Chitetezo Chokhwima

Njira yolumikizira yolumikizira momwe gawo lazitsulo lazida zamagetsi (ndiye kuti, gawo lazitsulo lomwe limayikidwa kuchokera pagawo lamoyo) lomwe limatha kulipitsidwa pambuyo poti zinthu zakutchinga zawonongeka kapena nthawi zina zimalumikizidwa moyenera ndi wochititsa ndi maziko thupi. Dongosolo loteteza nthaka lili ndi mizere yokhayo komanso yopanda mbali. Katundu wamagetsi wamagawo atatu atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda mzere wopanda mbali. Malingana ngati zida zili bwino, mzere wosaloŵerera m'dongosolo suyenera kulumikizidwa pansi kupatula malo osaloŵerera magetsi. Njira yotetezera kulumikiza zero imafuna kuti mzere wosalowerera ndale utetezedwe mulimonsemo. Ngati ndi kotheka, mzere wosalowerera chitetezo ndi mzere woteteza zero-kulumikiza amatha kukhazikitsidwa padera. Nthawi yomweyo, mzere wosalowerera chitetezo m'dongosolo uyenera kukhala ndi maziko angapo obwereza.

Chiyambi / Chitetezo Champhamvu

Njira zoyeserera pansi pazitsulo zamagetsi. Itha kulepheretsa kupitilizidwa kwamphamvu kwa thupi la munthu pomwe kachingwe kazitsulo kakuimbidwa chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwachitetezo kapena ngozi, kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo chamunthu.

Ndi mtundu wa njira yolumikizira yolumikizira yolumikizira gawo lazitsulo zamagetsi (ndiye kuti, gawo lazitsulo lazotetezedwa kuchokera pagawo lamoyo) lomwe limatha kulipitsidwa pambuyo poti zinthu zakutchinga zawonongeka kapena nthawi zina, ndipo woyendetsa ndi molumikizana bwino ndi thupi lokhazikika. Chitetezo cholimba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi pomwe chosinthira chosinthira chosakhazikika sichinakhazikike (magawo atatu a waya wachitatu) kuwonetsetsa kuti magetsi apansi omwe zida zamagetsi zikudontha chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa kutsekemera sizidutsa malo otetezeka. Ngati zida zapakhomo sizikutetezedwa ndi nthaka, kutchinjiriza kwa gawo lina kuonongeka kapena gawo lina likukhudza kanyumba kakunja, khola lakunja lazinthu zanyumba lidzaimbidwa mlandu, ndipo ngati thupi la munthu lidzakhudza khola lakunja ( chimango) cha zida zamagetsi zomwe zawonongeka ndi kutchinjiriza, zidzakhala Pali ngozi yamagetsi. M'malo mwake, ngati zida zamagetsi zakhazikika, gawo limodzi lokhazikika lamakono liziyenda kudutsa nthambi ziwiri zofananira za chipangizocho ndi thupi la munthu. Nthawi zambiri, kulimbikira kwa thupi la munthu kumachulukirapo kuposa ma 1000 ohms, ndipo kulimbikira kwa nthaka yolimba sikungakhale kwakukulu kuposa ma 4 ohms malinga ndi malamulo, kotero zomwe zikuyenda mthupi la munthu ndizochepa, ndipo zomwe zikuyenda pansi chipangizo ndi chachikulu. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo chamagetsi chogwedeza thupi la munthu pambuyo poti zida zamagetsi zadontha.

Ntchito zoteteza nthaka ndi zodzitetezera / Chitetezo Pazifukwa

Mchitidwewu watsimikizira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito malo otchingira ndi njira yodzitetezera ku China yamagetsi yamagetsi otsika kwambiri. Popeza kutetezako kumagawika potetezera komanso kuteteza kulumikizidwa kwa zero, malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi njira ziwiri zotetezera ndiosiyana. Chifukwa chake, ngati yasankhidwa molakwika, siyokhudzanso chitetezo cha kasitomala komanso idzakhudzanso kudalirika kwa magetsi kwa gridi yamagetsi. Ndiye, monga kasitomala wamagetsi pagulu logawira anthu, kodi tingasankhe bwanji moyenera komanso moyenera malo otetezera?

