Izixazululo Zamadivayisi Wokuvikelwa Kwezitimela Nezokuthutha kanye Namadivayisi Wokunciphisa Umthamo

Kungani kufanele uvikele?

Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlelo zesitimela: Izitimela, imetro, trams

Ukuthuthwa kwezitimela ngokujwayelekile, kungaba ngaphansi komhlaba, phansi noma ngamathilamu, kugcizelela kakhulu ukuphepha nokwethembeka kwethrafikhi, ikakhulukazi ekuvikelweni kwabantu okungenamibandela. Ngalesi sizathu yonke imishini ye-elektroniki ebucayi, eyinkimbinkimbi (isb. Amasistimu wokulawula, ukusayina noma imininingwane) idinga izinga eliphakeme lokuthembeka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokusebenza okuphephile nokuvikelwa kwabantu. Ngenxa yezizathu zezomnotho, lezi zinhlelo azinawo amandla anele ka-dielectric kuzo zonke izimo ezingaba khona zemiphumela evela kumandla wevolthi ngakho-ke ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka okufanele kufanele kuhambisane nezidingo ezithile zokuthuthwa kwezitimela. Izindleko zokuvikelwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinhlelo zikagesi nezikagesi kojantshi ziyingxenyana nje kuphela yezindleko eziphelele zobuchwepheshe obuvikelwe kanye nokutshalwa kwemali okuncane maqondana nomonakalo ongaba khona odalwe ukwehluleka noma ukucekelwa phansi kwemishini. Umonakalo ungadalwa yimiphumela yokuqhuma kwamandla kagesi emishayweni yombani eqondile noma engaqondile, ukushintsha ukusebenza, ukwehluleka noma ngenxa yamandla kagesi aphezulu abangelwa ezingxenyeni zensimbi zemishini yesitimela.

Umgomo oyinhloko wokuklanywa kokuvikelwa kokuqhuma okuhle yinkimbinkimbi nokuhlangana kwama-SPD kanye nokuxhuma kwe-equipotential ngokuxhumeka okuqondile noma okungaqondile. Ubunzima buqinisekiswa ngokufaka amadivayisi wokuvikela ukuqhuma kukho konke okokufaka kanye nemiphumela yedivayisi nohlelo, ukuthi zonke izintambo zamandla, amasiginali nezindlela zokuxhumana zivikelekile. Ukudidiyelwa kokuvikelwa kuqinisekiswa ngokufaka ama-SPD anemiphumela ehlukahlukene yokuvikela ngokulandelana ngendlela efanele ukuze kunciphise kancane kancane amandla wokuqhuma kwamandla aye ezingeni eliphephile ledivayisi evikelwe. Amadivayisi anciphisa amandla wegesi futhi ayingxenye ebalulekile yokuvikelwa okuphelele kwezitimela zikagesi. Zisebenza ukuvimbela amandla wokuthinta aphezulu angavumelekile ezingxenyeni zensimbi zemishini yesitimela ngokusungula ukuxhumeka kwesikhashana noma unomphela kwezingxenye ezihambayo nesekethe yokubuyela yohlelo lokudonsa. Ngalo msebenzi bavikela ikakhulukazi abantu abangaxhumana nalezi zingxenye ezivezayo zokuziphatha.

Yini okufanele uyivikele?

Amadivayisi Wokuvikela (i-SPD) weziteshi zezitimela kanye nojantshi

Olayini bamandla kagesi AC 230/400 V

Iziteshi zesitimela zisebenza ngokuyinhloko ukumisa isitimela ukufika nokuhamba kwabagibeli. Kulesi sakhiwo kunolwazi olubalulekile, ukuphathwa, ukulawula nokuphepha kohlelo lwezitimela, kepha futhi nezinsiza ezahlukahlukene ezinamagumbi okulinda, izindawo zokudlela, izitolo, njll., Ezixhunywe kwinethiwekhi evamile yokuphakelwa kukagesi futhi, ngenxa yokusondela kwazo ngogesi indawo, bangaba sengozini yokwehluleka kumjikelezo wokuhambisa ugesi ngamandla. Ukugcina ukusebenza okungenankinga kwalawa madivayisi, ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka kwamazinga amathathu kufanele kufakwe kulayini bokuhambisa ugesi we-AC. Ukuhlelwa okunconyiwe kwamadivayisi wokuvikela we-LSP ngale ndlela elandelayo:

