Fotokozani mwachidule mphezi ndi zida zodzitchinjiriza

Chitetezo Chokhazikika

Lingaliro loteteza mphezi

Nyumbayi imagawidwa m'magawo osiyanasiyana omwe ali pangozi. Maderawa amathandizira kufotokozera njira zofunikira zodzitetezera, makamaka mphezi ndi zida zodzitchinjiriza ndi zida zake. Chimodzi mwazomwe zimagwirizana ndi EMC (EMC: Electro Magnetic Compatibility) lingaliro lotetezera mphezi ndi njira yotetezera mphezi (kuphatikizapo kutsekeka kwa mpweya, makina oyendetsa otsika, dongosolo lochotsera dziko), kulumikizana kwa equipotential, kutchinjiriza malo ndi chitetezo chokwanira cha magetsi ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso. Kutanthauzira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe adalembedwera mu Gulu 1. Malinga ndi zofunikira komanso katundu wambiri pazida zodzitetezera, amagawidwa ngati omanga mphezi, omanga mafunde komanso omangidwa pamodzi. Zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri zimayikidwa pakutha kwa mphezi zomwe zimamangidwa pano komanso omangidwa omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito posintha kuchokera kumalo oteteza mphezi 0_A mpaka 1 kapena 0_A kuti 2. Omangawa akuyenera kukhala ndi mafunde angapo pakati pa 10/350 μs mawonekedwe kangapo osawonongedwa kuti apewe kulowera kwa mphezi zowononga pang'ono pakupanga magetsi munyumba. Pamalo osinthira kuchokera ku LPZ 0_B mpaka 1 kapena kutsika kwa mphezi yomwe ikumangika pano pakusintha kuchokera ku LPZ 1 kupita ku 2 kapena kupitilira apo, omanga mafunde amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza motsutsana ndi ma surges. Ntchito yawo ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yotsalira yamagawo oteteza kumtunda mopitilira muyeso ndikuchepetsa ma surges omwe amayambitsidwa kapena kupangika pokhazikitsa.

Mphezi ndi njira zotetezera m'malire amalo otetezera mphezi omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa amagwiranso ntchito pamagetsi ndi ukadaulo wazidziwitso. Njira zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa mu lingaliro lotetezedwa ndi mphezi za EMC zimathandizira kukwaniritsa kupezeka kosalekeza kwa zida zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi ndi kukhazikitsa. Kuti mumve zambiri zaukadaulo, chonde pitani www.llmosankhan.com.

IEC 62305-4: 2010

Zigawo zakunja:

LPZ 0: Malo omwe chiwopsezo chimachitika chifukwa cha gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi lopanda mphamvu komanso komwe makina amkati amatha kuyang'aniridwa ndi mphezi.

LPZ 0 yagawika mu:

Chithunzi cha LPZ0_A: Malo omwe chiwopsezo chimachitika chifukwa cha kung'anima kwa mphezi komanso gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi. Makina amkati amatha kuyang'aniridwa ndi mphezi.

Chithunzi cha LPZ0_B: Malo amatetezedwa ku mphezi zowongoka koma komwe kuli chiwopsezo kumunda wonse wamagetsi wamagetsi. Machitidwe amkati amatha kukhala ndi mafunde owala pang'ono.

Zigawo zamkati (zotetezedwa ku mphezi zowunikira):

LPZ 1: Malo omwe mafunde akutali ndi ochepa pakugawana nawo pakadali pano komanso kupatula maulalo ndi / kapena ma SPD pamalire. Kutetezedwa kwa malo kumachepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi.

LPZ 2… n: Malo omwe mafunde akuchulukirachulukira amatha kuchepetsedwa ndikugawana ndi kupatula maulalo ndi / kapena ma SPD ena pamalire. Kuteteza kwina kwa malo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi.

Malemba ndi Mafotokozedwe

Kuswa mphamvu, tsatirani kutha kwamphamvu kozimitsa I_fi

Kutha kwamphamvu ndikosavomerezeka (oyembekezera) ma rms amtundu wa mains kutsatira zomwe zitha kuzimitsidwa ndi chida choteteza mukalumikiza U_C. Itha kutsimikizika pakuyesa ntchito malinga ndi EN 61643-11: 2012.

