Ukuvikelwa kokunyuka kokuhamba kagesi & Ishaja ye-EV nemoto kagesi

Ukuhamba kwe-Electro: Ukuqinisekisa ngokuthembeka ingqalasizinda yokushaja

Ngokwanda okwandayo kwezimoto zikagesi, kanye nobuchwepheshe obusha “bokushaja ngokushesha”, nesidingo sengqalasizinda yokushaja enokwethenjelwa futhi ephephile siyakhula futhi. Kokubili amadivayisi wokushaja uqobo kanye nezimoto ezixhunywe uqobo zidinga ukuvikelwa kuma-overvoltages, njengoba zombili zinezinto ezizwelayo zikagesi.

Ukuvikela imishini emiphumeleni yesiteleka sombani kanye nasekushintshashintsheni kwamandla ohlangothini lwenethiwekhi kuyadingeka. Ukushaywa okuqonde ngqo yisiteleka sombani kuyalimaza futhi kunzima ukukuvikela, kepha ingozi yangempela yamadivayisi kagesi azo zonke izinhlobo ivela ekuqhamukeni kukagesi okulandelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke imisebenzi yokushintsha amandla kagesi exhunywe kugridi, iyimithombo engaba yingozi yezobuchwepheshe ezimotweni zikagesi naseziteshini zokushaja. Ama-short-circuits namaphutha omhlaba nawo angabalwa phakathi kwemithombo engaba nomonakalo kulomshini.

Ukuze uzilungiselele ukubhekana nalezi zingcuphe zikagesi, kuyadingeka impela ukuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele zokuzivikela. Ukuvikela izimali ezibizayo kubalulekile, futhi izindinganiso zikagesi ezihambisanayo zichaza izindlela nezindlela ezifanele zokuvikela. Kuningi okufanele ucatshangelwe, ngoba imithombo ehlukahlukene yengozi ayinakubhekwa ngesisombululo esisodwa sayo yonke into. Leli phepha lisebenza njengosizo ekuboneni izimo zezingcuphe nezixazululo zokuhambisana nazo, zombili ohlangothini lwe-AC neDC.

Hlola izimo ngendlela efanele

Ama-overvoltages adalwe, ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlasela kombani okuqondile noma okungaqondile kwinethiwekhi eshintshashintshayo yamanje (i-AC) kufanele yehliswe kuze kufike ekufakweni komhambisi omkhulu wedivayisi yokushaja i-EV. Ngakho-ke kunconywa ukufaka ama-Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) aqhuba amandla ashukumisayo wokuqhuma emhlabeni, ngqo ngemuva kwesihlukanisi esikhulu sesekethe. Isisekelo esihle kakhulu sihlinzekwa yi-standard standard protection protection IEC 62305-1 kuya ku-4 nezibonelo zayo zokusebenzisa. Lapho, kuxoxwa ngokuhlolwa kobungozi kanye nokuvikelwa kombani kwangaphandle nangaphakathi.

Amazinga wokuvikelwa kombani (i-LPL), achaza izinhlelo ezahlukahlukene ezibucayi zemishini, ayanquma kuleli cala. Isibonelo, i-LPL I ifaka imibhoshongo yezindiza, okumele isasebenza noma ngabe isiteleka sombani esiqondile (S1). LPL Ngibuye ngibheke nezibhedlela; lapho okokusebenza kufanele futhi kusebenze ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sezulu nokuduma futhi kuvikelwe engozini yomlilo ukuze abantu bahlale bephephe ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukuze kuhlolwe izimo ezihambisanayo, kuyadingeka ukuhlola ubungozi besiteleka sombani nemiphumela yaso. Ngale njongo, izici ezahlukahlukene ziyatholakala, kusuka ekuthintekeni okuqondile (S1) kuya ekuhlanganiseni okungaqondile (S4). Ngokuhlanganiswa nesimo sethonya elifanele (i-S1-S4) nohlobo lwesicelo olukhonjiwe (i-LPL I- / IV), imikhiqizo ehambelana nombani nokuvikelwa kokuqhuma kunganqunywa.

Amazinga okuvikelwa kombani wokuvikelwa kombani wangaphakathi ahlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine: I-LPL I yisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu futhi kulindeleke ku-100 kA ngomthwalo omkhulu we-pulse ngaphakathi kohlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-200 kA wesiteleka sombani ngaphandle kwesicelo esifanele. Kulokhu, amaphesenti angama-50 akhishelwa emhlabathini, kuthi okusalayo okungu-100 kA kuhlanganiswe nengaphakathi lesakhiwo. Endabeni yesiteleka sombani esiqonde ngqo engcupheni S1, nokusetshenziswa kwezinga lokuvikela umbani I (LPL I), inethiwekhi ehambisanayo kufanele ibhekwe. Ukubuka konke ngakwesokudla kunika inani elidingekayo kumqhubi ngamunye:

Ukuvikelwa okulungile kwengqalasizinda yokushaja ugesi

Ukucatshangelwa okufanayo kufanele kusetshenziswe kwingqalasizinda yokushaja ugesi. Ngaphezu kohlangothi lwe-AC, uhlangothi lweDC kumele lubhekelwe nobuchwepheshe obuthile bokushaja ikholomu. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukwamukela izimo namanani avezwe kwingqalasizinda yokushaja yezimoto zikagesi. Lo mfanekiso wesakhiwo owenziwe lula ukhombisa ukwakheka kwesiteshi sokushaja. Izinga lokuvikela umbani LPL III / IV liyadingeka. Isithombe esingezansi sikhombisa izimo S1 kuye ku-S4:

Lezi zimo zingadala izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zokuhlanganisa.