• Ibhodi lokusabalalisa elikhulu (ukufaka esikhundleni, ukufaka ulayini wamandla) - Uhlobo lwe-SPD 1, isib I-FLP50, noma umbani ohlanganisiwe wokuboshwa kwamanje no-surge arrester Type 1 + 2, isib I-FLP12,5.
• Amabhodi okusatshalaliswa okungaphansi - ukuvikelwa kwezinga lesibili, Uhlobo lwe-SPD 2, isib I-SLP40-275.
• Ubuchwepheshe / imishini - ukuvikelwa kwezinga lesithathu, Uhlobo lwe-SPD 3,

- Uma amadivayisi avikelwe atholakala ngqo ngaphakathi noma eduze kwebhodi lokusabalalisa, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise i-SPD Type 3 ukufakwa kojantshi we-DIN 35 mm, njenge I-SLP20-275.

- Ezimweni zokuvikelwa kwamasekhethi okuqondile lapho kungavunyelwa khona izinto ze-IT ezinjengamakhophi, amakhompyutha, njll., Khona-ke kufanelekile nge-SPD ukwengeza okwengeziwe emabhokisini esokhethi, isib. FPL.

- Iningi lobuchwepheshe bamanje bokulawula nokulawula lilawulwa ama-microprocessors namakhompyutha. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokuvikelwa kwe-overvoltage, kuyadingeka futhi ukuqeda umthelela wokuphazanyiswa kwemvamisa yomsakazo okungaphazamisa ukusebenza okufanele, isb. “Ngokumisa” iprosesa, ukubhala ngaphezulu idatha noma imemori. Ngalezi zinhlelo zokusebenza i-LSP incoma i-FLD. Kukhona futhi okunye okwehlukile ngokuya ngomthwalo odingekayo wamanje.

Ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zayo zesitimela, enye ingxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yonke kujantshi wesitimela onezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulawula, zokuqapha nokusayina (isib. Amalambu wesiginali, ukuxhumeka kwe-elekthronikhi, izithiyo zokuwela, izibali zamasondo ezinqola njll.). Ukuvikelwa kwabo emiphumeleni yokuqhuma kwamandla kubaluleke kakhulu maqondana nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okungenazinkinga.

• Ukuvikela la madivayisi kufanelekile ukufaka uhlobo lwe-SPD 1 kunsika yokuphakelwa kwamandla, noma umkhiqizo ongcono kakhulu ovela kububanzi be-FLP12,5, Uhlobo lwe-SPD 1 + 2 okuthi, ngenxa yezinga eliphansi lokuvikela, ivikele kangcono imishini.

Okokusebenza kojantshi okuxhunywe ngqo noma kusondele kojantshi (ngokwesibonelo, ithuluzi lokubala inqola), kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa i-FLD, idivaysi ekhawulela amandla kagesi, ukukhokhela umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwensimbi nendawo evikelayo okokusebenza. Yenzelwe ukukhwezwa kwesitimela kwe-DIN okulula okungu-35 mm.

Ubuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana

Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlelo zokuhamba kwezitimela nazo zonke ubuchwepheshe bokuxhumana nokuvikelwa kwazo okufanele. Kungaba nezintambo ezahlukahlukene zokuxhumana zedijithali ne-analogue ezisebenza ezintambo zensimbi zakudala noma ngaphandle kwentambo. Ukuvikela okokusebenza okuxhunywe kula masekethe kungasetshenziswa ukwenza isibonelo laba baboshwa be-LSP:

• Intambo yocingo ene-ADSL noma i-VDSL2 - isb. I-RJ11S-TELE emnyango wesakhiwo futhi eduze kwempahla evikelwe.
• Amanethiwekhi e-Ethernet - ukuvikelwa kwendawo yonke yamanethiwekhi wedatha nolayini kuhlanganiswe ne-PoE, ngokwesibonelo i-DT-CAT-6AEA.
• Ulayini we-cooaxial antenna wokuxhumana okungenantambo - isb DS-N-FM

Imigqa yesiginali yokulawula nedatha

Imigqa yemishini yokulinganisa nokulawula kwingqalasizinda yesitimela kufanele, futhi, ivikelwe nasemiphumeleni yama-surges nokuvuthwa kwamandla ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembeka nokusebenza okuphezulu kakhulu. Isibonelo sokusetshenziswa kokuvikelwa kwe-LSP kwedatha namanethiwekhi wesiginali kungaba:

• Ukuvikelwa kocingo kanye nolayini bokulinganisa entweni yokusebenza kojantshi - isikhulumi esibambayo ST 1 + 2 + 3, isb. FLD.

Yini okufanele uyivikele?