Magulu molingana ndi IEC 61643-21: 2009

Zoyeserera zingapo komanso mafunde opitilira muyeso amafotokozedwa mu IEC 61643-21: 2009 poyesa kuthekera komwe kulipo pakadali pano komanso kuchepa kwamphamvu zamagetsi zosokoneza. Tebulo 3 la mulingo uwu limatchula izi m'magulu ndikupereka zomwe amakonda. Mu Gulu 2 la IEC 61643-22 muyezo magwero azosinthidwa amaperekedwa kumagulu osiyanasiyana opitilira muyeso malinga ndi momwe makinawo amathandizira. Gawo C2 limaphatikizapo kuphatikiza (ma surges) olowerera, gulu D1 galvanic coupling (mafunde amagetsi). Gulu loyenera limatchulidwa mu ukadaulo waukadaulo. Zipangizo zotetezera za LSP zimaposa zomwe zidagawika m'magulu omwe atchulidwa. Chifukwa chake, kufunikira kwenikweni kwakukweza komwe kumachitika pakadali pano kukuwonetsedwa ndi kutulutsa kwamwinoku (8/20 μs) ndi mphezi (10/350 μs).

Kuphatikiza funde

Mafunde osakanikirana amapangidwa ndi jenereta wosakanizidwa (1.2 / 50 μs, 8/20 μs) wokhala ndi mphekesera yopeka ya 2 Ω. Kutseguka kotseguka kwa jenereta uyu kumatchedwa U_OC. KAPENA_OC ndi chizindikiro chosankhika cha omangidwa amtundu wa 3 popeza omangidwa okhawo ndi omwe angayesedwe ndi mafunde osakanikirana (malinga ndi EN 61643-11).

Kudula pafupipafupi f_G

Pafupipafupi pamadulidwe amatanthauzira machitidwe odalira pafupipafupi a womangidwa. Kuchulukitsa komwe kumadulidwa ndikofanana ndi pafupipafupi komwe kumapangitsa kutayika (a_E) ya 3 dB pansi pamayeso ena (onani EN 61643-21: 2010). Pokhapokha ngati tawonetsedwa kwina, mtengowu umatanthauza dongosolo la 50..

Degree of chitetezo

Kuteteza kwa IP kumagwirizana ndi magulu achitetezo

yofotokozedwa mu IEC 60529.

Nthawi yolumikizira t_a

Nthawi yolumikizira ndi nthawi yomwe ikudutsa mpaka kutseguka kochokera pamagetsi pakagwa dera kapena zida zoyenera kutetezedwa. Nthawi yolumikiza ndi phindu lenileni logwiritsa ntchito chifukwa cha kukula kwa vuto lomwe lilipo komanso mawonekedwe a chida choteteza.

Kuphatikiza mphamvu kwa ma SPD

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndikosankha ndi kulumikizana mosasunthika kwa zinthu zotetezedwa (= SPDs) za lingaliro lamphamvu la mphezi komanso chitetezo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti katundu wamphezi wapakati wagawanika pakati pa ma SPD molingana ndi kuthekera kwawo kwa mphamvu. Ngati kulumikizana kwa mphamvu sikutheka, ma SPD otsika amakhala osakwanira

omasulidwa ndi ma SPD omwe ali kumtunda popeza ma SPD omwe amakhala kumtunda amagwira ntchito mochedwa kwambiri, osakwanira kapena ayi konse. Zotsatira zake, ma SPD apansi komanso zida zotetezera zitha kuwonongedwa. DIN CLC / TS 61643-12: 2010 ikufotokoza momwe mungatsimikizire kulumikizana kwa magetsi. Spark-gapbased mtundu 1 SPDs amapereka zabwino zambiri chifukwa chamagetsi awo amasintha

khalidwe (onani WAVE BWOCHITSA FKUGWIRITSA NTCHITO).

Mafupipafupi

Mawonekedwe amtunduwu amayimira kuchuluka kwa kufalikira kapena kudula pafupipafupi kwa womangidwa kutengera mawonekedwe omwe afotokozedwa.

Kuchepetsa

Pafupipafupi, kulowetsedwa kwa chida chodzitetezera kumatanthauzidwa ndi ubale wamphamvu yamagetsi pamalo oyikitsira musanakhazikitse komanso mutatha kukhazikitsa chida choteteza. Pokhapokha ngati kutchulidwa kwina, mtengowo umatanthauza dongosolo la 50..

