Cabanga ngokuvikelwa kokukhuphuka njenge-bouncer ku-nightclub. Angavumela kuphela abantu abathile ukuthi bangene futhi asheshe aphonse abahlukumezi. Ukuthola ukuheha ngokwengeziwe? Yebo, idivaysi enhle yokuvikela indlu yonke yenza into efanayo. Ivumela ugesi kuphela odingwa yikhaya lakho hhayi ukuvuleka okungalawuleki okweqile okusuka kuzinsiza — khona-ke kuvikela amadivayisi akho kunoma iyiphi inkathazo engavela kuma-surges angaphakathi kwendlu. Amadivayisi wokuvikela indlu yonke (ama-SPD) ngokuvamile ahlanganiswa nebhokisi lensizakalo kagesi futhi atholakala eduze ukuvikela yonke imishini nezinhlelo zikagesi ekhaya.

Amaphesenti angama-80 ama-surges ekhaya esizenzela wona.

Njengamapheshana amaningi okucindezela ukuqhuma, sijwayele, abavikeli bendlu yonke basebenzisa izinsimbi ze-metal oxide varistors (MOVs), ukuvimba amandla okuqhuma kwamandla. Ama-MOV athola i-rap embi ngoba emigqeni yokwanda ukuqhuma okukodwa kungaqeda ngempumelelo ukuba usizo kwe-MOV. Kepha ngokungafani nalawo asetshenziswa emapheshana amaningi wokuqhuma, lawo asezinhlelweni zendlu yonke akhelwe ukuvimba ama-surges amakhulu futhi angahlala iminyaka. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, abakhi bezindlu abaningi namuhla bahlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwendlu yonke njengama-adder ajwayelekile ukusiza ukuzihlukanisa nokusiza ukuvikela izimali zabaninikhaya ezinhlelweni ze-elekthronikhi — ikakhulukazi uma ezinye zalezo zinhlelo ezibucayi zingathengiswa ngumakhi wendlu.

Nazi izinto ezi-5 okufanele wazi mayelana nokuvikelwa kwendlu yonke:

1. Amakhaya adinga kakhulu ukuvikelwa kwendlu yonke namuhla kunanini ngaphambili.

"Kuningi okushintshile ekhaya eminyakeni embalwa edlule," kusho uchwepheshe wethu. “Kunezinto eziningi ezisebenza ngogesi, ngisho nasekukhanyiseni ngama-LED, uma uhlukanisa i-LED kunebhodi lesifunda elincane lapho. Ama-washer, ama-dryer, imishini nayo inamabhodi wesifunda namuhla, ngakho-ke kuningi kakhulu namuhla okufanele kuvikelwe ekhaya kusuka kumandla kagesi-ngisho nokukhanya kwekhaya. "Kunobuchwepheshe obuningi esixhumana nabo ezindlini zethu."

2. Umbani akuyona ingozi enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe nezinye izinhlelo ekhaya.

“Abantu abaningi bacabanga ngama-surges njengombani, kodwa amaphesenti angama-80 ama-surges ayedlula [amafushane, aqhuma kakhulu], futhi sizivezela thina,” kusho uchwepheshe. "Zingaphakathi ekhaya." Ama-generator nama-motors afana nalawo asezingxenyeni zokungenisa umoya nezinto zikagesi afaka ama-surge amancane emigqeni kagesi yekhaya. “Akuvamile ukuthi ukuhlinzwa okukodwa okukhulu kuthathe izinto zikagesi nakho konke ngasikhathi sinye,” kuchaza uPluemer, kodwa lawo ma-mini-surges eminyakeni edlule azokwengeza, anciphise ukusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi futhi anciphise isikhathi sokuphila kwawo esisebenzisekayo.

3. Ukuvikelwa kwendlu yonke kuvikela ezinye izinto zikagesi.

Ungase ubuze, "Uma iningi lama-surges ayingozi endlini avela emishinini enjengeyunithi ye-AC kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo, kungani ungazihlupha ngokuvikelwa kwendlu yonke kupaneli le-breaker?" Impendulo ithi into yokusebenza noma isistimu yesekethe elizinikele, njengeyunithi yokungenisa umoya, izothumela ukwenyuka emuva ngephaneli le-breaker, lapho ingavalwa khona ukuvikela konke okunye okusendlini, kusho isazi.

4. Ukuvikelwa kwendlu yonke kufanele kugqinsiwe.

Uma okokusebenza noma ithuluzi lithumela ukuqhuma ngesifunda esabiwe phakathi kwamanye amadivayisi futhi singazinikeli, khona-ke lezo ezinye izitolo zingase zithonywe ukuqhuma, yingakho ungafuni nje kuphaneli kagesi. Ukuvikelwa kokukhuphuka kufanele kugqinsiwe endlini ukuze kube lapho kusebenza khona ugesi ukuvikela ikhaya lonke kanye nalapho kusetshenziswa khona ukuvikela i-elektroniki ebucayi. Ama-conditioners anamandla wokucindezela ukuqhuma, kanye nekhono lokunikeza amandla ahlungiwe kwimishini yokulalelwayo / yevidiyo, kunconyelwa izinkundla eziningi zasekhaya nezinhlelo zokuzijabulisa ekhaya.