Lezi zimo kufanele ziphikiswe ngombani nokuvikelwa kokukhuphuka. Izincomo ezilandelayo ziyatholakala maqondana nalokhu:

• Ngokushaja ingqalasizinda ngaphandle kokuvikelwa kombani wangaphandle (ukwenziwa kwamanje noma ukufakwa kokunye; amanani kumqhubi ngamunye): ukuhlangana okungaqondile kwenzeka kuphela lapha futhi kudingeka kuphela izinyathelo zokuvikela ukuvota. Lokhu kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2 kusimo sokushaya kwenhliziyo esingu-8/20 μs, esimele ukushaywa ngamandla kwe-overvoltage.

Kulokhu kukhombisa ukuhlangana okuqondile nokungaqondile ngokuxhumeka kolayini ongaphezulu, ingqalasizinda yokushaja ayinakho ukuvikelwa kombani kwangaphandle. Lapha ukwanda kwengozi yombani kuyabonakala kulayini ongaphezulu. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukufaka ukuvikelwa kombani ohlangothini lwe-AC. Ukuxhumeka kwezigaba ezintathu kudinga okungenani ukuvikelwa okungu-5 kA (10/350 μs) kumqhubi ngamunye, bona Ithebula 3.

• Ngokushaja ingqalasizinda ngokuvikelwa kombani wangaphandle: Umfanekiso ekhasini 4 ukhombisa igama elithi LPZ, elimele indawo ebizwa ngokuthi yi-Lightning Protection Zone - okusho indawo evikela umbani eholela encazelweni yekhwalithi yokuvikela. I-LPZ0 yindawo engaphandle ngaphandle kokuvikelwa; I-LPZ0B isho ukuthi le ndawo "isethunzini" lokuvikelwa kombani ongaphandle. I-LPZ1 ibhekisa ekungeneni kwesakhiwo, ngokwesibonelo indawo yokungena ohlangothini lwe-AC. I-LPZ2 izomela okunye ukusatshalaliswa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.

Esimweni sethu singacabanga ukuthi imikhiqizo yokuvikela umbani ye-LPZ0 / LPZ1 iyadingeka ebekwa njengemikhiqizo ye-T1 (Uhlobo 1) (Isigaba I nge-IEC noma ukuvikelwa okweqile). Ekuguqukeni kusuka ku-LPZ1 kuye ku-LPZ2 kukhulunywa nangokuvikelwa kwamandla okuvota ngokweqile T2 (Uhlobo 2), Isigaba II nge-IEC noma ukuvikelwa okuphakathi.

Esibonelweni sethu kuThebula 4, lokhu kufana nesibambi esine-4 x 12.5 kA yokuxhuma i-AC, okusho ukuthi isibani samanje esiphethe amandla kagesi angama-50 kA (10/350 μs). Kubaguquli be-AC / DC, kufanele kukhethwe imikhiqizo efanelekile yamavoltage. Ukunakwa: Ohlangothini lwe-AC ne-DC lokhu kufanele kwenziwe ngokufanele.

Incazelo yokuvikelwa kombani wangaphandle

Eziteshini zokushaja uqobo, ukukhetha isixazululo esifanele kuxhomeke ekutheni isiteshi singaphakathi kwendawo yokuvikela yohlelo lwangaphandle lokuvikela umbani. Uma kunjalo, ukuboshwa kwe-T2 kwanele. Ezindaweni ezingaphandle, isiboshwa esingu-T1 kufanele sisetshenziswe ngokwengozi. Bheka Ithebula 4.

Okubalulekile: Eminye imithombo yokuphazamiseka nayo ingaholela ekulimaleni kwe-overvoltage ngakho-ke idinga ukuvikelwa okufanele. Lokhu kungaba ukushintsha ukusebenza ezinhlelweni zikagesi ezikhipha okungaphezulu, ngokwesibonelo, noma lezo ezenzeka ngemigqa efakwe esakhiweni (ngocingo, imigqa yedatha yamabhasi).

