Mphezi ndikuteteza chitetezo cha makina amphepo

Ndi kuzindikira kwakukulira kwa kutentha kwadziko komanso malire a mafuta athu, kufunika kopeza gwero labwinobwino la mphamvu kukuwonekera. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za mphepo ndi msika womwe ukukula mwachangu. Kukhazikitsa koteroko nthawi zambiri kumakhala pamalo otseguka komanso okwera ndipo chifukwa chake pamakhala malo okoka mphezi. Ngati zida zodalirika ziyenera kusungidwa ndikofunikira kuti magwero owonjezera mphamvu achepetse. LSP imapereka zida zingapo zodzitetezera zoyenerana ndi mafunde oyenda molunjika komanso pang'ono.

LSP ili ndi zida zonse zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga makina amphepo. Chopereka kuchokera ku LSP kupita kumayendedwe osiyanasiyana a DIN njanji zodzitchinjiriza ndikuwunika kwamphamvu ndi mphezi. Pamene tikulowa mu mbiriyakale pomwe kukakamira kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zobiriwira ndi ukadaulo kumapangitsa kuti minda yambiri yamphepo imangidwe, ndipo minda yapamtunda yomwe ikukulirakulira ikukulitsidwa, onse opanga ma turbine ndi eni minda / oyendetsa minda akudziŵa bwino za mtengo wogwirizana ndi mphezi zikuwomba. Kuwonongeka kwachuma komwe ogwiritsa ntchito amakhala nako pakagwa kuwomba kwa mphezi kumabwera m'njira ziwiri, mtengo womwe umakhudzana ndikusintha makina chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa thupi komanso ndalama zomwe zimakhudzana ndi dongosololi kulumikizidwa kunja komanso osatulutsa mphamvu. Makina amagetsi opangira magetsi amakumana ndi zovuta zomwe zimazungulira malo awo, pomwe makina amphepo amakhala nyumba zazitali kwambiri pakukhazikitsa. Chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta yomwe adzawonekere, kuphatikiza ziyembekezo za makina opunthira omwe amenyedwa ndi mphezi kangapo m'moyo wawo wonse, mtengo wa zida ndi kukonza ndi kuyikiranso ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa mu bizinesi ya aliyense woyendetsa mphepo. Kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi komanso kosawonekera komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mphezi kumapangidwa ndimphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimakoka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi. Zowonjezera izi zimadutsa pamagetsi lamagetsi molunjika kuzida zofunikira mkati mwa chopangira chomwecho. Kuphulika kumafalikira kudzera m'dongosolo ndikupanga kuwonongeka kwaposachedwa komanso kwaposachedwa kwa zida zamagetsi zamagetsi komanso zamakompyuta. Zigawo monga ma jenereta, osinthira, ndi osintha magetsi komanso zowongolera zamagetsi, kulumikizana ndi machitidwe a SCADA zitha kuwonongeka ndikuwunikira komwe kumapangitsa ma surges. Zowonongeka mwachindunji komanso zapompopompo zitha kukhala zowonekeratu, koma kuwonongeka kwaposachedwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kunyanyala kangapo kapena kuwonetsedwa mobwerezabwereza kwa ma surges kumatha kuchitika kuzinthu zazikulu zamagetsi mkati mwa chopangira mphepo, nthawi zambiri kuwonongeka kumeneku sikuphimbidwa ndi zitsimikizo za opanga, motero mtengo wokonzanso ndi m'malo mwake umagwera ogwiritsa ntchito.

Mtengo wa pa intaneti ndi chinthu china chachikulu chomwe chiyenera kuganiziridwa mu dongosolo lililonse lazamalonda lokhudzana ndi famu ya mphepo. Ndalamazi zimabwera ngati chopangira mphamvu chikulephereka ndipo chiyenera kugwiridwa ndi gulu la othandizira, kapena kukhala ndi zinthu zina m'malo mwake zomwe zimakhudza kugula, kunyamula ndi kukhazikitsa. Ndalama zomwe zitha kutayika chifukwa chongowomba kamodzi mphezi zitha kukhala zazikulu, ndipo kuwonongeka kwaposachedwa komwe kumachitika pakapita nthawi kumawonjezera chiwonkhetsocho. Kuteteza kwa makina amphepo ya LSP kumachepetsa kwambiri mtengo wogwirizanawo mwa kuthana ndi mafunde angapo osalephera, ngakhale atagunda kangapo.