5. Yini okufanele uyibheke kuwo wonke amadivayisi wokuvikela ukuqhuma endlini.

Amakhaya amaningi anezinsizakalo ezingama-120-volt angavikelwa ngokwanele ngesivikeli sokukala esikalwe ngama-80kA. Amathuba ukuthi ikhaya ngeke libone ama-spikes amakhulu ka-50kA kuye ku-100kA. Ngisho nokushaywa kombani okuseduze okuhamba ezintanjeni zikagesi kuzoqedwa ngesikhathi ukuqhuma kufika endlini. Ikhaya cishe alisoze labona ukukhuphuka ngaphezu kwe-10kA. Kodwa-ke, ithuluzi elilinganiswe nge-10kA elithola ukukhuphuka okungu-10kA, ngokwesibonelo, lingasebenzisa amandla alo we-MOV wokuqhaqhazela ngalolo gqoqo, ngakho-ke okuthile ngokulandelana kuka-80kA kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi kuhlala isikhathi eside. Amakhaya anama-subpanels kufanele ngabe anezelwe ukuvikelwa cishe kwengxenye yesilinganiso se-kA seyunithi enkulu. Uma kunombani omningi endaweni noma uma kunesakhiwo esisebenzisa imishini esindayo eduze, funa isilinganiso esingu-80kA.

Uhlelo lokulawulwa kwemithwalo luvumela onjiniyela bezokuphatha kanye nezinsiza ukuba balawule lapho umthwalo ungezwa noma uchithwa ohlelweni lukagesi, okwenza amasistimu afanayo aqine kakhulu futhi athuthukise ikhwalithi yamandla emithwalweni ebucayi ezinhlelweni eziningi zokuphehla ugesi. Ngendlela elula kunazo zonke, ukuphathwa kwemithwalo, okubizwa nangokuthi i-load add / shed noma i-load control, ivumela ukususwa kwemithwalo engabaluleki lapho amandla kagesi ancipha noma engakwazi ukuxhasa wonke umthwalo.

Ikuvumela ukuthi unqume ukuthi umthwalo udinga ukwehliswa nini noma wengezwe futhi

Uma imithwalo engabaluleki kakhulu isuswa, imithwalo ebucayi ingagcina amandla ngaphansi kwezimo lapho ingathola ikhwalithi yamandla empofu ngenxa yesimo sokugcwala ngokweqile noma ilahlekelwe amandla ngenxa yokuvalwa komthombo wamandla okuvikela. Ivumela ukususwa kwemithwalo engabaluleki kakhulu ohlelweni lokukhiqiza ugesi ngokuya ngezimo ezithile ezifana nesimo sokugcwala ngokweqile kwe-generator.

Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kwenza imithwalo ibekwe eqhulwini futhi isuswe noma ingezwe, ngokuya ngezimo ezithile ezifana nomthwalo we-generator, i-voltage yokuphuma, noma imvamisa ye-AC. Kuhlelo lwama-multi-generator, uma i-generator eyodwa ivala noma ingatholakali, ukuphathwa kokulayisha kwenza ukuthi imithwalo esezingeni eliphansi kakhulu inqanyulwe ebhasini.

Ithuthukisa ikhwalithi yamandla futhi iqinisekise ukuthi yonke imithwalo iyasebenza

Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithwalo ebucayi isasebenza ngisho nohlelo olunamandla aphelele aphansi kunalokho obekuhleliwe ekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokulawula ukuthi mangaki nokuthi imiphi imithwalo engabaluleki kakhulu ekhishelwayo, ukuphathwa kokulayisha kungavumela inani eliphakeme kakhulu lemithwalo engabalulekile ukuthi linikezwe amandla kususelwa kumthamo wangempela wohlelo. Kuzinhlelo eziningi, ukuphathwa kwemithwalo nakho kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yamandla.

Isibonelo, ezinhlelweni ezinama-motors amakhulu, ukuqala kwama-motors kungamiswa ukuvumela uhlelo oluzinzile njengoba kuqala imoto ngayinye. Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungaphinda kusetshenziselwe ukulawula ibhange lomthwalo ngakho-ke lapho imithwalo ingaphansi komkhawulo oyifunayo ibhange lomthwalo lingenziwa lisebenze, kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-generator.

Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungaphinde kunikeze ukukhululeka komthwalo ukuze i-generator eyodwa ikwazi ukuxhuma ebhasini ngaphandle kokulayishwa ngokweqile ngokushesha. Imithwalo ingangezwa kancane kancane, ngokubambezeleka kwesikhathi phakathi kokungeza umthwalo ngamunye, okwenza i-generator ithole amandla wevolumu nobuningi phakathi kwezinyathelo.

Kunezimo eziningi lapho ukuphathwa kokulayisha kungathuthukisa ukuthembeka kohlelo lokukhiqiza ugesi. Izicelo ezimbalwa lapho ukusetshenziswa kokuphathwa komthwalo okungenzeka kwenziwe kuqokonyiswe ngezansi.

• Izinhlelo ezihambisanayo ezijwayelekile
• Isistimu yokufa yenkambu efile
• Izinhlelo ze-generator eyodwa
• Amasistimu anezidingo ezikhethekile zokukhishwa

Izinhlelo ezihambisanayo ezijwayelekile

Iningi lezinhlelo ezihambisanayo ezisetshenziselwe uhlobo oluthile lokuphathwa kwemithwalo ngoba umthwalo kufanele unikezwe amandla yi-generator eyodwa ngaphambi kokuba ezinye zivumelanise kuyo futhi zengeze amandla okuphehla amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lowo mkhiqizi oyedwa angahle angakwazi ukuletha izidingo zamandla alo lonke umthwalo.