I-Voltage Limiting Devices (VLD) yeziteshi zezitimela nojantshi

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile kojantshi, ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla wesekethe ekubuyeni, noma maqondana nesimo esinephutha, kungahle kube khona amandla ombane wokuthinta ongaphezulu ongavumelekile ezingxenyeni ezifinyelelekayo phakathi kwesekethe yokubuyela namandla omhlaba, noma ezingxenyeni ezihamba phansi eziveziwe (izigxobo , ama-handrails neminye imishini). Ezindaweni ezifinyeleleka kubantu ezifana neziteshi zezitimela noma amathrekhi, kuyadingeka ukuthi umkhawulo wamandla kagesi ubekwe enanini eliphephile ngokufaka iVoltage Limiting Devices (VLD). Umsebenzi wabo ukusungula ukuxhumeka kwesikhashana noma unomphela kwezingxenye eziveziwe zokuziphatha kanye nesekethe lokubuyela uma kwenzeka inani elidingekile le-voltage yamandla lingeqile. Lapho ukhetha i-VLD kuyadingeka ukuthi ubheke ukuthi umsebenzi we-VLD-F, i-VLD-O noma womabili uyadingeka yini, njengoba kuchazwe ku-EN 50122-1. Izingxenye zokudalula eziveziwe zezintambo ezihamba ngaphezulu noma zokudonsa zivame ukuxhumeka kusifunda sokubuyela ngqo noma ngedivayisi yohlobo lwe-VLD-F. Ngakho-ke, uhlobo lwamadivayisi anciphisa amandla we-VLD-F enzelwe ukuvikela uma kunamaphutha, ngokwesibonelo isekhethi elifishane lohlelo lokudonswa kwamandla kagesi olunengxenye ebonakalayo evelelayo. Izinhlobo zamadivayisi i-VLD-O zisetshenziswa ekusebenzeni okujwayelekile, okusho ukuthi zikhawulela ukukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi okuthinta amandla wesitimela ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwesitimela. Umsebenzi wamadivayisi wokukhawulela amandla kagesi akusikho ukuvikela imibani nokushintsha kwama-surges. Lokhu kuvikelwa kunikezwa yiSurge Protective Devices (SPD). Izidingo kuma-VLDs zenze ushintsho olukhulu ngenguqulo entsha ye-EN 50526-2 ejwayelekile futhi kunezidingo zobuchwepheshe eziphakeme kakhulu kubo manje. Ngokwaleli zinga, imikhawulo yamandla kagesi e-VLD-F ihlukaniswa njengezinhlobo zesigaba 1 ne-VLD-O njengesigaba 2.1 nesigaba 2.2.

I-LSP ivikela ingqalasizinda yesitimela

Gwema isikhathi sokuphumula nokuphazamiseka kwingqalasizinda yesitimela

Ukusebenza ngokushelela kobuchwepheshe besitimela kuncike ekusebenzeni okufanele kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezibucayi kakhulu, zikagesi nezikagesi. Ukutholakala unomphela kwalezi zinhlelo, noma kunjalo, kusongelwa iziteleka zombani nokuphazamiseka kukagesi. Njengomthetho, abaqhubi abalimele nababhujisiwe, izinto ezixhumanayo, amamojula noma amasistimu ekhompyutha ayimbangela yokuphazamiseka nokuxazulula inkinga okudla isikhathi. Lokhu-ke kusho ukuthi izitimela ezifika sekwedlule isikhathi nezindleko eziphezulu.

Nciphisa ukuphazamiseka okubizayo futhi unciphise isikhathi sokuphumula sohlelo… ngombono ophelele wombani nokuvikelwa okwenzelwe izidingo zakho ezikhethekile.

Izizathu zokuphazamiseka nokulimala

Lezi yizizathu ezivame kakhulu zokuphazamiseka, isikhathi sokuphumula sohlelo kanye nomonakalo ezinhlelweni zikajantshi kagesi:

• Umbani oqondile ushaya

Iziteleka zombani emigqeni yokuxhumana engaphezulu, amathrekhi noma amamaki ngokuvamile kuholela ekuphazamisweni noma ekuhlulekeni kwesistimu.

• Kushaya umbani ongaqondile

Umbani ushaya esakhiweni esiseduze noma emhlabathini. I-overvoltage yabe isatshalaliswa ngezintambo noma ngokufakwa ngokungenzi lutho, ilimaze noma icekele phansi izinto ze-elektroniki ezingavikelekile.