Mlandu wa makina otetezera ma trubine amphepo

Kusintha kosasintha kwa nyengo kuphatikiza ndikudalira kowonjezera kwa mafuta kwakupatsani chidwi chambiri pazinthu zamagetsi zokhazikika padziko lonse lapansi. Imodzi mwa ukadaulo wolonjeza kwambiri mu mphamvu zobiriwira ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, yomwe kupatula ndalama zoyambira kumene ikadakhala chisankho chamayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, ku Portugal, cholinga chopanga mphamvu za mphepo kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2010 chinali kuwonjezera mpaka 25% mphamvu yonse yamagetsi yopangira mphepo, cholinga chomwe chidakwaniritsidwa komanso kupitilira zaka zapitazi. Ngakhale mapulogalamu aboma ankhanza omwe akukakamiza kupanga mphepo ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa akulitsa makampani opanga mphepo kwambiri, ndikuwonjezeka kwa makina amphepo akubwera chifukwa cha ma turbines omwe amenyedwa ndi mphezi. Kuwombera kwachindunji kwa makina amphepo kwadziwika kuti ndi vuto lalikulu, ndipo pali zovuta zina zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo cha mphezi chikhale chovuta kwambiri pamagetsi amphepo kuposa m'mafakitale ena.

Ntchito yomanga makina amphepo ndiyapadera, ndipo nyumba zazitali kwambiri zachitsulo zimatha kuwonongeka ndi mphezi. Amakhalanso ovuta kuteteza pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje achitetezo achitetezo omwe nthawi zambiri amadzipereka okha atachita opaleshoni kamodzi. Makina amphepo amatha kukwera mtunda wopitilira 150 mita, ndipo amapezeka pamalo okwera kwambiri kumadera akutali komwe kumawombedwa ndi mphepo, kuphatikizapo kuwomba kwa mphezi. Zomwe zimawululidwa kwambiri pamakina opangira mphepo ndi masamba ndi nacelle, ndipo izi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizingayende bwino. Kuwonongeka kwachindunji komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi masamba, ndikupangitsa kuti nthawi yomwe mafunde ayende amayenda kupyola zida zamagetsi mkati mwa makina amphepo ndipo mwina kumadera onse olumikizidwa ndi magetsi pafamuyo. Madera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafamu amphepo amakhala opanda nthaka yabwino, ndipo famu yamakono yamakonoyi imagwiritsa ntchito zamagetsi zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzindikira. Zonsezi zimapangitsa chitetezo cha makina amphepo kuti asawonongeke ndi mphezi ndizovuta kwambiri.

Mkati mwa makina amphepo amtundu wokha, zamagetsi ndi mayendedwe ali pachiwopsezo chotenga mphezi. Ndalama zokonzanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina amphepo ndizokwera chifukwa chazovuta pakubwezeretsa zinthuzi. Kubweretsa matekinoloje omwe angathetseretu kuchuluka kwa ziwerengero pazinthu zofunika kuzisintha ndi gwero la zokambirana zambiri m'zipinda zambiri zama board ndi mabungwe aboma omwe akukhudzidwa ndikupanga mphepo. Chikhalidwe champhamvu chazida zotetezera makina ndichapadera pakati paukadaulo wotetezera chifukwa chimapitiliza kuteteza zida ngakhale zitayatsidwa, ndipo palibe chifukwa chobwezeretsanso kapena kukonzanso pambuyo poti mphezi yatuluka. Izi zimalola magudumu amagetsi amphepo kuti azikhala pa intaneti kwakanthawi. Kusintha kulikonse pamanambala owerengeka azikhalidwe zakunja ndi nthawi zomwe makina opangira magetsi akuyenera kukonzedwa kumapeto kwake kumabweretsa ndalama zina kwa wogula.

Kupewa kuwonongeka kwa ma voliyumu otsika ndi kuwongolera ndikofunikira, popeza kafukufuku adawonetsa kuti zopitilira 50% zama injini amphepo amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitundu iyi yazinthu. Zowonongeka kwa zida zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi kuwombetsa mphezi ndi mafunde obwerera kumbuyo omwe amafalitsa patangowomba mphezi, ndizofala. Zoyimitsa mphezi zoyikika mbali yamagetsi zamagetsi zimakhazikika limodzi ndi mbali yotsika yamagetsi kuti muchepetse kukana kwa nthaka, kukulitsa kuthekera kwa unyolo wonse kupirira kugunda kwamphepo imodzi.

Mphezi ndikuteteza kwa makina amphepo

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphezi ndi njira zotetezera zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi makina amphepo.

Makina amphepo amtundu wa chiopsezo amakhala pachiwopsezo chazomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mphezi chifukwa chakukula kwake komanso kutalika kwake. Popeza chiopsezo chakumenyetsa mphepo yamagetsi chimakulirakulira pang'onopang'ono ndi kutalika kwake, titha kuyerekezera kuti chopangira mphepo chamakina ambiri chimakanthidwa ndi mphezi molunjika pafupifupi miyezi khumi ndi iwiri iliyonse.