Fiyuzi yosakanikirana yosakanikirana

Malinga ndi muyezo wazogulitsa ma SPD, zida zotetezera zaposachedwa / mafyuzi osungira ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Izi, komabe, zimafunikira malo owonjezerapo pagawo logawira, zowonjezera zazingwe zazingwe, zomwe ziyenera kukhala zazifupi kwambiri malinga ndi IEC 60364-5-53, nthawi yowonjezera yowonjezera (ndi mtengo wake) komanso kukula kwa fyuluta. Fuse yophatikizidwa ndi womangidwa woyenera bwino mafunde ophatikizika amathetsa zovuta zonsezi. Kuchulukitsa kwa danga, kuyeserera kocheperako kwa waya, kuwunika kwa fuseti yophatikizika komanso kuchuluka kwa zoteteza chifukwa cha zingwe zazifupi zolumikizira ndi zabwino za lingaliro ili.

Mphezi zimakopa pano_Ndondocha

Mphezi yomwe imakhudzidwa pano ndi yokhazikika pakapangidwe kazomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe a 10/350 μs. Magawo ake (mtengo wapamwamba, kulipiritsa, mphamvu inayake) amatsanzira katundu woyambitsidwa ndi mphezi zachilengedwe. Mphezi zaposachedwa komanso zophatikizika zophatikizika ziyenera kukhala zotheka kutulutsa mphezi ngati izi popanda kuwonongedwa.

Mbali yamafesedwe yaposachedwa yotetezera / yosungira yomata

Chida chotetezera chaposachedwa (mwachitsanzo fyuzi kapena chosokoneza dera) chomwe chili kunja kwa womangayo mbali yomwe idayamwa kuti musokoneze mayendedwe amagetsi pompano mphamvu yodzitetezera ikadutsa. Palibe fuseti yowonjezera yowonjezera yomwe ikufunika popeza fuse ya backup idalumikizidwa kale mu SPD.

Zolemba malire ntchito voteji U_C

Mphamvu yamagetsi yogwira ntchito mosalekeza (yamagetsi yamagetsi yovomerezeka yovomerezeka kwambiri) ndiye mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe ingagwirizane ndi zotumphukira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza. Ili ndiye voliyumu yayikulu kwambiri yomwe ikumangidwa mu

boma lomwe silikuyendetsa, lomwe limabwezeretsa womangidwa kuti abwerere mchigawochi atapunthwa ndikutulutsa. Mtengo wa U_C zimatengera mphamvu zamagetsi zadongosolo lomwe liyenera kutetezedwa ndi mayikidwe a okhazikitsa (IEC 60364-5-534).

Zolemba malire ntchito voteji U_CPV ya pulogalamu ya photovoltaic (PV)

Mtengo wamagetsi okwera kwambiri omwe atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuma terminals a SPD. Kuonetsetsa kuti U_CPV ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa ma voliyumu otseguka kwambiri a dongosolo la PV ngati zingakhudze zonse zakunja (mwachitsanzo kutentha kozungulira, kutentha kwa dzuwa), U_CPV iyenera kukhala yayikulu kuposa magetsi otseguka oterewa ndi 1.2 (malinga ndi CLC / TS 50539-12). Izi 1.2 zimatsimikizira kuti ma SPD sanakwerere molakwika.

Zolemba malire kumaliseche panopa I_Max

Kutulutsa kwakukulu pakadali pano ndizokwera kwambiri kwa ma 8/20 μs pakulimbikitsa komwe chipangizocho chimatha kutulutsa bwino.

Zolemba malire mphamvu HIV

Kutulutsa kocheperako kumatanthauzira mphamvu yamafupipafupi yomwe imatha kupitilizidwa kudzera pachida chotetezera cha coaxial popanda kusokoneza gawo loteteza.

Mwadzina kumaliseche pano I_n

Zomwe zimatulutsa pakali pano ndizopindulitsa kwambiri za 8/20 μs zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chida chotetezera chiwerengedwe mu pulogalamu inayake yoyeserera komanso chomwe chida chotetezera chimatha kutulutsa kangapo.

Mwadzina katundu panopa (mwadzina panopa)_L

Zomwe zilipo pakali pano ndizovomerezeka kwambiri pakadali pano zomwe zimatha kuyenda mpaka kumapeto.

Mphamvu yamagetsi U_N

Voliyumu yamagetsi imayimira ma voliyumu amtundu wa makina kuti atetezedwe. Mtengo wamagetsi amtunduwu nthawi zambiri umakhala ngati mtundu wazida zodzitchinjiriza pazida zaukadaulo wazidziwitso. Zimasonyezedwa ngati mtengo wa rms kwa machitidwe a ac.