• Izinkambu zokuphazanyiswa ngogesi

Ukweqisa ngokweqile kungenzeka lapho amasistimu ehlukene ehlangana ngenxa yokusondela komunye nomunye, isb. Amasistimu wezimpawu akhanyisiwe ngaphezulu kwezimoto, izintambo zokudlulisa amandla aphezulu kanye nolayini abangaphezulu bezitimela.

• Izehlakalo ngaphakathi kohlelo lwesitimela uqobo

Ukushintsha ukusebenza kanye nokucupha amafyuzi kuyisici esingeziwe sobungozi ngoba nakho kungakhipha ama-surges futhi kudale umonakalo.

Ezokuthutha ngesitimela ngokuvamile kufanele kukhokhelwe ukuphepha nokusebenza okungaphazamiseki, kanye nokuvikelwa kwabantu okungenamibandela, ikakhulukazi. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingenhla amadivayisi asetshenziselwa ukuthuthwa kwezitimela kufanele afake izinga eliphakeme lokuthembeka elihambelana nezidingo zokusebenza okuphephile. Amathuba okuvela okwehluleka ngenxa yemithamo ephakeme engalindelekile ancishiswa ukusetshenziswa kombani oshayayo ababoshwa njengamanje kanye namadivayisi wokuvikela ukuqhuma enziwe yi-LSP.

Ukuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi angama-230/400 V AC
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okungenasici kwezinhlelo zokuhamba ngezitimela kunconywa ukufaka zonke izigaba ezintathu ze-SPD kulayini wokuphakelwa kwamandla. Isigaba sokuqala sokuvikela siqukethe idivaysi yokuvikelwa kochungechunge lwe-FLP, isigaba sesibili sakhiwa yi-SLP SPD, kanti isigaba sesithathu esifakwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka kwimishini evikelwe simelwe nguchungechunge lwe-TLP ngesihlungi se-HF esiphazamisayo sokucindezela.

Imishini yokuxhumana namasekhethi wokulawula
Iziteshi zokuxhumana zivikelwe nge-SPDs yochungechunge lohlobo lwe-FLD, kuya ngobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana obusetshenzisiwe. Ukuvikelwa kokulawulwa kwamasekhethi namanethiwekhi edatha kungasuselwa kubabambisi bamanje be-FRD lightning stroke.

Ukuvikelwa Kombani: Ukushayela leso Sitimela

Uma sicabanga ngokuvikelwa kombani njengoba kubhekiswe embonini nasezinhlekeleleni sicabanga ngokusobala; Uwoyela negesi, ezokuxhumana, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, izinsiza njll. Kepha bambalwa kithi abacabanga ngezitimela, ojantshi noma ezokuhamba zizonke. Kungani kungenjalo? Izitimela nezinhlelo ezisebenzayo ezizisebenzisayo zisengozini yokushaywa umbani njenganoma yini enye futhi umphumela wesiteleka sombani esiya kwingqalasizinda yesitimela kungasithiya futhi kwesinye isikhathi kube yingozi. Ugesi yingxenye enkulu yokusebenza kohlelo lwesitimela futhi ubuningi bezingxenye nezakhi ezidingekayo ukwakha ujantshi emhlabeni jikelele ziningi.

Izitimela nezinhlelo zezitimela ezishaywayo nezithintekayo zenzeka kaningi kunalokho esicabanga. Ngo-2011, isitimela eMpumalanga yeChina (edolobheni laseWenzhou, esifundazweni saseZhejiang) sashaywa umbani owawumisa ngokoqobo emikhondweni yawo ngamandla akhishwa. Isitimela esinejubane elikhulu sishaye isitimela ebesingakwazi ukusebenza. Abantu abangu-43 babhubha kwathi abanye abangu-210 balimala. Izindleko eziphelele ezaziwa ngale nhlekelele zazingu- $ 15.73 Million.

Kundatshana eyashicilelwa kwi-Network Rails yase-UK ithi e-UK “Umbani ushaya ingqalasizinda yezitimela eyonakalisiwe ngokwesilinganiso sezikhathi eziyi-192 unyaka nonyaka phakathi kuka-2010 no-2013, isiteleka ngasinye siholela ekubambezelweni imizuzu engama-361. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakhanselwa izitimela ezingama-58 ngonyaka ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe umbani. ” Lokhu okwenzekayo kunomthelela omkhulu emnothweni nakwezentengiselwano.