Ndalama zolipirira ziyenera kuchepetsa kukwera mtengo kwa zaka zochepa, kutanthauza kuti nthawi yopuma chifukwa cha mphezi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mafunde ndi zina zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kubwereranso ziyenera kupewedwa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zofunikira kwambiri mphezi ndikuteteza mafunde ndikofunikira.

Pokonzekera njira yotetezera mphezi yamagetsi amphepo, osati kung'anima kwamtambo kokha, komanso kuwala kwapadziko lapansi, komwe kumatchedwa atsogoleri apamwamba, kuyenera kuganiziridwa pazinthu zazitali kuposa 60 m m'malo owonekera. . Kutenga kwakukulu kwamagetsi kwa atsogoleri omwe akuyenda pamwambawa kuyenera kuganiziridwanso makamaka poteteza makina ozungulira ndikusankha mphezi omwe akumangidwa pano.

Kukhazikitsa mwamphamvu-Mphezi ndi kutetezedwa kwa makina amphepo
Lingaliro lachitetezo liyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamiyeso yapadziko lonse IEC 61400-24, IEC 62305 mndandanda wokhazikika komanso malangizo amtundu wa Germanyischer Lloyd.

Njira zodzitetezera
IEC 61400-24 ikulimbikitsa kusankhidwa kwa zigawo zonse zazinthu zoteteza mphezi za chopangira mphepo malinga ndi mulingo wa chitetezo cha mphezi (LPL) I, pokhapokha kuwunika koopsa kukuwonetsa kuti LPL yotsika ndiyokwanira. Kufufuza zowopsa kungathenso kuwulula kuti zigawo zing'onozing'ono zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi ma LPL osiyanasiyana. IEC 61400-24 ikulimbikitsa kuti makina oteteza mphezi akhazikike pamalingaliro athunthu oteteza mphezi.

Kuteteza kwa Mphezi ndi mafunde a makina amphepo amakhala ndi njira yoteteza mphezi yakunja (LPS) ndi njira zodzitetezera (SPMs) kuteteza zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi. Kuti mupange njira zodzitetezera, ndikofunikira kuti mugawire makina amphepo m'malo opangira mphezi (LPZs).

Kuteteza kwa Mphezi ndi kuyendetsa kwa makina amphepo amateteza tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timangopezeka m'makina amphepo, omwe ndi makina ozungulira ndi sitima yamagetsi yamagetsi.

IEC 61400-24 imalongosola mwatsatanetsatane momwe tingatetezere magawo apadera a chopangira mphepo ndi momwe tingatsimikizire kuti magwiridwe antchito amphezi ndi othandiza.

Malinga ndi mulingo uwu, ndikofunikira kuti muyesetse ma voliyumu apamwamba kuti muwone ngati mphezi zikulephera kuthana ndi machitidwe oyenera ndi sitiroko yoyamba ndi sitiroko yayitali, ngati kuli kotheka, potulutsa magazi wamba.

Mavuto ovuta okhudzana ndi chitetezo cha malekezero ndi magawo okwera mozungulira amayenera kuyesedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndikudalira wopanga ndi mtundu wake. Mulingo wa IEC 61400-24 umapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pankhaniyi.

Lingaliro loteteza mphezi
Lingaliro lakutetezedwa kwa mphezi ndi njira yokhazikitsira chilengedwe cha EMC pachinthu. Malo omwe EMC amafotokozedwa amafotokozedwa ndi chitetezo chamagetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Lingaliro lamalo otetezera mphezi limalola kuchepetsedwa kochitidwa ndikuwonetsa kusokonekera m'malire mpaka pamikhalidwe. Pachifukwa ichi, chinthu chomwe chimayenera kutetezedwa chimagawika m'malo achitetezo.

Njira yoyendetsera ntchito ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa LPZ 0A, zomwe ndi mbali za makina amphepo omwe amatha kuwombedwa ndi mphezi, ndi LPZ 0B, zomwe ndi mbali za makina amphepo omwe amatetezedwa ku kuwombera kwa mphezi ndi mpweya wakunja- njira zothetsera kapena njira zothetsera mpweya zophatikizidwa m'magawo amagetsi amphepo (mwachitsanzo, mu rotor blade).

Malinga ndi IEC 61400-24, njira yoyendetsera siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazodzikongoletsa zokha. Pazifukwa izi, kapangidwe ka njira yothamangitsira mpweya kuyenera kuyesedwa malinga ndi chaputala 8.2.3 cha muyezo wa IEC 61400-24.