Kumangidwa kwa N-PE

Zipangizo zodzitchinjiriza zopangidwira kukhazikitsa pakati pa woyendetsa N ndi PE.

Kutentha kotentha T_U

Kutentha kwa magwiridwe antchito kumawonetsera mtundu womwe zida zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kwa zida zopanda kudziletsa, zimakhala zofanana ndi kutentha kwapakati. Kutentha kwazida zodziyimira panokha sikuyenera kupitirira kuchuluka komwe kukuwonetsedwa.

Dera loteteza

Maseketi oteteza amakhala ndi magawo angapo, zida zoteteza zotsekedwa. Magawo otetezera payekha atha kukhala ndi mipata ya spark, varistors, semiconductor element ndi ma chubu otulutsa mpweya (onani Energy coordination).

Wotetezera wotsogolera pano I_PE

Makina otetezera pano ndi omwe amayenda kudzera mu kulumikizana kwa PE pomwe chida chotetezera chikalumikizidwa kumtunda wopitilira muyeso wa U_C, malinga ndi malangizo okhazikitsa komanso osagwiritsa ntchito katundu.

Kusonyeza kwakutali kwakutali

Kulumikizana kwakutali kumalola kuwunikira kosavuta kwakutali ndikuwonetsa momwe ntchito ikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Imakhala ndi malo okhala ndi mitengo itatu ngati cholumikizira choyandama. Kulumikizaku kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nthawi yopumira komanso / kapena kulumikizana ndipo itha kuphatikizidwa mosavuta mu makina owongolera nyumba, woyang'anira switchgear kabati, ndi zina zambiri.

Nthawi yoyankha t_A

Nthawi zoyankhira makamaka zimawonetsa kuyankha kwamachitidwe azinthu zodzitchinjiriza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomangidwa. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa kukwera kwa du / dt kwamphamvu yamagetsi kapena di / dt yazomwe mukukakamiza, nthawi zoyankhira zimatha kusiyanasiyana pamalire ena.

Kubweza kutaya

Pogwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi, kutaya kubwerera kumatanthawuza magawo angati a "funde" lotsogola lomwe limawonetsedwa pachida chotetezera (surge point). Izi ndizomwe zimafotokozera momwe chida chodzitetezera chimagwirizanira ndi mawonekedwe amachitidwe.

Series kukana

Kukaniza komwe kulowera kwa chizindikiro pakati pa kulowetsa ndi kutulutsa kwa wogwira.

Kuteteza kwa chishango

Kugwirizana kwa mphamvu yolowetsedwa mu chingwe cha coaxial ndi mphamvu yomwe imatulutsidwa ndi chingwecho kudzera pagawo loyendetsa.

Zipangizo zowonjezera (SPDs)

Zipangizo zodzitchinjiriza makamaka zimakhala ndi ma resistor odalira magetsi (varistors, suppressor diode) ndi / kapena kutulutsa mipata (kutulutsa njira). Zipangizo zowonjezerapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza zida zina zamagetsi ndi kuyika motsutsana ndi ma surges osavomerezeka komanso / kapena kukhazikitsa kulumikizana kwa equipotential. Zipangizo zotetezera zimagawidwa m'magulu:

1. a) malingana ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito:

• Pitirizani kuteteza zida zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zida

yamagetsi yamagetsi mpaka 1000 V

- malinga ndi EN 61643-11: 2012 mu mtundu 1/2/3 SPDs

- malinga ndi IEC 61643-11: 2011 mkalasi I / II / III SPDs

Kusintha kwa Red / Line. banja lazogulitsa ku EN 61643-11: 2012 yatsopano ndi IEC 61643-11: 2011 muyezo udzamalizidwa mchaka cha 2014.

• Pitirizani kuteteza zida zokhazikitsira ukadaulo wazidziwitso ndi zida

poteteza zida zamakono zamagetsi pama foni ndi ma signature maukadaulo omwe ali ndi ma voltages mpaka 1000 V ac (mtengo wothandiza) ndi 1500 V dc motsutsana ndi kuwonongeka kwamphezi ndi zina zaposachedwa.

- malinga ndi IEC 61643-21: 2009 ndi EN 61643-21: 2010.