Chitetezo chokhwimitsa ndi chitetezo cholumikizira zero

Kuti mumvetsetse ndikumvetsetsa chitetezo ndi kulumikiza kwa zero, zindikirani kusiyana ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zodzitetezera.

Chitetezo chokhwimitsa ndi chitetezo cholumikizidwa ndi zero chimatchedwa kuti nthaka yoteteza. Ndi njira yofunikira yaukadaulo yotengedwa kuti ipewe kugwedezeka kwamagetsi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zida zamagetsi zikuyenda bwino. Kusiyana pakati pazotetezedwa ziwirizi kumawonekera makamaka mbali zitatu: Choyamba, mfundo yachitetezo ndiyosiyana. Mfundo yayikulu yodzitchinjiriza ndikuchepetsa kutayikira kwazida zomwe zimadontha pansi kuti zisapitirire malo ena achitetezo. Chida chachitetezo chikadutsa mtengo winawake, magetsi amatha kudulidwa. Mfundo yoteteza kulumikiza kwa zero ndikugwiritsa ntchito mzere wolumikiza zero. Chipangizocho chikawonongeka ndi kutchinjiriza ndikupanga gawo lalifupi lazitsulo zazing'ono, pulogalamu yamagetsi yayifupi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa chida choteteza pamzere kuti chigwire ntchito mwachangu. Chachiwiri, momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito ndi yosiyana. Malinga ndi zinthu zina monga kugawa katundu, kuchuluka kwa katundu, komanso kuchuluka kwa katundu, Rural Low Voltage Power technical Regulation imagawaniza momwe magwiridwe antchito ali pamwambapa amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Njira ya TT imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumagetsi akumidzi yamagetsi otsika kwambiri, omwe ndi njira yotetezera nthaka poteteza; Njira ya TN (TN system ingagawidwe mu TN-C, TN-CS, TN-S) makamaka ndi yamagetsi am'mizinda yamagetsi otsika mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi monga ma gridi amagetsi ndi mafakitale ndi migodi. Njirayi ndi njira yodzitetezera zero polumikizira poteteza. Pakadali pano, makina ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi otsika kwambiri ku China amagwiritsa ntchito njira za TT kapena TN-C, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagawo osakanikirana atatu. Ndiye kuti, magawidwe atatu amagetsi atatu 380 / 220V popereka mphamvu kuzowunikira ndi katundu wamagetsi. Chachitatu, mawonekedwe amizerewo ndi osiyana. Dongosolo loteteza nthaka lili ndi mizere yokhayo komanso yopanda mbali. Katundu wamagetsi wamagawo atatu atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanda mzere wopanda mbali. Malingana ngati zida zili bwino, mzere wosaloŵerera m'dongosolo suyenera kulumikizidwa pansi kupatula malo osaloŵerera magetsi. Njira yotetezera kulumikiza zero imafuna kuti mzere wosalowerera ndale utetezedwe mulimonsemo. Ngati ndi kotheka, mzere wosalowerera chitetezo ndi mzere woteteza zero-kulumikiza amatha kukhazikitsidwa padera. Nthawi yomweyo, mzere wosalowerera chitetezo m'dongosolo uyenera kukhala ndi maziko angapo obwereza.

Kusankha njira zodzitetezera

Malinga ndi makina amagetsi omwe kasitomala amapezeka, njira yokhazikitsira chitetezo ndi njira yolumikizira zero yolumikizira ziyenera kusankhidwa moyenera.

Kodi kasitomala wamtundu wanji ayenera kutenga chiyani? Choyamba, ziyenera kudalira mtundu wamagetsi omwe magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati malo ogawira anthu onse komwe kasitomala ali ndi TT, kasitomala akuyenera kutetezedwa mogwirizana; ngati malo ogawa pagulu pomwe kasitomala amapezeka mu dongosolo la TN-C, chitetezo cholumikizira zero chiyenera kutengedwa mofananamo.

