenxa yokuhlelwa komhlaba. Ngokuqhathanisa, ezweni lapho kusetshenziswa uhlelo lwenhlabathi lwe-TN-CS, ukumane uxhume uhlelo lwe-PV kubha enkulu yomhlaba e-switchboard kwanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zohlelo lomhlaba.
Kunezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba ezikhona emhlabeni wonke futhi ukuqonda okuhle kokulungiswa komhlaba okuhlukile kuqinisekisa ukuthi amasistimu e-PV atholwe ngokufanele.