Ngo-2013, isakhamuzi sabanjwa ngombani wekhamera sishaya isitimela eJapan. Kuyinhlanhla ukuthi isiteleka asibanga nakancane ukulimala, kepha bekungaba kubi kakhulu ukube sishayiswe endaweni efanele. Ngenxa yokuthi bakhethe ukuvikelwa ngombani kohlelo lwesitimela. EJapan bakhethe ukusebenzisa indlela yokuvikela izindlela zikajantshi ngokusebenzisa izixazululo ezifakazelwe zokuvikela umbani kanti uHitachi uhamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni.

Umbani bekulokhu kuyisongo sokuqala sokusebenza kojantshi, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zakamuva ezinamanethiwekhi wesiginali azwelayo ngokumelene ne-surge noma i-Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) ebangelwe umbani njengomphumela wawo wesibili.

Okulandelayo ngesinye sezifundo zamacala okuvikela ukukhanya kojantshi abazimele eJapan.

I-Tsukuba Express Line ibisaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo okuthembekile ngesikhathi esincane. Izinhlelo zabo zokusebenzisa nokulawula nge-computer zihlonyiswe ngohlelo olujwayelekile lokuvikela umbani. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2006 ukuduma kwezulu okukhulu kwalimaza izinhlelo kwaphazamisa nokusebenza kwazo. UHitachi wacelwa ukuba abonane nomonakalo bese ephakamisa isixazululo.

Isiphakamiso sifake ukwethulwa kweDissipation Array Systems (DAS) ngemininingwane elandelayo:

Selokhu kwafakwa i-DAS, akukaze kube khona monakalo wombani kulezi zikhungo ezithile isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka engu-7. Le nkomba ephumelele iholele ekufakweni okuqhubekayo kwe-DAS esiteshini ngasinye kulayini njalo ngonyaka kusukela ngo-2007 kuze kube manje. Ngale mpumelelo, uHitachi usebenzise izixazululo ezifanayo zokuvikela ukukhanya kwezinye izakhiwo zesitimela ezizimele (izinkampani zesitimela ezizimele eziyi-7 kusukela manje).

Ukuphetha, i-Lightning ihlale iyingozi ezikhungweni ezinemisebenzi ebucayi namabhizinisi, kungagcini nje kuphela ngojantshi wesitimela njengoba kuchaziwe ngenhla. Noma yiziphi izinhlelo zomgwaqo ezincike ekusebenzeni okushelelayo nesikhathi sokuphumula esincane kudingeka zithole izindawo zazo zivikelwe kahle ezimeni zezulu ezingalindelekile. Nge-Lightning Protection Solutions (kufaka phakathi ubuchwepheshe be-DAS), uHitachi uzimisele kakhulu ukufaka isandla nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwamabhizinisi kumakhasimende akhe.

Ukuvikelwa Kombani Kwezitimela Nezimboni Ezihlobene Nazo

Imvelo yesitimela iyinselele futhi ayinasihe. Isakhiwo sokudonsa ngaphezulu sakha i-antenna enkulu yombani. Lokhu kudinga indlela yokucabanga yezinhlelo ukuvikela izinto eziboshelwe ujantshi, ukukhwezwa kojantshi noma eduze kwethrekhi, ngokumelene nokuqubuka kombani. Okwenza izinto zibe yinselelo enkulu ukukhula okusheshayo ekusetshenzisweni kwamadivayisi kagesi aphansi endaweni yesitimela. Isibonelo, ukufaka okufaka uphawu sekuguqukile kusuka ekuxhumaneni kwemishini kuya kokuncike ezintweni eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-elekthronikhi. Ngokwengeziwe, ukuqapha isimo kwengqalasizinda yesitimela kulethe izinhlelo eziningi ze-elekthronikhi. Ngakho-ke isidingo esibucayi sokuvikelwa kombani kuzo zonke izici zenethiwekhi yesitimela. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela komlobi ekukhanyiseni ukuvikela amasistimu wesitimela kuzokwabelwana nawe.

Isingeniso

Yize leli phepha ligxile kokuhlangenwe nakho emvelweni wesitimela, imigomo yokuvikela izosebenza ngokulinganayo ezimbonini ezihlobene lapho isisekelo semishini efakiwe sibekwe ngaphandle kwamakhabethe futhi sixhunywe kuhlelo lokulawula / lokulinganisa olukhulu ngezintambo. Kuyimvelo esatshalalisiwe yezinto ezahlukahlukene zohlelo ezidinga indlela ethe xaxa yokuvikela umbani.