Fanizo la 1 likuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera dera, pomwe mkuyu 2 ukuwonetsa kugawanika kwa chopangira mphepo m'malo osiyanasiyana oteteza mphezi. Gawoli m'magawo oteteza mphezi limadalira kapangidwe ka makina amphepo. Chifukwa chake, kapangidwe ka makina amphepo ayenera kuwonedwa.

Komabe, ndikofunikira kuti magawo amagetsi omwe abayidwa kuchokera kunja kwa chopangira mphepo kupita ku LPZ 0A amachepetsedwa ndi njira zoyenera zotetezera ndikuwonjezera zida zodzitchinjiriza kumalire onse kuti zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi ndi makina amkati mwa chopangira mphepo azitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwinobwino.

Njira zodzitchinjiriza
Bokosilo liyenera kupangidwa ngati chishango chachitsulo chosungidwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti voliyumu yokhala ndi gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi lomwe ndi locheperako kuposa gawo lakunja kwa chopangira mphepo limakwaniritsidwa pakanyumba.

Malinga ndi IEC 61400-24, nsanja yazitsulo, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakina akuluakulu amphepo, imatha kuonedwa ngati khola labwino kwambiri la Faraday, loyenera kutetezedwa ndi magetsi. Makabati osinthira ndi owongolera mu khola kapena "nacelle" ndipo, ngati alipo, mnyumba yomangirayo, ayeneranso kupangidwa ndi chitsulo. Zingwe zolumikizira ziyenera kukhala ndi chishango chakunja chokhoza kunyamula mafunde amagetsi.

Zingwe zotetezedwa zimangolimbana ndi kusokonezedwa ndi EMC ngati zikopa zimalumikizidwa ndi zida zophatikizika kumapeto onse awiri. Zishango ziyenera kulumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito malo okwanira (360 °) osakhazikitsa zingwe zazitali zolumikizana za EMC pa chopangira mphepo.

Kuteteza maginito ndi kuyendetsa chingwe kuyenera kuchitidwa malinga ndi gawo 4 la IEC 62305-4. Pachifukwa ichi, malangizo oyendetsera EMC mogwirizana ndi IEC / TR 61000-5-2 ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Njira zodzitchinjiriza zimaphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo:

Kukhazikitsa choluka chachitsulo pamakina okutidwa ndi GRP.
Chitsulo nsanja.
Zitsulo makabati switchgear.
Makabati olamulira pazitsulo.
Mphezi zonyamula zingwe zolumikizira zotchinga (chingwe chachitsulo chachitsulo, chitoliro chotetezedwa kapena zina zotere).
Chingwe kutetezedwa.

Njira zotetezera mphezi zakunja
Ntchito ya LPS yakunja ndikutenga mphezi mwachindunji kuphatikiza kuwombera kwa mphezi pa nsanja ya chopangira mphepo ndikutulutsa mphezi kuyambira pomwe amenyera pansi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kugawa mphezi pansi popanda kuwotcha kapena kuwononga makina kapena kuphulika koopsa komwe kumatha kuyambitsa moto kapena kuphulika ndikuika pangozi anthu.

Zomwe zingapangitsidwe ndi makina amphepo (kupatula makina ozungulira) zitha kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera gawo yomwe ikuwonetsedwa pa mkuyu. 1. Pazomwe zimayendera mphepo, ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito kalasi ya LPS I. Chifukwa chake, malo ozungulira omwe ali ndi utali wozungulira r = 20m idakulungidwa pamwamba pa chopangira mphamvu cha mphepo kuti mudziwe malo ogwirira ntchito. Njira zothanirana ndi mpweya zimafunikira pomwe malowo amalumikizana ndi chopangira mphepo.

Zomangamanga / zotchingira ziyenera kuphatikizidwa mu njira yotetezera mphezi kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphezi zigunda mu nacelle zimagunda ziwalo zachitsulo zomwe zimatha kupirira katunduyu kapena njira yothetsera mpweya yomwe idapangidwira izi. Ma Nacelles okhala ndi zokutira za GRP ayenera kukhala ndi makina oletsa kutulutsa mpweya ndipo otsitsa omwe akupanga khola mozungulira nacelle.

Makina oimitsa mpweya kuphatikiza oyendetsa opanda kanthu mchikwerechi akuyenera kuthana ndi kuwomba kwa mphezi malinga ndi mulingo wa chitetezo cha mphezi. Otsogolera ena mu khola la Faraday ayenera kupangidwa m'njira yoti athe kupirira gawo lamagetsi omwe angawagonjetse. Kutsatira IEC 61400-24, makina oimitsira mpweya otetezera zida zoyesera zomwe zimayikidwa kunja kwa nacelle ziyenera kupangidwa molingana ndi zofunikira za IEC 62305-3 ndipo oyendetsa pansi ayenera kulumikizidwa ku khola lofotokozedwa pamwambapa.