Izinhlelo ezihambisanayo ezijwayelekile zizoqala wonke ama-generator ngasikhathi sinye, kepha azikwazi ukuvumelanisa enye nenye ngaphandle kokunika amandla ibhasi elihambisanayo. Kukhethwa i-generator eyodwa ukufaka umfutho webhasi ukuze abanye bakwazi ukuvumelanisa nayo. Yize iningi lama-generator livunyelaniswa futhi lixhunywe ebhasini elihambisanayo kungakapheli imizuzwana embalwa kuvaliwe i-generator yokuqala, akuvamile ukuthi inqubo yokuvumelanisa ithathe kuze kube umzuzu, isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuthi ukulayishwa ngokweqile kubangele ukuthi i-generator ivale zivikele.

Amanye ama-generator angasondela ebhasini elifile ngemuva kokuthi i-generator ivaliwe, kepha azoba nomthwalo ofanayo odale ukuthi enye i-generator ilayishwe ngokweqile, ngakho-ke kungenzeka aziphathe ngendlela efanayo (ngaphandle kokuthi ama-generator angamasayizi ahlukile). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba nzima ngama-generator ukuvumelanisa nebhasi eligcwele ngokweqile ngenxa yamandla angavamile namazinga emvamisa noma ukushintshashintsha kwemvamisa namandla kagesi, ngakho-ke ukufakwa kokuphathwa kwemithwalo kungasiza ukuletha ama-generator angeziwe online ngokushesha okukhulu.

Inikeza ikhwalithi yamandla emithwalweni ebucayi

Uhlelo lokuphathwa kwemithwalo olumiswe kahle luzohlinzeka ngemfanelo enhle emithwalweni ebucayi ngesikhathi senqubo yokuvumelanisa ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-generator aku-inthanethi awalayishwa ngokweqile, noma ngabe inqubo yokuvumelanisa ithatha isikhathi eside kunokulindelekile. Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungasetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi. Izinhlelo ezihambisanayo ezijwayelekile zivame ukulawulwa nge-switchgear ehambisanayo, le switchgear ehambisanayo imane iqukethe i-logic control ehlelwe (i-PLC) noma enye into enengqondo elawula ukulandelana kokusebenza kohlelo. Idivayisi enengqondo ekushintsheni okuhambisanayo nayo ingenza ukuphathwa komthwalo.

Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungenziwa ngohlelo oluhlukile lokulawulwa kwemithwalo, olunganikeza ngemitha noma lungasebenzisa imininingwane evela kuzilawuli ezihambisanayo ze-switchgear ukunquma ukulayishwa kwejeneretha nobuningi. Uhlelo lokuphatha izakhiwo nalo lungaqhuba ukuphatha umthwalo, lilawule imithwalo ngokulawulwa kokuphathwa futhi luqede isidingo sokushintsha kokuphazamisa amandla kubo.

Amasistimu afanayo enkambu efile

Ukufana kwensimu efile kwehlukile kokufana okujwayelekile kokuthi wonke ama-generator angalinganiswa ngaphambi kokuthi kusebenze ama-voltage regulators futhi izinkambu ze-alternator zijabule.

Uma wonke ama-generator ohlelweni olufanayo lwensimu efile eqala ngokujwayelekile, uhlelo lwamandla lufinyelela kumandla wevolthi kanye nemvamisa ngomthamo ophehla amandla kagesi atholakalayo wokunikeza umthwalo. Ngoba ukulandelana okujwayelekile kwenkambu efile akudingi i-generator eyodwa ukunika amandla ibhasi elihambisanayo, ukuphathwa kwemithwalo akufanele kudinge ukukhipha umthwalo ngesikhathi sokuqala kohlelo olujwayelekile.

Kodwa-ke, njengamasistimu afanayo afanayo, ukuqala nokumiswa kwama-generator ngamanye kungenzeka ngensimu efile. Uma i-generator isetshenziselwe ukusebenza noma ima ngesinye isizathu, amanye ama-generator asengalayishwa ngokweqile. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kusengaba wusizo kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, ngokufana nezinhlelo ezijwayelekile ezifanayo.

Ukufanisa kwensimu efile kuvame ukwenziwa ngabalawuli be-generator abasebenza ngokufana, kepha kungenziwa futhi ngokufaka okuhambisanayo kwe-switchgear. Izilawuli ezikhiqiza ngokufana ezinamandla ezifanayo zivame ukuhlinzekela ukuphathwa kokulayisha okwakhelwe ngaphakathi, okuvumela izinto eziza kuqala umthwalo ukuthi zilawulwe ngqo ngabalawuli nokuqeda isidingo sabacwaningi be-switchgear abafanayo.

Izinhlelo ze-Single Generator

Izinhlelo ze-generator eyodwa ngokuvamile aziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezakwabo ezifanayo. Amasistimu anjalo angasebenzisa ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kusilawuli se-generator ukulawula imithwalo lapho kungaphansi kwemithwalo yezikhathi ezithile noma ukwehluka kokulayisha.