Umthetho osizayo wesithupha: Yonke imigqa yekhebuli yensimbi, efana negesi, amanzi noma ugesi, eholela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesakhiwo iyizinto zokudlulisa ezinamandla okudlulela. Ngakho-ke, ekuhloleni ubungozi, isakhiwo kufanele sihlolwe ngamathuba anjalo futhi ukuvikelwa kombani / kokuqhuma okufanele kufanele kubhekwe kuseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nemithombo yokuphazamiseka noma izindawo zokungena zokwakha. Ithebula 5 ngezansi linikeza ukubuka konke kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuvikelwa kokuqhuma ezitholakalayo:

Uhlobo olulungile ne-SPD ongayikhetha

Amandla amancane okubamba kufanele asetshenziswe kuhlelo lokusebenza okufanele luvikelwe. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukukhetha ukwakheka okulungile kanye ne-SPD efanelekile.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokubopha, ubuchwepheshe be-LSP's hybrid buqinisekisa umthwalo wevoltage ephansi kunayo yonke kwimishini ezovikelwa. Ngokuvikelwa okuphelele kwe-overvoltage, okokusebenza okufanele kuvikelwe kunokugeleza okunganakwa kwamanje kosayizi ophephile namandla okuqukethwe okuphansi (I2t) - iswishi yamanje eseleyo yomfula ayikhutshiwe.

Buyela ekusetshenzisweni okuthile kweziteshi zokushaja zezimoto zikagesi: Uma amadivayisi wokushaja engaphezulu kwamamitha ayishumi ukusuka ebhodini lokusabalalisa elikhulu lapho kutholakala khona ukuvikelwa okuyinhloko, i-SPD eyengeziwe kufanele ifakwe ngqo ezikhumulweni zohlangothi lwe-AC isiteshi ngokuya nge-IEC 61643-12.

Ama-SPD ekufakweni kwebhodi elikhulu lokusabalalisa kumele akwazi ukuthola imisinga yombani engaphelele (12.5 kA ngesigaba ngasinye), ahlukaniswe njengeClass I ngokwe-IEC 61643-11, ngokuya ngeThebula 1, kwinethiwekhi ye-AC ngaphandle kwemvamisa yamapayipi umcimbi wokushaya kombani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele zingabi nokuvuza okukhona manje (kuzinhlelo zangaphambi kokulinganisa amamitha) futhi zingazweli ezinqoleni zamandla kagesi zesikhashana ezenzeka ngenxa yamaphutha kwinethiwekhi yamandla aphansi. Le ukuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa impilo yenkonzo ende nokuthembeka okuphezulu kwe-SPD. Isitifiketi se-UL, thayipha kahle i-1CA noma i-2CA ngokuya nge-UL 1449-4th, kuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wonke.

Ubuchwepheshe be-LSP be-hybrid bukulungele kahle ukuvikelwa kwe-AC ekufakweni kwebhodi lokusabalalisa elikhulu ngokusho kwalezi zidingo. Ngenxa yokuklama okungenakho ukuvuza, lawa madivayisi angabuye afakwe endaweni yangaphambi kwemitha.

Isici esikhethekile: Izicelo zamanje eziqondile

Ukuhamba kukagesi nakho kwenza ubuchwepheshe obufana nokushaja okusheshayo kanye nezinhlelo zokugcina ibhethri. Izicelo ze-DC zisetshenziswe ngqo lapha. Lokhu kudinga ababoshiwe abazinikele abanezidingo zokuphepha ezinwetshiwe, ezifana namabanga amakhulu omoya namakhasamba. Njengoba i-voltage ye-DC, ngokungafani ne-AC voltage, ingenawo owela zero, ama-arcs avelayo awakwazi ukucishwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngenxa yalokho, imililo ingenzeka kalula yingakho kufanele kusetshenziswe idivaysi efanelekile yokuvikela ukuqhuma.

Njengoba lezi zingxenye zisabela ngokuzwela kakhulu kuma-overvoltages (ukungavikeleki okuphansi kokuphazamiseka), kufanele futhi zivikelwe ngamadivayisi afanele okuvikela. Ngaphandle kwalokho zingalimala ngaphambili, okunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwensiza yezakhi.

Ngomkhiqizo wayo i-FLP-PV1000, i-LSP inikeza isisombululo esenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ebangeni le-DC. Izici zayo eziyinhloko zifaka ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe nedivayisi ekhethekile yokunqamula ukusebenza okungasetshenziswa ukucisha ngokuphepha i-arc yokushintsha. Ngenxa yomthamo wokuzicisha ophakeme, okungahle kube khona okuhamba ngesikhashana okuyi-25 kA kungahlukaniswa, njengoba kungabangelwa, isibonelo, ngokugcinwa kwebhethri.

Ngoba i-FLP-PV1000 iyi-Type 1 no-Type 2 arrester, ingasetshenziswa yonke indawo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-e-mobility ohlangothini lwe-DC njengombani noma ukuvikela amandla. Okwamanje ukukhishwa kwamanje kwalo mkhiqizo kungama-20 kA ngomqhubi ngamunye. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuqapha kwe-insulation akuphazamiseki, kunconywa ukuthi kusetshenziswe isibambisi esingenayo sokuvuza samanje - lokhu kuqinisekisiwe futhi ngeFLP-PV1000.