"Zinthu zachilengedwe" zopangidwa ndi zida zoyendetsera zomwe zimayikidwa kosatha mu / pa chopangira mphepo ndipo sizisintha (mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha mphezi cha ma rotor, mayendedwe, mainframes, hybrid tower, etc.) atha kuphatikizidwa mu LPS. Ngati makina amphepo amangidwa ndi chitsulo, titha kuganiza kuti amakwaniritsa zofunikira zakunja kwa mphezi za LPS I malinga ndi IEC 62305.

Izi zimafunikira kuti kuwomba kwa mphezi kulandiridwe mosamala ndi LPS ya makina ozungulira kuti athe kutsegulidwira kuntchito yochotsera dziko lapansi kudzera pazinthu zachilengedwe monga mayendedwe, mainframes, nsanja ndi / kapena kulambalala (mwachitsanzo mipata yotseguka, maburashi a kaboni).

Makina othetsa mpweya / otsitsira otsika
Monga momwe tawonetsera pa mkuyu 1, masamba ozungulira; nacelle kuphatikizapo superstructures; chozungulira ndi chozungulira cha chopangira mphepo chitha kugundidwa ndi mphenzi.
Ngati atha kuthana ndi mafunde okwanira 200 kA mosatekeseka ndipo atha kuwatumiza ku njira yothanirana ndi nthaka, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati "zinthu zachilengedwe" pakuthana ndi mpweya kwa makina amphepo akunja oteteza mphezi.

Ma metallic receptors, omwe amaimira malo omwe akuponyera mphezi, amaikidwa pafupipafupi pamphepete mwa tsamba la GRP kuteteza masamba ozungulira kuti asawonongeke chifukwa cha mphezi. Woyendetsa pansi amachoka pa cholandilira kupita kuzu la tsamba. Pakangogunda mphezi, titha kuyerekezera kuti kuwomba kwa mphezi kugunda nsonga ya tsamba (receptor) kenako kumathamangitsidwa kudzera pamakondakitala otsika mkati mwa tsambalo mpaka kumapeto kwa dziko kudzera pa nacelle ndi nsanja.

Dongosolo lothetsa dziko lapansi
Makina othamangitsira pansi makina amphepo amayenera kugwira ntchito zingapo monga chitetezo chamunthu, chitetezo cha EMC ndi chitetezo cha mphezi.

Njira yothanirana ndi nthaka (onani mkuyu 3) ndikofunikira pakufalitsa mafunde amphezi komanso kupewa makina amphepo kuti asawonongeke. Kuphatikiza apo, njira yothanirana ndi nthaka iyenera kuteteza anthu ndi nyama ku magetsi. Pakakhala kuwomba kwa mphezi, dongosolo loyimitsa dziko lapansi liyenera kutulutsa mphezi pansi ndikugawa pansi popanda kuwopsa kwa matenthedwe ndi / kapena mphamvu yamagetsi.

Mwambiri, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa njira yothamangitsira dziko lapansi ya chopangira mphepo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza makina amphepo kuti asagundidwe ndi mphezi komanso kuti pakhale magetsi padziko lapansi.

Chidziwitso: Malamulo amagetsi okhala ndi ma voliyumu ambiri monga Cenelec HO 637 S1 kapena miyezo yadziko lonse imafotokoza momwe angapangire njira yochotsera dziko lapansi kuti iteteze kugwirana ndi ma voltages oyambitsidwa ndi ma circuits afupipafupi mumachitidwe apamwamba kapena apakatikati. Ponena za chitetezo cha anthu, miyezo ya IEC 61400-24 ikutanthauza IEC // TS 60479-1 ndi IEC 60479-4.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi

IEC 62305-3 imalongosola mitundu iwiri yayikulu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi amphepo:

Lembani A: Malinga ndi Annex I wa IEC 61400-24, makonzedwe amenewa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina amphepo, koma atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazilumikizi (mwachitsanzo, nyumba zokhala ndi zida zoyezera kapena masheya amaofesi olumikizana ndi famu yamphepo). Mtundu wa ma elekitirodi amtundu wapadziko lapansi amakhala ndi maelekitirodi osakanikirana kapena owongoka olumikizidwa ndi osachepera awiri oyendetsa nyumbayo.