Umthwalo wezikhathi ezithile-njengama-chiller, ama-ovini wokungeniswa kanye namakheshi-awadonsi amandla aqhubekayo, kepha angahluka ngokudingwa kwamandla ngokuzumayo nangokukhulu. Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungaba wusizo ezimeni lapho i-generator ikwazi ukuphatha umthwalo ojwayelekile, kepha ezimweni ezithile imithwalo engena ngezikhathi ezithile ingakhuphula inani eliphelele lesistimu ngaphezu kwamandla amakhulu wejeneretha, okungalimaza ikhwalithi yamandla okukhipha i-generator noma ukwenza ukuvala shaqa okuvikelayo. Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungasetshenziselwa ukugxisha ukusetshenziswa kwemithwalo ku-generator, kunciphisa ukwehluka kwamandla nobuningi okubangelwa ukungena ezimotweni ezinkulu zemoto.

Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungasiza futhi uma amakhodi endawo edinga imodyuli yokulawula ukulayishwa kwamasistimu lapho okukhishwa njengamanje kokukhiqizwa kwe-generator kungaphansi kokulinganiselwa kwamanje kokungena kwensizakalo.

Amasistimu anezidingo ezikhethekile zokukhishwa

Kwezinye izindawo, kunezidingo ezincane zomthwalo we-generator noma kunini lapho isebenza khona. Kulokhu, ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungasetshenziswa ukugcina imithwalo ku-generator ukusiza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhishwa. Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, uhlelo lokukhiqiza amandla lufakelwe ibhange lomthwalo elilawulwayo. Uhlelo lokulawulwa kwemithwalo lulungiselelwe ukunika amandla imithwalo ehlukahlukene ebhange lomthwalo ukugcina amandla wokukhishwa kohlelo lwe-generator ngaphezu kombundu.

Izinhlelo ezithile ze-generator zifaka i-Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), edinga ukuvuselelwa kabusha. Kwezinye izimo, izinjini zizokhipha amandla alinganisiwe angama-50% ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa okumile kwe-DPF, futhi zingasebenzisa uhlelo lokulawulwa kwemithwalo ukususa imithwalo ethile kuleso simo.

Yize ukuphathwa kwemithwalo kungathuthukisa ikhwalithi yamandla emithwalweni ebucayi kunoma yiluphi uhlelo, kungangeza ukubambezeleka ngaphambi kokuba eminye imithwalo ithole amandla, kwandise ubunzima bokufakwa futhi kungeze inani elikhulu lomzamo wezintambo kanye nezindleko zezingxenye, njengosonkontileka noma ama-breaker breaker . Ezinye izinhlelo lapho ukuphathwa kokulayisha kungadingeki kuchazwe ngezansi.

Usayizi Ofanelekile Olinganiselwe

Ngokuvamile asikho isidingo sohlelo lokuphathwa komthwalo ku-generator eyodwa olinganiswe kahle, njengoba isimo sokugcwala ngokweqile singenakwenzeka, futhi ukuvalwa kwe-generator kuzoholela ekutheni yonke imithwalo ilahlekelwe ngamandla, kungakhathalekile ukuthi kubekwa eqhulwini.

Ama-Generator afanayo we-Redundancy

Ukuphathwa kwemithwalo ngokuvamile akudingeki ezimeni lapho kukhona ama-generator ahambisanayo futhi izidingo zamandla esayithi zingasekelwa yinoma yimuphi omunye wama-generator, njengoba ukwehluleka kwe-generator kuzoholela kuphela ekutheni enye i-generator iqale, kube nokuphazamiseka kwesikhashana emthwalweni.

Yonke imithwalo ibucayi ngokulinganayo

Ezingxenyeni lapho yonke imithwalo ibucayi ngokulinganayo, kunzima ukubeka phambili imithwalo, uchithe eminye imithwalo ebucayi ukuze uqhubeke nokunikeza amandla kweminye imithwalo ebucayi. Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, i-generator (noma i-generator ngayinye ohlelweni olungafuneki) kufanele ilingane ngobukhulu obufanele ukuxhasa wonke umthwalo obucayi.

Ukulimala okuvela ezintanjeni zikagesi, noma ama-surges, kungezinye zezimbangela ezihamba phambili zokwehluleka kwemishini kagesi. Ukudlula kukagesi isikhathi esifushane, umfutho wamandla aphezulu onikezwa ohlelweni oluvamile lwamandla kagesi noma nini lapho kuba noshintsho olungazelelwe kusekethe kagesi. Zingavela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, ngaphakathi nangaphandle esikhungweni.

Hhayi umbani nje kuphela

Umthombo osobala kakhulu uvela kumbani, kepha ama-surges angaphinde aqhamuke emisebenzini evamile yokushintsha izinsiza noma ukugxila okungahlosiwe kwabaqhubi bakagesi (njengalapho ulayini wamandla aphezulu ewela phansi). Izikhukhula zingase zivele ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo noma indawo kusuka ezintweni ezinjengemishini yefeksi, amakhophi, ama-air conditioners, amakheshi, ama-motors / amaphampu, noma ama-welding e-arc, ukubala ezimbalwa. Esimeni ngasinye, isekethe ejwayelekile kagesi ivezwa kungazelelwe kumthamo omkhulu wamandla ongathinta kabi imishini enikezwa amandla.

Okulandelayo imihlahlandlela yokuvikelwa kokuvikela ukuthi ungazivikela kanjani izinto zikagesi emiphumeleni emibi yamandla amakhulu wamandla. Ukuvikelwa kokukhula okulingene kahle futhi kufakwe kuphumelela kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukulimala kwemishini, ikakhulukazi okokusebenza kwe-elektroniki okubucayi okutholakala kwimishini eminingi namuhla.