Esinye isici esibalulekile umsebenzi wokuvikela uma kwenzeka ama-overvoltages (Uc). Lapha i-FLP-PV1000 inikeza ukuphepha kuze kufike ku-1000 volts DC. Njengoba izinga lokuvikela lingu- <4.0 kV, ukuvikelwa kwemoto kagesi kuqinisekiswa ngasikhathi sinye. Amandla kagesi we-4.0 kV okufanele aqinisekiswe ngalezi zimoto. Ngakho-ke uma i-wiring ilungile i-SPD ivikela nemoto kagesi ekhokhiswayo. (Umdwebo 3)

I-FLP-PV1000 inikezela ngokuboniswa kombala okuhambisanayo okunikezela ngemininingwane elula yesimo mayelana nokusebenza komkhiqizo. Ngokuxhumana okuhlangene kwezokuxhumana ngocingo, ukuhlolwa kungabuye kwenziwe kusuka ezindaweni ezikude.

Isikimu sokuvikela jikelele

I-LSP inikeza iphothifoliyo yomkhiqizo ebanzi kunazo zonke emakethe, nedivayisi yanoma isiphi isimo nezikhathi eziningi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa. Kuwo wonke amacala angenhla imikhiqizo ye-LSP ingavikela ngokuthembekile yonke ingqalasizinda yokushaja - zombili izixazululo ze-IEC ne-EN nemikhiqizo.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba
Vikela ingqalasizinda yokushaja nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ekulimaleni kombani nokuqhuma ngokuya ngezidingo ze-IEC 60364-4-44 isigatshana 443, IEC 60364-7-722 kanye ne-VDE AR-N-4100.

Izimoto zikagesi - zihlanzekile, ziyashesha futhi zithule - ziya ngokuya zanda
Imakethe ye-e-mobility ekhula ngokushesha ivusa intshisekelo enkulu embonini, izinsiza, imiphakathi kanye nezakhamizi. Ama-opharetha ahlose ukwenza inzuzo ngokushesha okukhulu, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuvimbela isikhathi sokuphumula. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokufaka umqondo ophelele wombani nokuvikela ukuqhuma esigabeni sokuklama.

Ukuphepha - inzuzo yokuncintisana
Imiphumela yombani kanye nokuqubuka kubeka engcupheni ubuqotho be-elektroniki ebucayi yezinhlelo zokushaja. Akukhona ukushaja kuphela okuthunyelwe okusengcupheni, kepha nemoto yekhasimende. Isikhathi sokuphumula noma ukulimala kungekudala kungabiza. Ngaphandle kwezindleko zokulungisa, uzibeka engcupheni yokulahlekelwa ukwethenjwa ngamakhasimende akho. Ukuthembeka kuyinto ehamba phambili kule makethe entsha yezobuchwepheshe.

Amazinga abalulekile wokuhamba nge-e

Yimaphi amazinga okufanele abhekelwe ingqalasizinda yokushaja i-e-mobility?

Uchungechunge olujwayelekile lwe-IEC 60364 luqukethe amazinga wokufaka ngakho-ke kufanele lusetshenziselwe ukufakwa okungaguquki. Uma isiteshi sokushaja singahambiseki futhi sixhunywe ngezintambo ezihleliwe, siwela ngaphansi kwe-IEC 60364.

I-IEC 60364-4-44, isigatshana 443 (2007) sihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokuthi KUFANELE kufakwe nini ukuvikelwa kokuqhuma. Isibonelo, uma ama-surges angathinta izinsizakalo zomphakathi noma imisebenzi yezohwebo neyezezimboni futhi uma imishini ebucayi yesigaba sevivtage I + II… ifakiwe.

I-IEC 60364-5-53, isigatshana 534 (2001) sikhuluma ngombuzo wokuthi YIKUPHI ukuvikelwa kokuqhuma okufanele kukhethwe nokuthi UFAKWA kanjani.

Yini entsha?

IEC 60364-7-722 - Izidingo zokufakwa noma izindawo ezikhethekile - Izimpahla zezimoto zikagesi

Kusukela ngoJuni 2019, indinganiso entsha ye-IEC 60364-7-722 iphoqelekile ukuhlela nokufaka izixazululo zokuvikela ukukhuphuka kwamaphoyinti wokuxhuma atholakala emphakathini.

722.443 Ukuvikelwa kokuqhuma kwesikhashana komsuka womkhathi noma ngenxa yokushintsha

Ukulawulwa kwe-overvoltage engu-722.443.4

Indawo yokuxhuma efinyeleleka emphakathini ithathwa njengengxenye yesikhungo somphakathi ngakho-ke kumele ivikelwe ekugobekeni kwesikhashana. Njengakuqala, kukhethwa amadivayisi okuvikela futhi afakwe ngokuya nge-IEC 60364-4-44, isigatshana 443 kanye ne-IEC 60364-5-53, isigatshana 534.

I-VDE-AR-N 4100 - Imithetho eyisisekelo yokuxhuma ukufakwa kwamakhasimende kusistimu yamandla aphansi

EJalimane, i-VDE-AR-N-4100 kumele ibhekwe ngokungeziwe ngokushaja okuthunyelwe okuxhunywe ngqo ohlelweni olunamandla amancane.