• Kupatula mipata yamphamvu yothanirana ndi dziko lapansi kapena kulumikizana kwamphamvu
• Pitirizani kugwiritsa ntchito zida zodzitetezera kuti mugwiritse ntchito pamakina a photovoltaic

yamagetsi yamagetsi mpaka 1500 V

- malinga ndi EN 50539-11: 2013 mu mtundu 1/2 SPDs

1. b) kutengera kuthekera kwawo pakutha kwakanthawi komanso zoteteza ku:

• Mphezi zakumanga / zomata zomwe zikugwirizana pano akumanga

poteteza makhazikitsidwe ndi zida kuti zisasokonezeke chifukwa cha kuwomba kwaphali kapena pafupi (komwe kumayikidwa m'malire a LPZ 0_A ndi 1).

• Akukonda akumanga

poteteza makhazikitsidwe, zida ndi zida zothetsera mafunde akutali, kusintha ma voltages komanso ma electrostatic (omwe amaikidwa m'malire akumunsi kwa LPZ 0_B).

• Ophatikiza omangidwa

poteteza makhazikitsidwe, zida ndi zida zothetsera mavuto kuti zisasokonezeke chifukwa cha kuwomba kwa mphezi kapena kwapafupi (komwe kumayikidwa m'malire a LPZ 0_A ndi 1 komanso 0_A ndi 2).

Zambiri zaukadaulo za zida zoteteza

Zambiri pazida zodzitetezera zimaphatikizira zambiri momwe angagwiritsire ntchito malingana ndi:

• Ntchito (mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa, mains, kutentha)
• Magwiridwe antchito ngati zingasokonezeke (mwachitsanzo, kutulutsa mphamvu pakali pano, tsatirani kuzimitsa kwamphamvu, mulingo wachitetezo chamagetsi, nthawi yoyankha)
• Magwiridwe antchito panthawi ya opareshoni (mwachitsanzo, kutsekeka pakanthawi, kutchinjiriza, kutchinjiriza)
• Magwiridwe ngati atalephera (mwachitsanzo fyuzi yosungira, cholumikizira, kulephera, njira yosonyeza kwakutali)

Kupirira kwakanthawi kochepa kumatha

Kutha kwakanthawi kochepa ndikofunika kwa oyembekezera pafupipafupi omwe amayendetsedwa ndi chida chotetezera pomwe fyuzi yolumikizira yolumikizira yolumikizidwa kumtunda.

Chiwerengero chachifupi I_Zamgululi ya SPD mu dongosolo la photovoltaic (PV)

Maulendo afupipafupi osasunthika omwe SPD, yokha kapena molumikizana ndi zida zake zolumikizira, imatha kupirira.

Kutentha kwakanthawi (TOV)

Kutulutsa kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kochepa kumatha kupezeka pazida zoteteza kwa kanthawi kochepa chifukwa cha vuto lamphamvu yamagetsi. Izi zikuyenera kusiyanitsidwa ndi kwakanthawi kochepa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwomba kwa mphezi kapena kusintha kosintha, komwe sikukhala pafupifupi 1 ms. Matalikidwe a U_T ndipo kutalika kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kotereku kwafotokozedwa mu EN 61643-11 (200 ms, 5 s kapena 120 min.) ndipo amayesedwa payekhapayekha ma SPD oyenera malinga ndi kasinthidwe kachitidwe (TN, TT, etc.). SPD itha a) kulephera moyenera (chitetezo cha TOV) kapena b) kukhala yosagwira TOV (TOV kuyimilira), kutanthauza kuti imagwira ntchito nthawi zonse ndikutsatira

voltages kwakanthawi.

Wosokoneza kutentha

Zipangizo zotetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi okhala ndi ma resistor omwe amayendetsedwa ndi ma voltage (varistors) amakhala ndi cholumikizira chophatikizira chomwe chimatsegula chida chotetezera pamakina ngati chingasefukire ndikuwonetsa ntchitoyi. Cholumikizira chimayankha "kutentha komwe kulipo" komwe kumadzaza ndi varistor yodzaza ndi kutulutsa chida choteteza ku mains ngati kutentha kwapitilira. Cholumikizira chidapangidwa kuti chisiye chida chodzitetezera chodzaza ndi nthawi munthawi yopewa moto. Sikuti cholinga chake ndikuteteza chitetezo cha anthu osakhudzana mwachindunji. Ntchito ya

zotchingira zotchingira zimatha kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zochulukitsa / ukalamba wa omanga.