Ukwenza isisekelo kubalulekile

Idivayisi yokuvikela ukuqhuma (i-SPD), eyaziwa nangokuthi i-transient voltage surge suppressor (TVSS), yenzelwe ukudlulisela ama-high-current surges phansi futhi idlule imishini yakho, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise amandla we-voltage ahlaba umxhwele kwimishini. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuthi indawo yakho ibe nohlelo oluhle, olunamandla okuphikisa, olunendawo eyodwa okuyireferensi yomhlabathi lapho izizathu zazo zonke izinhlelo zokwakha zixhunywe khona.

Ngaphandle kwesistimu efanelekile yokubeka phansi, ayikho indlela yokuvikela kuma-surges. Xhumana nomuntu osebenza ngogesi onamalayisense ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lwakho lokusabalalisa ugesi lusekelwe ngokuya ngeNational Electric Code (NFPA 70).

Izindawo Zokuvikelwa

Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokuvikela imishini yakho kagesi kusuka kuma-high-energy energy surges ukufaka ama-SPD ngobuchule kuyo yonke indawo yakho. Uma ucabanga ukuthi ama-surges angavela emithonjeni yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ama-SPD kufanele afakwe ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuphezulu kungakhathalekile indawo okuyo. Ngalesi sizathu, indlela "yeZone of Protection" ivame ukusetshenziswa.

Izinga lokuqala lokuzivikela litholakala ngokufaka i-SPD entweni enkulu yokungena kwezinsizakalo (okusho ukuthi, lapho amandla okusiza engena khona). Lokhu kuzohlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kumagesi aphezulu wamandla aqhamuka ngaphandle, njengombani noma izinsimbi ezihamba kancane.

Kodwa-ke, i-SPD efakwe ekungeneni kwensizakalo ngeke ivikele kuma-surges akhiqizwa ngaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuwona wonke amandla avela kuma-surges angaphandle achithwa phansi yidivayisi yokungena kwensiza. Ngalesi sizathu, ama-SPD kufanele afakwe kuwo wonke amaphaneli okusabalalisa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esinikeza amandla kwimishini ebalulekile.

Ngokufanayo, indawo yesithathu yokuvikela izotholakala ngokufaka ama-SPD endaweni yangakini entweni ngayinye evikelwe, njengamakhompyutha noma amadivayisi alawulwa ngamakhompyutha. Indawo ngayinye yokuvikela ingeza ekuvikelekeni okuphelele kwendawo njengoba ngayinye isiza ekunciphiseni ukwehlisa amandla wevolthi atholakala entweni evikelekile.

Ukudidiyelwa kwama-SPD

Ukungena kwensizakalo i-SPD kunikela ngomugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela ezintweni ezihamba ngogesi zesikhungo ngokuphambukisa amandla amakhulu, ama-surges angaphandle phansi. Kubuye kwehlise izinga lamandla okuqhuma okungena esikhungweni liye ezingeni elingaphathwa amadivayisi asezansi naseduze nomthwalo. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisana okufanele kwama-SPD kuyadingeka ukugwema ukulimaza ama-SPD afakwe kuma-panels wokusabalalisa noma endaweni yangakini kwimishini esengozini.

Uma ukusebenzisana kungatholakali, amandla amaningi avela ekusakazeni ama-surges angadala ukulimala ku-Zone 2 ne-Zone 3 SPDs futhi aqede imishini ozama ukuyivikela.

Ukukhetha amadivayisi afanele wokuvikela (i-SPD) kungabonakala njengomsebenzi owesabekayo ngazo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene emakethe namuhla. Isilinganiso sokukhuphuka noma isilinganiso se-kA se-SPD singesinye sezilinganiso ezingaqondakali kakhulu. Amakhasimende ajwayele ukucela i-SPD ukuvikela iphaneli yawo ye-200 Amp futhi kunokuthambekela kokucabanga ukuthi lapho kukhulu iphaneli, kukhula isilinganiso sedivayisi ye-kA ukuvikela kepha lokhu ukungaqondi okuvamile.

Lapho ukuqhuma kungena kuphaneli, akunandaba noma kubazi ubukhulu bephaneli. Ngakho-ke wazi kanjani ukuthi kufanele usebenzise i-50kA, 100kA noma i-200kA SPD? Eqinisweni, ukuqhuma okukhulu kakhulu okungangena ezintanjeni zesakhiwo yi-10kA, njengoba kuchaziwe kuzinga le-IEEE C62.41. Ngakho-ke kungani ungadinga i-SPD elinganiselwe i-200kA? Kushiwo nje - impilo ende.

Ngakho-ke umuntu angacabanga: uma ama-200kA elungile, khona-ke ama-600kA kumele abe ngcono ngokuphindwe kathathu, akunjalo? Akunjalo ngempela. Ngesinye isikhathi, isilinganiso sinciphisa ukubuya kwaso, kuphela ukungeza izindleko ezengeziwe futhi akukho nzuzo enkulu. Njengoba ama-SPD amaningi emakethe esebenzisa i-metal oxide varistor (MOV) njengethuluzi elikhawulela kakhulu, singabheka ukuthi izilinganiso eziphezulu ze-kA zitholakala kanjani / kungani. Uma i-MOV ilinganiselwe i-10kA futhi ibona ukuqhuma kwe-10kA, izosebenzisa amandla ayo ayi-100%. Lokhu kungabukwa ngandlela thile njengetanki legesi, lapho ukuqhuma kuzokwehlisa khona i-MOV kancane (akusagcwele ngo-100%). Manje uma i-SPD inama-10kA MOV amabili ngokufana, izolinganiselwa i-20kA.