I-VDE-AR-N-4100 ichaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izidingo ezingeziwe kuhlobo lokuboshwa lwohlobo 1 ezisetshenziswe ohlelweni lokuphakelwa kwamandla olukhulu, isibonelo:

• Thayipha i-1 SPDs kufanele ihambisane ne-DIN EN 61643 11 (VDE 0675 6 11) esezingeni lomkhiqizo
• Kungasetshenziswa kuphela uhlobo olushintsha i-voltage 1 SPDs (nge-spark gap). Ama-SPD ane-varistor eyodwa noma amaningi noma uxhumano olufanayo lwegebe le-spark ne-varistor akuvunyelwe.
• Uhlobo lwe-SPDs akumele lubangele ukusebenza kwamanje okuvela ekubonisweni kwesimo, isb ama-LED

Isikhathi sokuphumula - Ungakuvumeli kufike kulokho

Vikela utshalomali lwakho

Vikela izinhlelo zokushaja futhi izimoto zikagesi kusuka ekulimaleni okubizayo

• Isilawuli sokushaja nebhethri
• Ukulawula, i-counter kanye ne-elektroniki yokuxhumana yohlelo lokushaja.

Ukuvikela ingqalasizinda yokushaja

Ukuvikelwa kombani nokuqhuma kweziteshi zokushaja amandla kagesi

Iziteshi zokushaja ziyadingeka lapho kupakwa khona izimoto zikagesi isikhathi eside: emsebenzini, ekhaya, ezindaweni zokupaka, ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto, ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto ezingaphansi komhlaba, ezitobhini zamabhasi (amabhasi kagesi), njll. Ngakho-ke, iziteshi eziningi zokushaja (zombili i-AC ne-DC) njengamanje zifakwa ezindaweni ezizimele, eziphakathi komphakathi, nasezindaweni zomphakathi - ngakho-ke kukhona intshisekelo ekhulayo yemiqondo ephelele yokuvikela. Lezi zimoto zibiza kakhulu futhi nokutshalwa kwemali kuphezulu kakhulu ukubeka engcupheni yombani nokwenyuka kokulimala.

Iziteleka Zombani - Ingozi yamasekethe kagesi

Uma kwenzeka kuba nokuduma kwezulu, amasekethe abucayi e-elektroniki wesilawuli, i-counter kanye nohlelo lokuxhumana asengozini enkulu.

Amasistimu esethelayithi amaphoyinti okushaja axhumene nawo angacekelwa phansi ngokushesha ngesiteleka esisodwa sombani.

Ukuqhuma nakho kudala umonakalo

Isiteleka sombani esiseduze sivame ukudala ama-surges alimaza ingqalasizinda. Uma ama-surges anjalo enzeka ngesikhathi senqubo yokushaja, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi imoto nayo ilimale. Izimoto zikagesi zivamise ukuba namandla kagesi angafika ku-2,500 V - kepha amandla kagesi akhiqizwa isiteleka sombani angaphakama izikhathi ezingama-20 kunalokho.

Vikela izimali zakho - Vimbela umonakalo

Ngokuya ngendawo nohlobo losongo, kudingeka umbani oguqulwe ngazinye nomqondo wokuvikela ukuqhuma.

Ukuvikelwa kokunyuka kokuhamba kagesi

Imakethe yokuhamba kukagesi iyaqhubeka. Izinhlobo ezihlukile zokushayela zibhalisa ukwanda okungaguquki kokubhaliswa, futhi kunakwa kakhulu isidingo sezindawo zokushaja ezweni lonke. Isibonelo, ngokwezibalo zenhlangano yaseJalimane ye-BDEW, amaphuzu wokushaja ajwayelekile angama-70.000 namaphuzu wokushaja asheshayo ayi-7.000 ayadingeka ezimotweni eziyizigidi eziyi-1 (eJalimane). Izimiso ezintathu zokushaja ezihlukene zingatholakala emakethe. Ngaphezu kokushaja okungenantambo okususelwa kumthetho wokungeniswa, okusajwayelekile kakhulu e-europe (okwamanje), iziteshi zokushintshana ngamabhethri zenziwe zaba enye indlela elula kakhulu yokushaja yomsebenzisi. Indlela yokushaja esabalele kakhulu, nokho, ukushaja kwentambo okokuhambisa… futhi ilapha kanye lapho kufanele kuqinisekiswe khona umbani nokuvikelwa kokuqhuma okuthembekile. Uma imoto ithathwa njengendawo ephephile lapho kungaba khona ukuduma kwezulu ngenxa yomzimba wayo wensimbi futhi ngaleyo ndlela ilandele umgomo wekheji likaFaraday, futhi uma i-elektroniki nayo ivikelekile ekulimaleni kwehadiwe, izimo ziyashintsha ngesikhathi sokushaja okuqhubekayo. Ngesikhathi sokushaja kokuqhuba, i-electronics yezimoto manje seyixhunywe ku-elekthronikhi yokushaja, ephakelwa uhlelo lokuphakelwa kwamandla. Ama-overvoltages manje nawo angabhangqa emotweni ngale ndlela yokuxhumana kwe-galvanic kunethiwekhi yokuphakelwa kwamandla. Ukulimala kombani kanye nokuvuthwa kwamandla okushisa kakhulu kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yalolu hlaza kanye nokuvikelwa kwe-elekthronikhi kuma-overvoltages kuya ngokuya kubaluleke kakhulu. Amadivayisi wokuvikela (i-SPD) kwingqalasizinda yokushaja anikela ngendlela elula nephumelelayo yokuvikela i-elekthronikhi yesiteshi sokushaja, ikakhulukazi lezo zemoto ekulimaleni okubiza kakhulu.