Dongosolo la TT ndi dongosolo la TN-C ndi machitidwe awiri omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe awo pawokha. Ngakhale makina onsewa amatha kupatsa makasitomala magetsi a 220 / 380V osakwatiwa ndi atatu osakanizidwa, sangangosinthana komanso kuwateteza. Zofunikira pamwambapa ndizosiyana kwathunthu. Izi ndichifukwa choti, munjira yomweyi yogawa mphamvu, ngati njira ziwiri zotetezera zilipo nthawi yomweyo, mphamvu yamagawo osalowerera ikukwera mpaka theka kapena kupitilira gawo lamagetsi pamunda ngati- chipangizo chotetezedwa. Pakadali pano, zida zonse zoteteza ku zero (chifukwa chitsulo chomwe chimalumikizidwa molumikizana ndi chingwe) chimakhala ndi kuthekera kofananira, kotero kuti magawo achitsulo monga chida chonyamulira chiwonetsetse mphamvu yayikulu nthaka, potero zimaika pangozi wogwiritsa ntchito. Chitetezo. Chifukwa chake, magawidwe omwewo atha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo yodzitetezera, ndipo njira ziwiri zotetezera siziyenera kusakanikirana. Kachiwiri, kasitomala ayenera kumvetsetsa zomwe zimatchedwa maziko otetezera, ndikusiyanitsa bwino kusiyana pakati pakukhazikika ndi chitetezo. Kuteteza kumatanthauza kuti zida zapanyumba, zida zamagetsi, ndi zina zambiri zitha kupangidwa ndi chitsulo chifukwa chowonongeka. Maziko omwe amatetezedwa kuti magetsi oterewa asawonongeke amatchedwa chitetezo chokhazikika. Kuteteza pansi pazitsulo zazitsulo ndi waya woteteza (PEE) wolumikizidwa molunjika ndi mzati kumatchedwa kuteteza nthaka. Bokosi lazitsulo likalumikizidwa ndi wochititsa (PE) komanso woteteza osalowerera ndale (PEN), amatchedwa chitetezo cholumikizira zero.

Standard kapangidwe, ndondomeko muyezo

Malinga ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakukhazikitsa njira ziwiri zodzitetezera, kapangidwe kake ndi njira zomangira.

Khazikitsani miyezo ya kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zofunikira pamizere yogawa nyumbayo pakulandila mphamvu za kasitomala, ndikuchotsa gawo logawira mphamvu zamkati mwa nyumba zamakasitomala zomwe zangomangidwa kumene kapena kukonzedwanso ndi gawo lazitatu zazingwe zazingwe zazing'ono zisanu dongosolo waya atatu. Magawo atatu azingwe zama waya kapena gawo limodzi lokhala ndi waya wamagawo atatu mu TT kapena TN-C amatha kuzindikira kutetezedwa kwa kasitomala. Zomwe zimatchedwa "waya wazigawo zitatu zama waya kapena gawo limodzi lamataya atatu" zikutanthauza kuti pambuyo poti chingwe chotsika kwambiri chikalumikizidwa ndi kasitomala, kasitomala amayenera kusintha mawonekedwe oyambira achikhalidwe, kutengera choyambirira atatu gawo anayi waya dongosolo ndi umodzi-gawo awiri waya dongosolo Kulumikizana. Pamwamba, chingwe chowonjezera chilichonse chimalumikizidwa ndi zida zilizonse zamakasitomala zomwe zimafunikira kukhazikitsa chingwe chamagetsi. Pofuna kuthandizira kukonza ndi kuyang'anira, mphambano yolowera m'nyumba ndi zotsogola zakutsogolo kwa chingwe chotetezera zidzaikidwa pa bolodi logawira magetsi lomwe magetsi amadziwitsidwa, kenako njira yolowera chitetezo Mzere udzaikidwa padera malinga ndi dongosolo logawa magetsi komwe kasitomala amapezeka.