Imvelo yesitimela

Imvelo yesitimela ilawulwa ukwakheka okuphezulu, okwakha i-antenna enkulu yombani. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya ukwakheka okuphezulu kuyinto ebhekiswe kakhulu ekuphumeni kombani. Ikhebula lomhlaba elingaphezulu kwamamashi, qinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo sonke sinamandla afanayo. Zonke izinsika zesithathu kuya kwesihlanu zixhunywe kujantshi wokubuyela emuva (esinye isitimela sisetshenziselwa ukusayina). Ezindaweni ze-traction ze-DC omask behlukanisiwe nomhlaba ukuvimbela ama-electrolyses, ngenkathi ezindaweni zokudonsa i-AC amamaki axhumana nomhlaba. Izinhlelo zokusayinda eziyinkimbinkimbi nezokulinganisa zifakwe ujantshi noma eduze kwesitimela. Imishini enjalo ivezwa umsebenzi wombani kujantshi, othathwa ngesakhiwo esiphezulu. Izinzwa kusitimela ziyikhebula elixhunywe kumasistimu wokulinganisa ngasendleleni, akhonjwa emhlabeni. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani imishini efakwe kojantshi ingabekwa kuphela kuma-surges, kepha ibuye ivezwe kuma-surge (aqondile ngqo). Ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kokufakwa okuhlukahlukene okusayinayo nakho kwenziwa ngentambo yamandla ephezulu, ethinteka ngokulinganayo ezitelekeni zombani. Inethiwekhi enkulu yekhebula elingaphansi komhlaba ihlanganisa ndawonye zonke izinto ezahlukahlukene nezinhlelo ezisezingeni eliphansi ezigcinwe kuzinsimbi zensimbi eceleni kwethrekhi, iziqukathi ezakhiwe ngokwezifiso noma izindlu zokhonkolo zeRocla. Lesi yisimo esiyinselele lapho izinhlelo zokuvikela umbani eziklanywe kahle zibalulekile ekusindeni kwemishini. Imishini elimele ibangela ukungatholakali kwezinhlelo zokusayina, okudala ukulahleka kokusebenza.

Izinhlelo zokulinganisa ezahlukahlukene nezinto ezisayinayo

Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulinganisa ukuqapha impilo yemikhumbi yezinqola kanye namazinga engcindezi angathandeki esakhiweni sesitimela. Ezinye zalezi zinhlelo yilezi: Imitshina ethwala eshisayo, imitshina eshisayo yamabhuleki, Isistimu yokulinganisa iphrofayli, Isisindo sokulinganisa kokunyakaza / kwesondo, iSkew bogie detector, Isilinganiso sokucindezelwa okude kweWayside, uhlelo lokuhlonza Izimoto, ama-Weigh Bridgeges. Lezi zinto ezilandelayo zokubonisa zibalulekile futhi zidinga ukutholakala ngohlelo olusebenzayo lokusayina: Ama-track amasekethe, izinto zokubala ze-axle, ukutholwa kwamaphoyinti nemishini yamandla.

Izindlela zokuvikela

Ukuvikelwa okuguqukayo kukhombisa ukuvikelwa phakathi kwabaqhubi. Ukuvikelwa kweLongitudinal kusho ukuvikelwa phakathi komqhubi nomhlaba. Ukuvikelwa kwendlela kathathu kuzofaka phakathi ukuvikelwa okude nokwesikhashana kumjikelezo wesibili womqhubi. Ukuvikelwa kwezindlela ezimbili kuzoba nokuvikelwa okwedlulele kanye nokuvikelwa kobude obude kuphela kusihambisi esingathathi hlangothi (esivamile) sesekethe lezingcingo ezimbili.

Ukuvikelwa kombani kulayini wokuphakelwa kwamandla

Ama-switch down transformers abekwe ezakhiweni ze-H-mast futhi avikelwe ngezitaki zamandla wokubopha ezinamandla ku-spike yomhlaba ezinikele ye-HT. Kufakwa igebe le-spark voltage low voltage phakathi kwekhebula le-HT lokumisa umhlaba kanye nesakhiwo se-H-mast. I-H-mast iboshelwe kujantshi wokubuyela emuva. Ebhodini lokusabalalisa amandla egumbini lezinto zokusebenza, ukuvikelwa kwendlela kathathu kufakwa kusetshenziswa amamojula wokuvikela wesigaba 1. Ukuvikelwa kwesigaba sesibili kufaka ama-inductors ochungechunge ngamamojula wokuvikela wesigaba 2 ohlelweni oluphakathi lomhlaba. Ukuvikelwa kwesigaba sesithathu imvamisa kufaka phakathi ama-MOV's noma ama-Transient Suppressors ngaphakathi kwekhabethe lezinsizakusebenza zamandla.