Kutulutsa kwathunthu pano I_okwana

Zamakono zomwe zimadutsa mu PE, PEN kapena kulumikizana kwapadziko lapansi kwa ma SPD angapo pakamayesedwe kathunthu pakadali pano. Kuyesaku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa kuchuluka kwathunthu ngati pakadali pano ikuyenda munthawi zingapo zodzitetezera za SPD yamagulu angapo. Chizindikiro ichi ndichofunikira kwambiri pakutha kwathunthu komwe kumayendetsedwa molondola ndi kuchuluka kwa munthuyo

njira za SPD.

Mulingo wachitetezo cha Voltage U_p

Mulingo wachitetezo cha ma voliyumu azida zotetezera ndikumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yama voliyumu pafupipafupi pazida zotetezera, zotsimikizika kuchokera kumayeso oyenerera a munthu aliyense:

- Mphezi yotulutsa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi 1.2 / 50 μs (100%)

- Sparkover voltage ndi kuchuluka kwakukwera kwa 1kV / μs

- Anayesa malire a voliyumu potulutsa dzina pano I_n

Mulingo wachitetezo chamagetsi umadziwika ndi chida choteteza choteteza kuti muchepetse milingo yotsalira. Mulingo wachitetezo chamagetsi umatanthauzira komwe kuli malo okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa magetsi malinga ndi IEC 60664-1 yamagetsi. Kuti zida zodzitetezera zigwiritsidwe ntchito muukadaulo wazidziwitso, mulingo wachitetezo chamagetsi uyenera kusinthidwa kuti ukhale chitetezo cha zida zomwe ziyenera kutetezedwa (IEC 61000-4-5: 2001).

Kukonzekera chitetezo chamkati cha mphezi ndi chitetezo chokwanira

Zofunikira Pazigawo Zoteteza Mphezi Zakunja

Zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa njira yotetezera mphezi zidzakwaniritsa zofunikira zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi, zomwe zafotokozedwa mu EN 62561-x zofananira. Zida zoteteza mphezi zimagawika m'magulu malinga ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, mwachitsanzo, zinthu zolumikizira (EN 62561-1), oyendetsa ndi maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi (EN 62561-2).

Kuyesedwa kwa zida zodzitetezera mphezi

Zida zoteteza mphezi zazitsulo (zomangira, zoyendetsa, ndodo zotulutsira mpweya, maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi) omwe ali ndi nyengo yanyengo amayenera kukhala okalamba / okonzekeretsa asanayesedwe kuti atsimikizire kuyenerera kwawo. Kutengera EN 60068-2-52 ndi EN ISO 6988 magawo azitsulo amakumana ndi ukalamba komanso kuyesedwa m'njira ziwiri.

Kutentha kwachilengedwe ndikuwonetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zida zoteteza mphezi

Gawo 1: Chithandizo cha nkhungu yamchere

Kuyesaku kumapangidwira zigawo zikuluzikulu kapena zida zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zizitha kuyanjana ndi mchere wamchere. Zipangizo zoyeserera zimakhala ndi chipinda chamchere chamchere pomwe zoyeserera zimayesedwa ndi mulingo woyeserera 2 kwa masiku opitilira atatu. Mulingo woyeserera 2 umaphatikizapo magawo atatu opopera mbewu a 2 h iliyonse, pogwiritsa ntchito 5% sodium chloride solution (NaCl) pakatentha pakati pa 15 ° C mpaka 35 ° C kutsatiridwa ndi chinyezi chosungira chinyezi cha 93% ndi kutentha kwa 40 ± 2 ° C kwa maola 20 mpaka 22 malinga ndi EN 60068-2-52.

Gawo 2: Chinyezi sulphurous m'mlengalenga chithandizo

Kuyesaku ndikuwunika kukana kwa zinthu kapena zinthu zosungunuka zomwe zili ndi sulfure dioxide molingana ndi EN ISO 6988.

Zipangizo zoyesera (Chithunzi 2) zimakhala ndi chipinda choyesera pomwe zitsanzo

amathandizidwa ndi sulfure dioxide yambiri ya 667 x 10-6 (± 24 x 10-6) m'mayeso asanu ndi awiri oyesa. Makulidwe aliwonse omwe amakhala ndi 24 h amakhala ndi nthawi yotentha ya 8 h pakatentha ka 40 ± 3 ° C m'malo ozizira, okwanira omwe amatsatiridwa ndi nthawi yopuma ya 16 h. Pambuyo pake, m'malo mwazinyalala zam'mlengalenga mumasinthidwa.