1, Kukhazikitsa zofunikira pa TT system grounding protection line (PEE)

Makasitomala akagawa mphamvu ndi TT, dongosololi limafuna kuti kasitomala aziteteza. Chifukwa chake, kuti akwaniritse kulimba kwa chitetezo chakakhazikika, kasitomala akuyenera kuyika chida chozikirira panja malinga ndi zofunikira za "Malamulo aukadaulo wa Mphamvu Zam'magawo Otsika Kumidzi". Kukana kuyambitsa kuyenera kukwaniritsa izi:

Re≤Ulom / Iop

Re kutsutsana mwamphamvu (Ω)

Ulom amatchedwa malire amagetsi (V). Nthawi zonse, imatha kuonedwa ngati mtengo wa AC RMS wa 50V.

Kugwiritsa ntchito poteteza zotsalira pakali pano (kutayikira) pafupi ndi Iop (I)

Kwa kasitomala wamba, bola ngati 40 × 40 × 4 × 2500 mm ngodya yachitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito, imatha kuyendetsedwa mobisa 0.6 m molunjika poyendetsa makina, omwe amatha kuthana ndi kukana kwa kukana. Kenako, imalumikizidwa ndi chitsulo chozungulira chokhala ndi of φ8 kenako ndikutulutsidwa kupita pansi kwa 0.6 m, kenako yolumikizidwa ndi waya wothandizira (PEE) wa switchboard wokhala ndi zinthu zomwezo ndi mtundu wa waya womwe watumizidwa gawo lamagetsi.

2, Kukhazikitsa zofunikira pa mzere woteteza zero (PE) wa dongosolo la TN-C

Popeza dongosololi limafuna kuti kasitomala azigwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira zero-kulumikizana, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera chingwe chapadera chotetezera (PE) pamaziko a waya wachinayi kapena gawo limodzi lama waya awiri, amatetezedwa ndi kutha kwa mphamvu kwa kasitomala. Mzere wotetezera wosalowerera ndale (PEN) wa switchboard umachotsedwa ndikulumikizidwa ndi makina atatu amtundu wa waya kapena gawo limodzi lama waya awiri. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo chonse chili chodalirika komanso chodalirika, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kulipidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito. Mzere wachitetezo (PE) utachotsedwa pamizere yodzitchinjiriza (PEN), mzere wosalowerera N ndi mzere woteteza (PE) amapangidwa mbali ya kasitomala. Mawaya awiriwa sangaphatikizidwe kukhala mzere wa (PEN) pakagwiritsidwe. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti maziko achitetezo osalowerera ndale ali odalirika (PEN), woyamba ndi kutha kwa dongosolo la TN-C, nthambi zonse za nthambi za T, ndodo zomaliza nthambi, ndi zina zambiri ziyenera kukhala ndi zida mizere yobwereza mobwerezabwereza, ndi magawo atatu Makina a waya anayi amayeneranso kukhazikitsidwa mobwerezabwereza pakhomo lolowera olembetsa, mzere wa (PEN) usanagawidwe mu mzere wosalowerera ndale (N) ndi mzere woteteza (PE). Gawo lama waya lamtundu wosateteza (PEN), wosalowerera ndale (N) kapena waya woteteza (PE) amasankhidwa nthawi zonse kutengera mtundu wa waya ndi gawo la mzerewo.

Zoteteza pakatikati ndi chishango Pansi / Chitetezo Pazansi

Zoteteza

1, Malo Otetezedwa:

Makabati onse ali mkati. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri sipakhala malo mu kabati momwe mulibe utoto, ndiyeno mawaya amalumikizidwa. Uku ndiye kukhazikitsa kwa nduna ya nduna. Waya wapansi mkati wamagetsi (ndiye kuti gawo lachikasu-lobiriwira) ndiyonso gawo. Cholinga chake ndikuletsa kuti nduna isapezeke mlandu.

2, malo achitetezo nthawi zambiri amachitidwa ndi zida zamagetsi

3 mphamvu pansi:

Mzerewu, nthawi zambiri kudzera pamagetsi, umabwerera kumalo osinthira kenako ndikulowa pansi. M'malo ena, malo otetezedwawa ndi amodzi, ndipo malo ena siamodzi.