Ukushaja kwentambo

Indawo ejwayelekile yokufaka leyo mishini yokulayisha isendaweni yangasese emagalaji emizi yabantu noma emapaki ezimoto angaphansi komhlaba. Isiteshi sokushaja siyingxenye yesakhiwo. Umthamo wokushaja ojwayelekile endaweni ngayinye yokushaja ufinyelela ku-22 kW, okubizwa ngokuthi ukushaja okujwayelekile, lapho ngokusho komthetho wesicelo waseJalimane wamanje we-VDE-AR-N 4100 amadivayisi wokushaja ezimoto zikagesi ezinamandla alinganisiwe opharetha wegridi, futhi aze afune nokuvunywa ngaphambi kwesikhathi uma amandla alinganisiwe esewonke okufanele afakwe> i-3.6 kVA. I-IEC 12-60364-4 kufanele ivezwe ngqo lapha njengesisekelo sokunquma izidingo zokuvikelwa kokuqhuma okufanele kunikezwe. Ichaza "Ukuvikelwa ekuqubukeni kwesikhashana ngenxa yamathonya asemkhathini noma ukusebenza kokushintsha". Ukuze kukhethwe izinto ezizofakwa lapha, sibheka i-IEC 44-60364-5. Usizo lokukhetha olwenziwe yi-LSP lusiza ukukhethwa kwalabo ababoshiwe okukhulunywa ngabo. Sicela ubheke lapha.

Imodi yokushaja 4

Okokugcina, imodi yokushaja engu-4 ichaza inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ukushaja okusheshayo nge> 22 kW, ikakhulu ene-DC kuze kube manje eyi-350kW (ngokulinganayo no-400kW nokuningi). Iziteshi ezinjalo zokushaja zitholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zomphakathi. Yilapho i-IEC 60364-7-722 "Izidingo zezindawo zokusebenza ezikhethekile, amakamelo nezinhlelo - Ukunikezwa kwamandla ezimoto zikagesi" kusebenza khona. Ukuvikelwa kwevolvivingi ekuvuthweni kwesikhashana ngenxa yamathonya asemkhathini noma ngesikhathi sokushintshwa kwemisebenzi kudingeka ngokusobala ukuthola amaphuzu ezindaweni zokutholakala zomphakathi. Uma iziteshi zokushaja zifakwe ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngendlela yamaphuzu wokushaja, ukuvikelwa kombani okudingekayo nokukhuphuka kukhethwa ngokwendawo yokufaka ekhethiwe. Ukusetshenziswa komqondo wendawo yokuvikela umbani (LPZ) ngokuya nge-IEC 62305-4: 2006 kunikela ngeminye imininingwane ebalulekile ekwakhiweni okulungile kombani kanye nababambi bokuqhuma.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuvikelwa kwesixhumi esibonakalayo sokuxhumana kufanele kubhekwe, ikakhulukazi amabhokisi odonga neziteshi zokushaja. Lokhu kuhlangana okubaluleke kakhulu akumele kubhekwe kuphela ngenxa yesincomo se-IEC 60364-4-44, njengoba simele ukuxhumana phakathi kwemoto, ingqalasizinda yokushaja nohlelo lwamandla. Lapha futhi, amamojula wokuvikela enzelwe uhlelo lokusebenza aqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile nokuphephile kokuhamba kukagesi.

Imiphumela eqhubekayo yokuhamba ezinhlelweni zokuvikela ukuqhuma

Ukuze kukhokhiswe imoto kagesi esebenza kahle futhi ephephile, kuye kwachazwa umyalo othile ngaphakathi kwe-Low Voltage Regulation ngokufakwa okuhloselwe leyo njongo: i-ITC-BT 52. Lo myalelo ugcizelela isidingo sokuba nezinto ezithile ekuvikeleni ukwenyuka okwedlula futhi okungapheli. I-LSP ihlele izixazululo zokuhambisana naleli zinga.

Yize manje ngaphansi kwe-1% lemboni yezimoto zaseSpain isisimeme, kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2050 kuzoba khona cishe izimoto eziyizigidi ezingama-24 ezisebenza ngogesi kanti eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo inani lizokwenyuka liye ezigidini ezingama-2,4.

Lokhu kuguqulwa kwesibalo sezimoto kubambezela ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kusho nokusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda ezonikeza lobu buchwepheshe obusha obuhlanzekile.

Ukuvikelwa kwama-overvoltages ophethe izimoto zikagesi

Ukukhokhiswa kahle nokuphephile kwezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi kuyinkinga esemqoka ekusimeni kohlelo olusha.

Lokhu kukhokhiswa kufanele kwenziwe ngokuphepha, ukuqinisekisa imoto nokongiwa kwesistimu kagesi, ngawo wonke amadivayisi wokuvikela adingekayo, kufaka phakathi lawo ahlobene nokuvuthwa okukhulu.