Ngokwethiyori, ama-MOVs azohlukanisa ngokulinganayo ukwenyuka kwe-10kA, ngakho-ke ngamunye uzothatha u-5kA. Kulokhu, i-MOV ngayinye isebenzise kuphela u-50% womthamo wayo olulaza i-MOV kakhulu (ishiya kwesobunxele ethangini kuma-surges azayo).

Lapho ukhetha i-SPD yohlelo olunikeziwe, kunokucatshangelwa okuningana okufanele kwenziwe:

Isicelo:

Qinisekisa ukuthi i-SPD yenzelwe indawo yokuvikela ezosetshenziselwa yona. Isibonelo, i-SPD ekungeneni kwensizakalo kufanele yakhelwe ukuphatha ama-surges amakhulu aqhamuka ngenxa yombani noma ukushintshwa kosizo.

Amandla wesistimu nokucushwa

Ama-SPD enzelwe amazinga athile wamandla nokulungiswa kwesifunda. Isibonelo, okokusebenza kwakho kokungena kusevisi kunganikezwa amandla wezigaba ezintathu ngo-480/277 V ngokuxhuma kocingo olunezintambo ezine, kepha ikhompuyutha yendawo ifakwa esigabeni esisodwa, ukunikezwa okungu-120 V.

Vumela amandla kagesi

Leli yi-voltage i-SPD ezovumela ukuthi imishini evikelekile ivezwe kuyo. Kodwa-ke, umonakalo ongaba khona entweni yokusebenza uncike ekutheni imishini ivezwa isikhathi esingakanani kule voltage yokudlula maqondana nokwakhiwa kwemishini. Ngamanye amagama, imishini ngokuvamile yakhelwe ukumelana nogesi ophakeme isikhathi esifushane kakhulu nokunyuka kwamandla kagesi isikhathi eside.

Ushicilelo lweFederal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) “Umhlahlandlela Wamandla Kagesi Wokufaka Okucutshungulwa Kwedatha Okuzenzakalelayo” (i-FIPS Pub. DU294) inikeza imininingwane ngobudlelwano obuphakathi kokuqina kwamandla kagesi, amandla kagesi wesikhathi, nobude besikhathi sokuqhuma.

Njengesibonelo, ukudlula kancane kulayini we-480 V ohlala ama-microsecond angama-20 kungakhuphukela cishe ku-3400V ngaphandle kokulimaza okokusebenza okwenzelwe lo mhlahlandlela. Kepha ukuqhuma okuzungeze i-2300 V kungasekelwa kuma-microsecond ayi-100 ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo. Ngokuvamile, ukwehla kwamandla kagesi, kungcono ukuvikelwa.

Ukwenyuka kwamanje

Ama-SPD alinganiselwe ukuphambukisa ngokuphepha inani elinikeziwe lamanje wokuqhuma ngaphandle kokwehluleka. Lesi silinganiso sisukela ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa zama-amps kuya ku-400 kiloamperes (kA) noma ngaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso samanje sesiteleka sombani cishe silinganiselwa ku-20 kA., Ngemisinga ekalwe kakhulu ingaphezudlwana kwama-200 kA. Umbani oshaya intambo kagesi uzohamba ngazo zombili izinkomba, ngakho-ke uhhafu wamanje kuphela ohambela esikhungweni sakho. Endleleni, eminye imisinga ingashona iye phansi ngokusebenzisa imishini yokusetshenziswa.

Ngakho-ke, amandla akhona ekungeneni kwensizakalo kusuka esitelekeni sombani esimaphakathi cishe kwenye indawo eyi-10 kA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo ezithile zezwe zithambekele kakhulu ezitelekeni zombani kunezinye. Zonke lezi zinto kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho unquma ukuthi ngubuphi ubukhulu be-SPD obulungele uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza.

Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukuthi ucabangele ukuthi i-SPD elinganiselwe ku-20 kA inganele ukuvikela esitelekeni sombani kanye nama-surges amaningi akhiqizwe ngaphakathi kanye, kepha i-SPD ekalwe nge-100 kA izokwazi ukuphatha ama-surges angeziwe ngaphandle kokufaka esikhundleni obambayo noma amafuses.

AmaZinga

Onke ama-SPD kufanele ahlolwe ngokuya nge-ANSI / IEEE C62.41 futhi afakwe kuhlu ku-UL 1449 (2nd Edition) ukuphepha.