Ukunikezwa kwamandla kwamahora amane kuhlinzekwa ngamabhethri nama-inverters. Njengoba ukukhishwa kwe-inverter kudla ngekhebula entweni eseceleni kwethrekhi, kuphinde kudalulwe ekuqhamukeni kombani wokugcina okwenziwe kukhebula elingaphansi komhlaba. Ukuvikelwa kwesigaba sesithathu sendlela kufakiwe ukunakekela lawa ma-surges.

Izimiso zokwakhiwa kokuvikela

Le migomo elandelayo iyalandelwa ekwakheni ukuvikelwa kwezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zokulinganisa:

Khomba zonke izintambo ezingena neziphumayo.
Sebenzisa ukumiswa kwendlela kathathu.
Dala umzila owedlula wamandla wokuqhuma lapho kungenzeka khona.
Gcina izistimu engu-0V nezikrini zekhebula zihlukile emhlabeni.
Sebenzisa umhlaba we-equipotential. Gwema ukuboshwa ngamaketanga okuxhuma umhlaba.
Musa ukubhekelela iziteleka eziqondile.

Oluvikela oluvala amasondo counter

Ukuvikela ukuqhuma kombani ukuthi "kudonseke" ku-spike yendawo yasendaweni, imishini yethrekhi igcinwa intanta. Amandla akhuphukayo afakwa ezintanjeni zomsila namakhanda wokubala afakwe kojantshi kumele abanjwe futhi aqondiswe kuzungeze i-elekthronikhi (faka) kwikhebula lokuxhumana elixhumanisa iyunithi yethrekhi neyunithi yokubala eyihlane (umhloli) egumbini lezinto zokusebenza. Zonke izifunda zokudlulisa, zokwamukela nezokuxhumana “zivikelwe” ngale ndlela eya endizeni ye-equipotential entantayo. Amandla wokukhuphuka azobe esedlula esuka ezintanjeni zomsila aye kwikhebula elikhulu ngendiza ye-equipotential nezakhi zokuvikela. Lokhu kuvimbela amandla wokuqhuma ekudluliseni amasekethe kagesi futhi awonakalise. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi ukuvikela ngokudlula, iziveze njengephumelele kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa kaningi lapho kudingeka khona. Ekamelweni lezinto zokusebenza ikhebula lokuxhumana linikezwa ukuvikelwa kwendlela kathathu ukuqondisa wonke amandla wokuqhuma ohlelweni lomhlaba.

Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlelo zokulinganisa ezifakwe kujantshi

Amabhuloho okusinda nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukahlukene zisebenzisa ama-gauge wokukhwabanisa anamathiselwe kojantshi. Ukukhanya okungaba namandla kwalezi zilinganisi zokucindezela kuncane kakhulu, okubashiya besengozini yokusebenza kombani kojantshi, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokumiswa kohlelo lokulinganisa kanjalo ngaphakathi kweqhugwane eliseduze. Amamojula wokuvikelwa weClass 2 (275V) asetshenziselwa ukwenza ujantshi ku-system earth ngezintambo ezihlukile. Ukuqhubeka nokuvimbela ukukhanya okuvela kojantshi, izikrini zamakhebuli ahlanekezelwe zihlisiwe emuva kojantshi. Izikrini zazo zonke izintambo azixhunyiwe emhlabeni, kepha zikhishwa nge-gas arrestors. Lokhu kuzovimbela (ukuqondisa) umsindo wasemhlabeni ekuhlanganisweni kumasekethe wekhebula. Ukuze usebenze njengesikrini kwincazelo ngayinye, isikrini kufanele sixhunywe kuhlelo 0V. Ukuqedela isithombe sokuvikela, i-0V yohlelo kufanele ishiywe intanta (ingavulwa), ngenkathi amandla angenayo kufanele avikelwe kahle kumodi yendlela ephindwe kathathu.

I-Earthing ngamakhompyutha

Inkinga yendawo yonke ikhona kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokulinganisa lapho kusetshenziswa amakhompyutha ukwenza ukuhlaziywa kwedatha neminye imisebenzi. Ngokwesijwayelekile i-chassis yamakhompyutha iyadliwa ngekhebula lamandla futhi i-0V (ireferensi yolayini) yamakhompyutha nayo iyadalwa. Lesi simo sivamise ukwephula umthetho wokugcina uhlelo lokulinganisa lintanta njengesivikelo kumaqhuqhuva wombani wangaphandle. Ukuphela kwendlela yokunqoba le nkinga ukondla ikhompyutha nge-transformer yokuzihlukanisa nokuhlukanisa ifreyimu yekhompyutha kwikhabethe lesistimu efakwe kulo. Izixhumanisi ze-RS232 kweminye imishini zizophinda zidale inkinga yomhlaba, lapho kuphakanyiswa khona isixhumanisi se-fiber optic njengesisombululo. Igama eliyisihluthulelo ukubuka uhlelo oluphelele nokuthola isisombululo esiphelele.