Mayelana nalokhu, ukufaka imali kwezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi kufanele kuhambisane ne-ITC-BT 52 ukuvikela wonke amasekethe ekuvikeleni ukuqhuma okwenzeka okwesikhashana nokuhlala njalo okungalimaza imoto ngenkathi kulayishwa.

Umthethonqubo ushicilelwe ngesinqumo sasebukhosini kwi-Spanish Official Bulletin (I-Real Decreto 1053/2014, IBOE), lapho kwamukelwa khona i-Complementary Technical Instruction ITC-BT 52 entsha: «Izinsiza zenhloso ehambisanayo. Ingqalasizinda yokushaja izimoto zikagesi ».

Imiyalelo ITC-BT 52 yoMthethonqubo Wokungena Kwegesi Ophansi We-Electrotechnical

Lo myalelo udinga ukuthi kube nezinsiza ezintsha zokuhlinzekwa kweziteshi zokushaja kanye nokuguqulwa kwezikhungo ezikhona ezinikezwa kusuka kwinethiwekhi yokusabalalisa amandla kagesi ziye kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

1. Ezakhiweni ezintsha noma ezindaweni zokupaka kufanele kufakwe indawo ethile kagesi yokushaja izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, ezenziwa ngokuya nge-ITC-BT 52 esetshenzisiwe:
2. a) ezindaweni zokupaka izakhiwo ezinendawo evundlile ukuqhuba okuyinhloko kufanele kuqhutshwe ezindaweni zomphakathi (ngamashubhu, iziteshi, amathreyi, njll.) ukuze kube namagatsha axhunywe eziteshini zokushaja ezisezindaweni zokupaka , njengoba kuchazwe esigabeni 3.2 se-ITC-BT 52.
3. b) ezindaweni zokupaka ezizimele kumafelandawonye, ​​emabhizinisini noma emahhovisi, kubasebenzi noma kulabo osebenzisana nabo, noma emadepho endawo ezimoto, izindawo ezidingekayo kufanele zinikeze isiteshi esisodwa sokushaja kuzo zonke izindawo zokupaka ezingama-40.
4. c) ezindaweni zokupaka zomphakathi zaphakade, izindawo ezifanelekile zokuphakela isiteshi sokushaja kuzo zonke izihlalo ezingama-40 zizoqinisekiswa.

Kucatshangwa ukuthi ibhilidi noma indawo yokupaka izimoto isanda kwakhiwa lapho iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa yethulwa ku-Public Administration ehambisanayo ukuze icutshungulwe ngosuku olulandela ukungena kweRoyal Decree 1053/2014.

Izakhiwo noma izindawo zokupaka ngaphambi kokushicilelwa kwesinqumo sasebukhosini zazinesikhathi seminyaka emithathu ukuzivumelanisa nemithetho emisha.

2. Emgwaqweni, izakhiwo ezidingekayo kumele zicatshangelwe ukuhlinzeka okuphakelayo eziteshini zokushaja ezisezikhaleni zezimoto zikagesi ezihlelwe ezinhlelweni zeSustainable Mobility Plans.

Yiziphi izikimu ezingaba khona zokufakwa kwamaphoyinti okushaja?

Imidwebo yokufaka yokukhokhiswa kwezimoto zikagesi ebonwe ngaphambili emfundweni yile elandelayo:

Uhlelo oluhlanganayo noma lwegatsha elinokubali okuyinhloko kumsuka wokufakwa.

Uhlelo lomuntu ngamunye olunekhawunta evamile yendlu nesiteshi sokushaja.

Isikimu ngasinye esinekhawunta yesiteshi ngasinye sokushaja.

Isikimu esinamasekethe noma amasekethe angeziwe wokushaja izimoto zikagesi.

Amadivayisi wokuvikela ama-ITC-BT 52

Onke amasekethe kufanele avikelwe ekuqubukeni kwesikhashana (unomphela) nokuchichima kwesikhashana.

Imishini yokuvikela ukuqhuma yesikhashana kufanele ifakwe endaweni eseduze nemvelaphi yesikhungo, noma ebhodini elikhulu.

NgoNovemba 2017, Umhlahlandlela Wezobuchwepheshe wokusetshenziswa kwe-ITC-BT 52 washicilelwa, lapho kunconywa okulandelayo:

- Ukufaka uhlobo 1 lokuvikelwa kwesikhashana okwenyuka ngenhla kwekhawunta enkulu noma eduze kweswishi enkulu, esemnyango wokufakwa kwamatafula phakathi nendawo.

- Uma ibanga eliphakathi kwesiteshi sokushaja nedivayisi yesikhashana yokuvikela ukuqhuma etholakala enhla likhulu noma lilingana namamitha ayi-10, kunconywa ukufaka enye idivaysi yokuvikela ukuqhuma okwedlula, thayipha 2, eduze kwesiteshi sokushaja noma ngaphakathi kwaso.