Ama-Underwriters Laboratories (UL) adinga ukuthi ukumakwa okuthile kube kunoma iyiphi i-UL efakwe kuhlu noma eyaziwayo ye-SPD. Amanye amapharamitha abalulekile futhi okufanele acatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa i-SPD afaka:

Uhlobo lwe-SPD

isetshenziselwa ukuchaza indawo yesicelo ehlosiwe ye-SPD, kungaba ngenhla noma ngomfula wedivayisi eyinhloko yokuvikela yesikhungo. Izinhlobo ze-SPD zifaka:

Thayipha 1

I-SPD exhunywe unomphela ehloselwe ukufakwa phakathi kwesekeli se-transformer yesevisi kanye nohlangothi lwensimbi yedivayisi yokusebenza okweqile, kanye nohlangothi lomthwalo, kufaka phakathi ukuvalwa kwesokhethi lemitha le-watt kanye ne-Molded Case SPDs, ehlose ukufakwa ngaphandle idivayisi yokuvikela yangaphandle eyeqile.

Thayipha 2

I-SPD exhunywe unomphela ehloselwe ukufakwa ohlangothini lomthwalo wensiza yokusebenza okweqile, kufaka phakathi ama-SPD atholakala kuphaneli yegatsha nama-Molded Case SPDs.

Thayipha 3

Indawo yokusebenzisa i-SPDs, efakwe ebangeni eliphansi lokuqhuba lamamitha ayi-10 (30 feet) ukusuka kuphaneli yesevisi kagesi kuze kube seqophelweni lokusetshenziswa, ngokwesibonelo, intambo exhunywe, i-plug-in eqondile, uhlobo lwe-receptacle SPDs efakwe ezintweni zokusebenzisa ezivikelekile . Ibanga (amamitha ayi-10) likhethekile kubaqhubi abanikezwe noma abasetshenziselwa ukunamathisela ama-SPD.

Thayipha 4

IComponent Assemblies -, umhlangano weComponent oqukethe into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yohlobo 5 ngokuhlanganiswa (noma ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle) noma indlela yokuthobela izivivinyo ezilinganiselwe zamanje.

Thayipha i-1, 2, 3 Component Assemblies

Siqukethe umhlangano wezinto zohlobo lwe-4 onokuvikelwa kwesifunda okufushane kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle.

Thayipha 5

Izicindezeli zokuqhaqhaza okungaqondakali, njengama-MOV angabekwa kwi-PWB, exhunywe ngemikhombandlela yayo noma enikezwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ebiyelwe ngezindlela ezengeziwe zokunqamula izintambo.

Okuzisholo uhlelo voltage

Kufanele ifane ne-voltage yohlelo lokusetshenziswa lapho kuzofakwa khona idivayisi

I-MCOV

I-Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage, lawa yi-voltage ephezulu kakhulu idivayisi engamelana nayo ngaphambi kokuqala kokwenza (ukunamathela). Ngokuvamile iphakeme ngo-15-25% kunamandla wesistimu yokuqamba.

Okwamanje Ukuchithwa Kwamanje (I_n)

Ingabe inani eliphakeme lamanje, nge-SPD enesimo samanje se-wave se-8/20 lapho i-SPD ihlala isebenza ngemuva kwama-15 surges. Inani eliphakeme likhethwa ngumenzi kusukela kuleveli echazwe ngaphambilini i-UL esethiwe. I (n) amazinga afaka i-3kA, 5kA, 10kA ne-20kA futhi angahle anciphiswe ngohlobo lwe-SPD ngaphansi kokuhlolwa.

VPR

Isilinganiso sokuvikelwa kwe-Voltage. Isilinganiso ngokubuyekezwa kwakamuva kwe-ANSI / UL 1449, okukhombisa isilinganiso samandla “esilinganisiwe” esilinganiselwe esilinganiselwe samandla we-SPD lapho i-SPD ifakwa ekwandeni okukhiqizwa yi-6 kV, 3 kA 8/20's combinations combination waveform generator. I-VPR yisilinganiso samandla we-clamping esongelwe etafuleni elilodwa lamanani. Izilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-VPR zifaka phakathi u-330, 400, 500, 600, 700, njll. Njengohlelo lokulinganisa olumisiwe, i-VPR ivumela ukuqhathanisa okuqondile phakathi kwama-SPD (okusho uhlobo olufanayo ne-Voltage).

I-SCCR

Isilinganiso Samanje Sesekethe Esifushane. Ukufaneleka kwe-SPD yokusetshenziswa kumjikelezo wamandla we-AC okwazi ukuletha okungaphezu kwesimemezelo samanje se-RMS esilinganayo kumandla amenyezelwe ngesikhathi sesimo sesifunda esifushane. I-SCCR ayifani ne-AIC (Amp Interrupting Capacity). I-SCCR inani lamanje "elitholakalayo" i-SPD engabekwa kulo futhi linqamule ngokuphepha kumthombo wamandla ngaphansi kwezimo zesifunda ezimfushane. Inani lamanje "eliphazanyiswe" yi-SPD ngokuvamile liphansi kakhulu kunamanje "elitholakalayo".

Isilinganiso sokuvaleka

Iqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso se-NEMA sokuvaleka sifana nezimo zemvelo endaweni lapho kuzofakwa khona idivayisi.

Yize kuvame ukusetshenziswa njengamagama ahlukene embonini yokwanda, ama-Transients namaSurge ayinto efanayo. Ama-transients nama-Surges angaba khona njengamanje, amandla kagesi, noma womabili futhi angaba namanani aphezulu ngaphezu kwe-10kA noma 10kV. Zivamise ukuba zesikhathi esifushane kakhulu (imvamisa> 10 µs & <1 ms), ezinefomu lokuphakama elikhuphuka ngokushesha kakhulu kuze kufike esiqongweni bese liwa ngesilinganiso esihamba kancane.