Ukuntanta kwezinhlelo zamandla kagesi aphansi

Kuwumkhuba ophephile ukuba namasekethe angaphandle avikelwe emhlabeni kanye namasekhethi okuhambisa ugesi abhekiswe futhi avikelwe emhlabeni. Amandla aphansi, imishini yamandla aphansi, kodwa ingaphansi komsindo emachwebeni ezimpawu kanye nokulimala ngokomzimba okuvela emandleni okuqhuma ezintanjeni zokulinganisa. Isixazululo esisebenza kakhulu kulezi zinkinga ukuntanta imishini yamandla aphansi. Le ndlela ilandelwe futhi yasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokubonisa isimo eziqinile. Uhlelo oluthile oluvela emvelaphi yaseYurophu lwenzelwe ukuthi lapho amamojula exhunywe khona, avuleke ngokuzenzekelayo kwikhabhinethi. Lo mhlaba udlulela endizeni yomhlaba kumabhodi e-pc kanjalo. Ama-voltage capacitors asetshenziswa ukubhebhethekisa umsindo phakathi komhlaba nohlelo 0V. Amangqamuzana aqhamuka ohlangothini lwethrekhi angena ngamachweba wesiginali futhi adabule la ma-capacitors, alimaze imishini futhi imvamisa ishiya indlela yokuhlinzekwa kwangaphakathi kwe-24V ukuqeda ngokuphelele amabhodi e-pc. Lokhu kwenzeke ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kwezindlela ezintathu (130V) kuwo wonke amasekethe angenayo naphumayo. Ukuhlukaniswa okucacile kwabe sekwenziwa phakathi kwesigungu sekhabethe kanye ne-system earthing bar bar. Konke ukuvikelwa kombani kubhekiswe kubha yebhasi lomhlaba. Isistimu yomhlaba kanye nokufakwa kwezintambo kuzo zonke izintambo zangaphandle kunqanyulwe kubha yebhasi yomhlaba. IKhabhinethi lantanta lisuka emhlabeni. Yize lo msebenzi wenziwe ngasekupheleni kwenkathi yombani yakamuva, akukho monakalo wombani owabikwa kusuka kunoma yiziphi iziteshi ezinhlanu (cishe ukufakwa okungama-80) okwenziwe, ngenkathi izivunguvungu eziningana zedlula. Isizini yombani elandelayo izofakazela ukuthi le ndlela yohlelo isiyonke iyaphumelela yini.

Izimpumelelo

Ngemizamo yokuzinikela nokwelula ukufakwa kwezindlela ezithuthukisiwe zokuvikela umbani, amaphutha ahlobene nombani afinyelele ezingeni lokuguquka.

Njengenjwayelo uma unemibuzo noma udinga imininingwane eyengeziwe sicela ukhululeke ukuxhumana nathi ku- sales@lsp-international.com

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I-Wenzhou Arrester Electric Co., Ltd. (LSP) ingumkhiqizi ophethwe amaShayina ngokuphelele we-AC & DC SPDs ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele.

I-LSP inikeza le mikhiqizo nezixazululo ezilandelayo:

1. Idivayisi yokuvikelwa kokuqhuma kwe-AC (SPD) yamasistimu wamandla kagesi asezingeni eliphansi kusuka ku-75Vac kuye ku-1000Vac ngokuya nge-IEC 61643-11: 2011 ne-EN 61643-11: 2012 (ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo lokuhlolwa: T1, T1 + T2, T2, T3).
2. Idivayisi yokuvikela i-DC surge (SPD) ye-photovolatics kusuka ku-500Vdc kuya ku-1500Vdc ngokuya nge-IEC 61643-31: 2018 ne-EN 50539-11: 2013 [EN 61643-31: 2019] (uhlobo lokuhlolwa kwesigaba: T1 + T2, T2)
3. Umvikeli womugqa wesigcini somvikeli wedatha onjengePoE (Power over Ethernet) ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka ngokuya nge-IEC 61643-21: 2011 kanye ne-EN 61643-21: 2012 (ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo lokuhlolwa: T2).
4. Izibani zomgwaqo ze-LED zikhuphuka isivikeli

Siyabonga ngokuvakasha!