Isixazululo ngokuqubuka kwamandla esikhashana naphakade

Ku-LSP sinesixazululo esifanele sokuvikelwa okusebenzayo kuma-surges wesikhashana naphakade:

Ukuvikela ekuvuthweni okwedlula kwesikhathi kohlobo 1, i-LSP inochungechunge lwe-FLP25. Le nto iqinisekisa ukuvikelwa okuphezulu ekuqubukeni kwesikhashana kwezintambo ezihambisa ugesi emnyango wesakhiwo, kufaka phakathi lezo ezikhiqizwa ukukhishwa kombani okuqondile.

Kungumvikeli wohlobo 1 no-2 ngokuya nge-IEC / EN 61643-11 ejwayelekile. Izici zayo eziyinhloko yilezi:

• Impulse yamanje isigxobo (limp) esingu-25 kA kanye nezinga lokuvikela elingu-1,5 kV.
• Kwakhiwa amadivayisi wokukhipha igesi.
• Inezimpawu zesimo sokuvikelwa.

Ukuvikelwa ekuvuthweni okweqile kwesikhashana kohlobo lwe-2 kanye nokuvuthwa okungapheli, i-LSP incoma uchungechunge lwe-SLP40.

Vikela imoto yakho kagesi

Imoto kagesi ingamelana namandla ashaqisayo ka-2.500V. Uma kunesiphepho sikagesi, amandla kagesi angadluliselwa emotweni aphindwe izikhathi eziphindwe ka-20 kunamandla elikwazi ukumelana nawo, abangele ukulimala okungenakulungiswa kulo lonke uhlelo (isilawuli, ikhawunda, izinhlelo zokuxhumana, imoto), noma ngabe umthelela ugongolo lwenzeka ebangeni elithile.

I-LSP ibeka esandleni sakho imikhiqizo edingekayo ukuvikela izindawo zokushaja kuma-surges wesikhashana naphakade, ukuqinisekisa ukongiwa kwemoto. Uma kwenzeka unentshisekelo yokuthola ukuvikelwa kuma-overvoltages, ungathembela osizweni lwabasebenzi bethu bochwepheshe kulolu daba lapha.

Isifinyezo

Izimo ezikhethekile azikwazi ukumbozwa ngokuphelele ngezixazululo zomhlaba wonke - njengoba nje neSwitzerland Army Knife ingenakukwazi ukufaka esikhundleni sethuluzi elihlonyiswe kahle. Lokhu kusebenza futhi emvelweni weziteshi zokushaja ze-EV nezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi, ikakhulukazi ngoba izinsimbi zokulinganisa, zokulawula nezokulawula kufanele nazo zifakwe kusisombululo sokuvikela. Kubalulekile ukuthi bobabili babe nemishini elungile futhi bakhethe kahle ngokuya ngesimo. Uma ukubheka lokhu, uzothola isigaba sebhizinisi esinokwethenjelwa kakhulu ekuhambeni kwe-electro - kanye nozakwethu ofanele ku-LSP.

I-Electromobility iyisihloko esishisayo sezikhathi zamanje nezekusasa. Ukuthuthuka kwayo kuxhomeke ekwakhiweni ngesikhathi esifanele kweziteshi zokushaja zenethiwekhi okufanele ziphephe futhi zingabi namaphutha uma zisebenza. Lokhu kungatholakala ngokusebenzisa ama-LSP SPDs afakwe kuzo zombili izintambo zokuhambisa ugesi lapho zivikela khona izinto ze-elekthronikhi zeziteshi zokushaja.

Ukuvikelwa kwamandla kagesi amakhulu
Ama-overvoltages angahudulwa angene kubuchwepheshe besiteshi sokushaja ngezindlela eziningi ngomugqa wokuphakelwa kwamandla. Izinkinga ngenxa yama-overvoltages afika ngenethiwekhi yokusabalalisa angancishiswa ngokuthembekile ngokusebenzisa ama-LSP high-performance lightning stroke arresters yamanje kanye nama-SPD ochungechunge lwe-FLP.

Ukuvikelwa kwezinhlelo zokulinganisa nokulawula
Uma sifuna ukusebenzisa amasistimu angenhla kahle, kufanele sikuvikele ukuthi kungenzeka kuguqulwe noma kususwe idatha equkethwe kuma-circuits wedatha. Le nkohliso yedatha eshiwo ngenhla ingabangelwa ama-overvoltages.

Mayelana ne-LSP
I-LSP ingumlandeli wezobuchwepheshe kumadivayisi wokuvikela ama-AC & DC (SPDs). Le nkampani ikhule ngokuqinile selokhu yasungulwa ngo-2010. Ngabasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-25, ama-laboratories ayo wokuhlola, ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo we-LSP, ukuthembeka kanye nokuqanjwa okusha kuqinisekisiwe. Iningi lemikhiqizo yokuvikela ukuqhuma iyahlolwa futhi iqinisekiswe ngokuzimela kumazinga wamazwe omhlaba (Uhlobo 1 kuye ku-3) ngokuya nge-IEC ne-EN. Amakhasimende aqhamuka ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya ukwakhiwa / ukwakhiwa, ezokuxhumana ngocingo, amandla (i-photovoltaic, umoya, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kukonke kanye nokugcinwa kwamandla), i-e-mobility kanye nojantshi. Imininingwane engaphezulu iyatholakala ku-https: //www.LSP-international.com.com.