Ama-transients nama-Surges angadalwa yimithombo yangaphandle enjengombani noma isekhethi elifushane, noma kusuka emithonjeni yangaphakathi efana nokushintshwa kweContactor, i-Variable Speed ​​Drives, ukushintshwa kweCapacitor, njll.

Ama-overvoltages wesikhashana (ama-TOV) angama-oscillatory

Ukuqubuka kwesigaba kuya phansi noma kwesigaba esigabeni okungagcina okuncane nje imizuzwana embalwa noma nje imizuzu embalwa. Imithombo yama-TOV ifaka phakathi ukuhlehla kwamaphutha, ukushintshwa kwemithwalo, ukushintshwa kwe-impedance yomhlaba, amaphutha esigaba esisodwa nemiphumela ye-ferroresonance ukubala okumbalwa.

Ngenxa yamandla abo amakhulu futhi ubude besikhathi, ama-TOV angalimaza kakhulu ama-SPD's based SPD's. I-TOV enwetshiwe ingadala ukulimala okungapheli ku-SPD futhi inikeze iyunithi ukuthi ingasebenzi. Qaphela ukuthi ngenkathi i-ANSI / UL 1449 iqinisekisa ukuthi i-SPD ngeke idale ingozi yokuphepha ngaphansi kwale mibandela; Ama-SPD ngokuvamile awakhelwanga ukuvikela imishini esezansi emcimbini we-TOV.

okokusebenza kuzwela kakhulu kokudlulayo kwezinye izindlela kunezinye

Abahlinzeki abaningi banikela ngokuvikela i-line-to-neutral (LN), i-line-to-ground (LG), kanye nokuvikelwa kokungathathi hlangothi (NG) ngaphakathi kwama-SPD abo. Futhi abanye manje banikela ngokuvikelwa komugqa kuya kulayini (LL). Impikiswano ukuthi ngoba awazi ukuthi okwedlulayo kuzokwenzeka kuphi, ukuvikeleka kwazo zonke izindlela kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi akukho monakalo owenzekayo. Kodwa-ke, okokusebenza kuzwela kakhulu kokudlulayo kwezinye izindlela kunezinye.

Ukuvikelwa kwemodi ye-LN ne-NG ubuncane obamukelekayo, kuyilapho izindlela ze-LG zingenza i-SPD ibe sengozini yokwehluleka kokusebenzisa amandla ngokweqile. Kuzinhlelo zamandla wolayini eziningi, izindlela ze-LN ezixhunywe ku-SPD zinikeza nokuvikelwa kuzikhathi ze-LL. Ngakho-ke, i-SPD ethembekile ethe xaxa, eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ivikela zonke izindlela.

Imishini yokuvikela imodi eningi (i-SPDs) ngamadivayisi aqukethe izinto eziningi ze-SPD ngaphakathi kwephakeji elilodwa. Lezi “zindlela” zokuvikela zingaxhunywa ku-LN, LL, LG, naku-NG kuzo zonke izigaba ezintathu. Ukuba nokuvikelwa kumodi ngayinye kunikeza ukuvikeleka kwemithwalo ikakhulukazi kuma-transients akhiqizwe ngaphakathi lapho umhlaba ungahle ungabi yindlela yokubuyela encanyelwayo.

Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza njengokufaka i-SPD ekungeneni kwensizakalo lapho omabili amaphuzu angathathi hlangothi nawaphansi ahlanganisiwe kungekho nzuzo yezindlela ezihlukile ze-LN ne-LG, kepha njengoba uya phambili ekusatshalalisweni futhi kukhona ukwahlukana naleso sibopho esijwayelekile se-NG, imodi yokuvikela ye-SPD NG izoba lusizo.

Ngenkathi ngokomqondo ithuluzi lokuvikela (SPD) elinamandla amakhulu lizoba ngcono, ukuqhathanisa izilinganiso ze-SPD energy (Joule) kungadukisa. Okuningi abakhiqizi abahloniphekile abasanikezi izilinganiso zamandla. Isilinganiso samandla yisibalo samanje sokukhuphuka, ubude besikhathi sokukhuphuka, namandla kagesi we-SPD.

Ekuqhathaniseni imikhiqizo emibili, idivayisi elinganisiwe ephansi ibizoba ngcono uma lokhu bekungumphumela wamandla kagesi aphansi okubamba, kuyilapho idivaysi enkulu yamandla ibingancamela uma lokhu bekungumphumela wamandla amakhulu wokuqhuma okusetshenziswayo. Alikho izinga elicacile lokukalwa kwamandla we-SPD, futhi abakhiqizi baziwa ngokusebenzisa imisindo emide yomsila ukuhlinzeka ngemiphumela emikhulu edukisa abasebenzisi bokugcina.

Ngoba izilinganiso zeJoule zingaphathwa kalula amazinga amaningi embonini (UL) kanye nemihlahlandlela (IEEE) ayincomi ukuqhathaniswa kwama-joules. Esikhundleni salokho, bagxila ekusebenzeni kwangempela kwama-SPD ngokuhlolwa okufana nokuhlolwa kwe-Nominal Discharge Current, okuhlola ukuqina kwe-SPD kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-VPR okukhombisa amandla we-let-through voltage. Ngalolu hlobo lolwazi, ukuqhathanisa okungcono kusuka ku-SPD eyodwa kuya kwenye kungenziwa.