Chikopa pansi

1, Amatchedwanso chida pansi:

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti waya wachitsulo uyenera kulepheretsedwa kulumikizana ndi magetsi / zotetezera panthawi yolumikizira, apo ayi itaya tanthauzo.

2, Kuteteza:

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chingwe chotetezedwa, gwiritsani ntchito maziko amodzi. Osataya waya wotetezedwa kumunda. Samalani kuyeretsa. M'chipinda chachikulu chowongolera, mangani zingwe zachishango zazingwe zingapo ndikuzigwirizanitsa ndi malo okhala ndi chishango a kabati. (Makabati abwino adakhazikitsa mikwingwirima yamkuwa ndipo amatsekedwa ndi nduna)

3, Kusanthula kwina

Chishango grounding osachiritsika a nduna ndi chokhudzana ndi chida chishango grounding. Izi zimapangitsa kulumikizana kokhazikika kwa chida chonse. Ili ndi nthaka ya analog, nthaka yamagetsi, mphamvu yamagetsi yotsika, magetsi amphamvu (220v), ndi mitundu ingapo yachitetezo. Pakatikati paulamuliro, kumakhazikika kumakhazikika, kulimbikira ndi 1 ohm, ndipo ngati si 4 ohms, mawaya oyikira amizere yosiyanasiyana amasonkhanitsidwa koyamba kumalo oyambira. Kenako kulumikiza malo onse ndi malo achidule, malamulo oyambira malo aliwonse, nthaka ya analogi, mawaya apansi amagetsi amagetsi amakhala ophatikizika, kenako amalumikizidwa ndi malo oyikira pansi, kenako amalumikizidwa ndi Chingwe chachingwe, mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi chitetezo Pambuyo polumikizidwa pansi, kulimbikira kwake ndi ma 4 ohms, ndipo magawo awiri oyikira pansi amatetezedwa. Kukaniza kutchinjiriza kuyenera kufotokozedwa molingana ndi zofunikira za sensa, koma kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu kuposa ma megohms 0.5. Izi zikutanthauza kuti chingwe cholumikizira chimakhazikika kumapeto amodzi, ndipo nthaka yoteteza kumunda imakhala ndi chitetezo chakutsogolo ngati chisonyezo choteteza kuwonongeka kwa nthaka chifukwa chamagetsi. Ngati malekezero awiriwo atsekedwa, makina olowerera amapangika, omwe angapangitse chizindikiritso ndikusokoneza. Ngati mukusowa mtendere, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosazungulira ya zinc oxide varistor surge absorbers pamasamba komanso pamasamba otetezedwa. Mulingo wamagetsi ndi wocheperako pamagetsi ambiri omwe sensa imatha kupirira. Nthawi zambiri, musadutse magetsi okwanira 24 volts. Kuteteza kumakhala ndi matanthauzo awiri, kutsekemera kwamagetsi, komanso kutetezedwa kwamagetsi, komwe kumatanthauza kutetezedwa kwama maginito ndi ma circuits, motsatana. Chingwe chachizolowezi chotchinga ma waya sichimakhudza maginito, motero kungoteteza kusokonezedwa kwamagetsi, ndiye kuti, kutchinjiriza kwamagetsi, kumaganiziridwa. Pakadali pano, zotchinga ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa (maginito amatetezedwa osakhazikika). Mfundoyi ndiyofanana: chopinga chosokoneza ndi mathero olandila ndizofanana ndi mitengo iwiri ya capacitor. Mbali imodzi yamasinthidwe amagetsi idzazindikira kumapeto kwina kudzera mwa capacitor. Mzere wapakatikati (ndiye kuti, chishango) womwe umalowetsedwa pansi umawononga kuthekera kofanana, potero umadula njira yolowererapo. Samalani kuti mugwirizane ndi chizindikirocho chomwe mukufuna kuteteza mukamayikira pansi, ndipo ingolumikizani kumapeto amodzi achishango. Kupanda kutero, padzakhala mpata waukulu (pansi pano) womwe ungayambitse mavuto pomwe kuthekera kwa mbali zonsezo sikofanana.