Mtundu B: Malinga ndi Annex I wa IEC 61400-24, makonzedwe awa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makina amphepo. Amakhala ndi ma elekitirodi akunja apadziko lapansi omwe adaikidwa pansi kapena ma elekitirodi apadziko lapansi. Ma electrode apadziko lapansi ndi zida zachitsulo mu maziko ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi zomangamanga.

Kulimbitsa maziko a nsanja kuyenera kuphatikizidwa pamaganizidwe apadziko lapansi a chopangira mphepo. Dongosolo lothetseratu dziko lapansi la nsanja ndi nyumba yomangira ziyenera kulumikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito maukonde amtundu wa maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi kuti apeze njira yochotsera dziko lapansi yomwe ili yayikulu kwambiri. Pofuna kupewa kugwedezeka kwamphamvu chifukwa cha kuwomba kwa mphezi, ma elekitirodi omwe angatheke kuwongolera ndi dzimbiri osagwira dzimbiri (opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri) ayenera kukhazikitsidwa mozungulira nsanja kuti ateteze anthu (onani mkuyu 3).

Ma electrode oyambira maziko

Ma electrode a Foundation Earth amapanga luso komanso luso lazachuma ndipo, mwachitsanzo, amafunikira ku Germany technical Connection Conditions (TAB) yamakampani opanga magetsi. Maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi ndi ena mwa magetsi ndipo amakwaniritsa zofunikira pachitetezo. Pachifukwa ichi, amayenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi anthu aluso pamagetsi kapena kuyang'aniridwa ndi munthu waluso pamagetsi.

Zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi ziyenera kutsatira zomwe zalembedwa mu Table 7 ya IEC 62305-3. Khalidwe lakuda lazitsulo pansi liyenera kuwonedwa nthawi zonse. Maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi amayenera kupangidwa ndi chitsulo chosanjikiza kapena chosapanga dzimbiri (chozungulira kapena chitsulo). Zitsulo zozungulira ziyenera kukhala ndi m'mimba mwake osachepera 10 mm. Mzere wachitsulo uyenera kukhala ndi miyeso yocheperako ya 30 x 3,5 mm. Dziwani kuti nkhaniyi iyenera kuphimbidwa ndi konkriti yosachepera 5 cm (zoteteza dzimbiri). Maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi ayenera kulumikizidwa ndi bar yolumikizira yayikulu mu chopangira mphepo. Zolumikizana ndi dzimbiri zimayenera kukhazikitsidwa kudzera pazowikapo malo okhala ndi zotengera zosapanga dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ma elekitirodi apadziko lapansi opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ayenera kukhazikitsidwa pansi.

Chitetezo pakusintha kuchokera ku LPZ 0A kupita ku LPZ 1

Kuonetsetsa kuti zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zikuyenda bwino, malire a LPZ ayenera kutetezedwa kuti asasokonezedwe ndi mafunde komanso kutetezedwa kuti asasokonezedwe (onani mkuyu. 2 ndi 4). Zipangizo zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zimatha kutulutsa mphezi zopanda chiwonongeko ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa posintha kuchokera ku LPZ 0A kupita ku LPZ 1 (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti "mphezi yamphamvu yolumikizira"). Zipangizo zotetezera izi zimatchedwa mphezi zam'kalasi I zomwe zimamangidwa pano ndipo zimayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a 10/350 μs waveform. Pakusintha kuchokera ku LPZ 0B kupita ku LPZ 1 ndi LPZ 1 ndi mafunde okhawo omwe ali ndi mphamvu zochepa zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi ma voltages omwe adatulutsidwa kunja kwa dongosolo kapena ma surges omwe adapangidwira amayenera kuthana nawo. Zipangizo zotetezera zoterezi zimatchedwa kuti achifwamba omangidwa m'kalasi yachiwiri ndipo amayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a 8/20 μs waveform.

Malinga ndi lingaliro lakutetezedwa kwa mphezi, zingwe zonse zomwe zikubwera ndi mizere ziyenera kuphatikizidwa pakupanga mphezi popanda kusiyanitsa kudzera pagulu I mphezi omwe akumanga pamalire kuchokera ku LPZ 0A mpaka LPZ 1 kapena kuchokera ku LPZ 0A mpaka LPZ 2.

Kulumikizana kwina kwakanthawi, komwe zingwe zonse ndi mizere yolowera kumalire iyenera kuphatikizidwa, ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kumalire ena oyandikira mkati mwa voliyumu kuti mutetezedwe.

Type 2 surge arresters iyenera kukhazikitsidwa posintha kuchokera ku LPZ 0B kupita ku LPZ 1 komanso kuchokera ku LPZ 1 kupita ku LPZ 2, pomwe omanga ma grade III akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa posintha kuchokera ku LPZ 2 kupita ku LPZ 3. Ntchito ya class II ndi class III surge arresters ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwa zotsalira zazigawo zoteteza kumtunda ndikuchepetsa mafunde omwe amayambitsidwa kapena kupangika mkati mwa chopangira mphepo.