Zida zonsezi zogwiritsidwa ntchito panja ndi zomwe zimayikidwa pansi zimakalamba. Pazinthu zomwe zidakwiriridwa munthaka zofunikira zina ndi njira zake ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Palibe zomata kapena zotsogola za aluminiyamu zomwe sizingaikidwe pansi. Ngati chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chiyenera kuikidwa pansi, ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chokhacho chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito, monga StSt (V4A). Malinga ndi muyezo waku Germany DIN VDE 0151, StSt (V2A) siyiloledwa. Zigawo zogwiritsira ntchito m'nyumba monga mipiringidzo yolumikizira sayenera kukhala okalamba / zowongolera. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito pazinthu zomwe zaphatikizidwa

mu konkire. Zida izi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosakhala chosanjikiza (chakuda).

Njira zothetsera mpweya / ndodo zothetsera mpweya

Ndodo zothetsera mpweya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira zothetsera mpweya. Zilipo mumapangidwe osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo ndi kutalika kwa mita imodzi kuti ikonzedwe yokhala ndi konkriti padenga lathyathyathya, mpaka kumitengo yoteteza mphezi ya telescopic yokhala ndi kutalika kwa mita 1 ya biogas. EN 25-62561 imafotokoza magawo ochepa omwe ali pamtanda ndi zida zovomerezeka zomwe zimakhala ndimagetsi amagetsi ndi ndodo zotengera mpweya. Pakakhala ndodo zothetsera mpweya zokhala ndi mapiri okulirapo, kukana kopindika kwa ndodo yochotsera mpweya ndikukhazikika kwamachitidwe athunthu (ndodo yotulutsa mpweya mu katatu) imayenera kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuwerengera kokhazikika. Magawo ofunikira komanso zida zofunikira zimayenera kusankhidwa kutengera

pa chiwerengerochi. Kuthamanga kwa mphepo kwamalo oyenera amphepo kuyeneranso kuganiziridwa pakuwerengera uku.

Kuyesedwa kwa zida zolumikizira

Zolumikizira, kapena nthawi zambiri zomwe zimangotchedwa zomangira, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zoteteza mphezi kulumikizitsa otsogolera (otsitsira otsika, otsogolera otsegulira mpweya, kulowa padziko lapansi) wina ndi mnzake kapena kukhazikitsa.

Malinga ndi mtundu wa achepetsa ndi achepetsa chuma, pali kuphatikiza angapo achepetsa. Kondakitala wowongolera komanso zophatikizira zakuthupi ndizofunikira pankhaniyi. Mtundu wamawayendedwe amakufotokozera momwe clamp imagwirizanitsira oyendetsa pamtanda kapena dongosolo lofananira.

Pakakhala mphezi yomwe ilipo pakadali pano, zomata zimayang'aniridwa ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zimadalira mtundu wa oyendetsa komanso kulumikizana kwachingwe. Gulu 1 ikuwonetsa zida zomwe zingaphatikizidwe popanda kuyambitsa dzimbiri. Kuphatikiza kwa zida zosiyanasiyana wina ndi mnzake komanso mphamvu zawo zama makina ndi zotenthetsera zimakhala ndi zovuta zosiyanasiyana pazolumikizira pamene mphezi zamakono zikuyenda. Izi zikuwonekera makamaka pazitsulo zolumikizira zosapanga dzimbiri (StSt) pomwe kutentha kumachitika chifukwa chakuchepa kwamphamvu mphezi zitangodutsa. Chifukwa chake, kuyesa kwaposachedwa kwa mphezi kutsatira EN 62561-1 kuyenera kuchitidwa pazomata zonse. Kuti muyese vuto lalikulu kwambiri, sizoyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi oongolera osiyanasiyana, komanso zophatikizika zomwe wopanga akuyenera kuyesedwa.

Kuyesa kutengera chitsanzo cha cholumikizira cha MV

Poyamba, kuchuluka kwa mayesero ophatikizika kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Chingwe cha MV chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chimapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (StSt) motero chimatha kuphatikizidwa ndi chitsulo, aluminiyamu, StSt ndi oyendetsa mkuwa monga tafotokozera m'Gome 1. Komanso, imatha kulumikizidwa pamakonzedwe amtunda komanso ofanana omwe amayeneranso kuyesedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pali mayesero asanu ndi atatu omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa MV clamp yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito (Zizindikiro 3 ndi 4).