Kusankha ma SPD kutengera mphamvu yamagetsi (Up) ndi chitetezo chazida

Pofotokoza za Up mu LPZ, chitetezo chazida zomwe zili mu LPZ ziyenera kufotokozedwa, mwachitsanzo, pazingwe zamagetsi ndi kulumikizana kwa zida malinga ndi IEC 61000-4-5 ndi IEC 60664-1; pazingwe zamafoni ndi kulumikizana kwa zida malinga ndi IEC 61000-4-5, ITU-T K.20 ndi ITU-T K. 21, ndi mizere ina ndi kulumikizana kwa zida malinga ndi malangizo a wopanga.

Opanga zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi azitha kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira pamagulu achitetezo molingana ndi miyezo ya EMC. Kupanda kutero, wopanga makina amphepo akuyenera kuyesa kuti adziwe chitetezo chokwanira. Gawo lotetezedwa lotetezedwa mu LPZ limatanthauzira mwachindunji mulingo wofunikira wa chitetezo chamalire a LPZ. Chitetezo cha dongosololi chiyenera kutsimikiziridwa, ngati kuli koyenera, ndi ma SPD onse omwe akhazikitsidwa komanso zida zotetezedwa.

Chitetezo chamagetsi

Kusintha kwa makina amphepo atha kuikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana (pamalo ogawira osiyana, pamalo omangira nsanja, munsanja, ku nacelle). Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito makina amphepo akuluakulu, chingwe cha 20 kV chosagwiritsa ntchito nsanja chimayendetsedwa kumakina oyendetsera magetsi okhala ndi zingwe zoyendera, chosanja chosanjikiza chosanjikiza, chosinthira chomwe chikutuluka komanso kulandirana koteteza.

Zingwe za MV zimachotsedwa pamakina osinthira a MV munsanja ya chopangira mphepo kupita ku thiransifoma yomwe ili mu nacelle. Transformer imadyetsa kabati yoyang'anira munsanja ya nsanja, kabati yama switchgear mu nacelle ndi kachitidwe ka phukusi pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la TN-C (L1; L2; L3; PEN conductor; 3PhY; 3 W + G). Kabati yama switchgear mu nacelle imapereka zida zamagetsi ndi magetsi a AC a 230/400 V.

Malinga ndi IEC 60364-4-44, zida zonse zamagetsi zomwe zimayikidwa mu chopangira mphepo ziyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yoyerekeza yamagetsi molingana ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya chopangira mphepo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti omanga omwe akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa ayenera kukhala ndi mulingo wachitetezo chamagetsi kutengera mphamvu yamagetsi yamtunduwu. Ma Surge arresters omwe amateteza 400/690 V magetsi ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yocheperako yamagetsi Up ≤2,5 kV, pomwe womangidwa akugwiritsa ntchito makina 230/400 V amayenera kukhala ndi magetsi otetezera Up ≤1,5 kV kuwonetsetsa kuteteza zida zamagetsi zamagetsi / zamagetsi. Kuti mukwaniritse chofunikira ichi, zida zotetezera zamagetsi zamagetsi 400/690 V zomwe zimatha kuyendetsa mphezi za 10/350 μs mawonekedwe osawonongeka ndikuonetsetsa kuti mulingo wachitetezo champhamvu Up ≤2,5 kV uyenera kukhazikitsidwa.

Makina opanga magetsi a 230/400 V

Mphamvu yamagetsi yoyang'anira nduna yomwe ili munthawi ya nsanja, kabati yama switchgear mu nacelle ndi kachitidwe kazitsulo mozungulira pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la 230/400 V TN-C (3PhY, 3W + G) liyenera kutetezedwa ndi gulu lachiwiri mawotchi omanga monga SLP40-275 / 3S.

Kuteteza kwa chenjezo la ndege

Kuwala kwa chenjezo la ndege pamiyala yama sensa mu LPZ 0B kuyenera kutetezedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kalasi yachiwiri yopanga mawotchi m'malo oyenera (LPZ 0B → 1, LPZ 1 → 2) (Gulu 1).

Makina opangira magetsi a 400 / 690V Opanga mphezi osakwatiwa omwe ali ndi zotsatira zazitali za 400/690 V zamagetsi monga SLP40-750 / 3S, ayenera kuyimitsidwa kuteteza 400/690 V thiransifoma , ma inverters, mains kusefa ndi zida zoyezera.

Kuteteza mizere ya jenereta

Poganizira kulolerana kwamphamvu zamagetsi, omanga omwe ali mgulu lachiwiri lanyumba yama voltages mpaka 1000 V ayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti ateteze ozungulira a jenereta ndi mzere wamagetsi wa inverter. Wowonjezera wowonjezera wotsekemera wokhala ndi mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yopirira magetsi UN / AC = 2,2 kV (50 Hz) imagwiritsidwa ntchito podzipatula komanso kuteteza omangidwa ndi varistor kuti agwire ntchito asanakalambe chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwamagetsi komwe kumatha kuchitika panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito inverter. Gulu lokhalitsa lokhala ndi ma pole atatu atatu okhala ndi magetsi owonjezera a varistor amachitidwe a 690 V amaikidwa mbali zonse za stator wa jenereta.

Ma modular atatu pole pole II omwe amangidwa amtundu wa SLP40-750 / 3S adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito makina amphepo. Ali ndi magetsi owerengeka a varistor Umov a 750 V AC, poganizira kusinthasintha kwamagetsi komwe kumatha kuchitika pantchito.

Akukonda arresters a IT kachitidwe

Surge arresters for kuteteza zida zamagetsi pama telecommunication ndi ma signature ma network motsutsana ndi kuwonekera kosawonekera kwadzidzidzi kwa kuwomba kwa mphezi ndi ma surges ena osakhalitsa akufotokozedwa mu IEC 61643-21 ndipo amaikidwa m'malire a zone mogwirizana ndi lingaliro lamalo oteteza mphezi.

Omanga magawo angapo amayenera kupangidwa popanda malo akhungu. Tiyenera kuwonetsetsa kuti magawo osiyanasiyana otetezera amalumikizidwa wina ndi mnzake, apo ayi magawo onse achitetezo adzayambitsidwa, ndikupangitsa zolakwika mu chitetezo chotetezera.

Nthawi zambiri, zingwe zamagalasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsera mizere ya IT mu chopangira mphepo komanso polumikiza makabati oyang'anira kuchokera pa nsanja mpaka pa nacelle. Kuyika pakati pa oyendetsa ndi masensa ndi makabati owongolera kumayendetsedwa ndi zingwe zamkuwa zotetezedwa. Popeza kulowererapo kwa malo amagetsi kumakanika, zingwe zamagalasi siziyenera kutetezedwa ndi omangirira pokhapokha galasi ya fiber ili ndi chitsulo chachitsulo chomwe chiyenera kuphatikizidwa molumikizana ndi zida zamagetsi kapena kudzera pazida zoteteza.

Mwambiri, mizere yotsatira yotetezedwa yolumikiza ma actuator ndi masensa okhala ndi makabati owongolera amayenera kutetezedwa ndi zida zoteteza:

Mizere yazizindikiro zanyengo pazoyimira masensa.
Mizere yazizindikiro idadutsa pakati pa nacelle ndi mawonekedwe amkati pakhomopo.
Mizere yama siginecha ya phula.

Mizere yazizindikiro zanyengo

Mizere yazizindikiro (4 - 20 mA polumikizira) pakati pa masensa anyengo yozungulira ndi kabati yama switchgear amachotsedwa ku LPZ 0B kupita ku LPZ 2 ndipo atha kutetezedwa ndi FLD2-24. Omanga m'malo ophatikizirawa amateteza mizere iwiri kapena inayi yolumikizidwa ndi kuthekera kofananira komanso kulumikizana kosavomerezeka ndipo amapezeka ndi chishango chachindunji kapena chosawonekera. Malo awiri osinthira kumapeto kwa kasupe otetezedwa ndi chitetezo chokhazikika komanso chotetezedwa cha akumangayo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza nthaka.

Kuyesa kwa Laborator malinga ndi IEC 61400-24

IEC 61400-24 imalongosola njira ziwiri zoyeserera chitetezo champhamvu pamakina amphepo:

Pakati pazoyeserera zaposachedwa pazomwe zikugwira ntchito, mafunde othamanga kapena mphezi zazing'ono zimayikidwa m'mizere yoyendetsa pomwe magetsi alipo. Pochita izi, zida zomwe ziyenera kutetezedwa kuphatikiza ma SPD onse amayesedwa posachedwa.
Njira yachiwiri yoyeserera imafanizira zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi (LEMPs). Mphezi yathunthu imalowetsedwa munjira yomwe imatulutsa mphezi ndipo momwe magetsi amagwirira ntchito amasanthula pogwiritsa ntchito kuyerekezera kolowera momwe zinthu zilili moyenera momwe zingathere. Mphezi yomwe ilipo tsopano ndiyeso yoyeserera.