Malinga ndi EN 62561 iliyonse ya mayesowa iyenera kuyesedwa pazoyeserera zitatu zoyeserera / zoyeserera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mitundu 24 ya cholumikizira chimodzi cha MV iyenera kuyesedwa kuti ikwaniritse zonse. Choyimira chilichonse chimakhala chokwanira

Kulimbitsa makokedwe kutsatira zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri ndipo amakalamba chifukwa cha nkhungu zamchere ndi chinyezi chofufumitsira m'mlengalenga monga tafotokozera pamwambapa. Pazoyesa zamagetsi zotsatirazi zitsanzozo zimayenera kuikidwa pa mbale yotetezera (Chithunzi 5).

Zolimbikitsa zitatu zapompopompo za 10/350 μs mawonekedwe owoneka ndi 50 kA (ntchito yabwinobwino) ndi 100 kA (heavy duty) amagwiritsidwa ntchito pachitsanzo chilichonse. Pambuyo podzaza mphezi, zojambulazo siziyenera kuwonetsa kuwonongeka.

Kuphatikiza pa kuyesedwa kwamagetsi komwe mtunduwo umayang'aniridwa ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi pakagwa mphezi, katundu wamagetsi adaphatikizidwa muyezo wa EN 62561-1. Kuyeserera kotereku kumafunikira makamaka zolumikizira zofananira, zolumikizira zazitali, ndi zina zambiri ndipo zimachitika ndi zida zingapo zoyendetsera komanso ma clamping. Zolumikizira zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zimayesedwa pakavuta kwambiri ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimodzi chokha (chosalala kwambiri). Zolumikizira, mwachitsanzo cholumikizira cha MV chowonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 6, zakonzedwa ndi torque yolimbitsa kenako ndikunyamula ndi makina olimba a 900 N (± 20 N) kwa mphindi imodzi. Munthawi yoyesayi, owongolera sayenera kusuntha ma millimeter opitilira chimodzi ndipo zinthu zolumikizira siziyenera kuwonetsa kuwonongeka. Kuyesaku kowonjezera kwamakina oyeserera ndi njira ina yoyeserera yolumikizira komanso kuyenera kulembedwa mu lipoti loyesa la wopanga kuphatikiza pamagetsi.

Kukhudzana kukhudzana (anayeza pamwamba achepetsa) kwa achepetsa zosapanga dzimbiri sayenera upambana 2.5 mΩ kapena 1 mΩ vuto la zipangizo zina. Makokedwe ofunikira kuti amasulidwe ayenera kutsimikiziridwa.

Chifukwa chake okhazikitsa njira zoteteza mphezi amayenera kusankha zolumikizira ntchito (H kapena N) zomwe zikuyembekezeka kubwera. Mwachitsanzo, clamp yantchito H (100 kA), iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ndodo yochotsera mpweya (mphezi yathunthu) ndi clamp yantchito N (50 kA) iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamatope kapena polowera padziko lapansi (mphezi zomwe zagawidwa kale).

Ma conductors

EN 62561-2 imaperekanso zofuna zapadera kwa ochititsa monga kutsekeka kwa mpweya ndi kutsitsa ma conductor kapena ma elekitirodi apadziko monga ma electrode apadziko lapansi, mwachitsanzo:

• Mawotchi katundu (osachepera kwamakokedwe mphamvu, osachepera elongation)
• Katundu wamagetsi (max. Resistivity)
• Dzimbiri limatha kukana (kukalamba kopangira monga tafotokozera pamwambapa).

Zida zamakina zimayenera kuyesedwa ndikuwonedwa. Chithunzi 8 chikuwonetsa mayesedwe oyeserera poyesa mphamvu yolimba ya oyendetsa ozungulira (mwachitsanzo zotayidwa). Ubwino wokutira (wosalala, wopitilira) komanso makulidwe ochepera ndikumamatira kuzinthu zofunikira ndizofunikira ndipo ziyenera kuyesedwa makamaka ngati zida zokutidwa monga chitsulo chosanjikiza (St / tZn) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Izi zikufotokozedwa muyezo ngati mawonekedwe oyeserera. Pachifukwa ichi, fanolo limadutsa malo ozungulira nthawi 5 m'mimba mwake mpaka 90 °. Pochita izi, chitsanzocho sichitha kuwonetsa m'mbali, kuwonongeka kapena kutulutsa. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zoyendetsera sizikhala zosavuta kukonza mukakhazikitsa njira zoteteza mphezi. Mawaya kapena zingwe (ma coil) amayenera kuwongoledwa mosavuta kudzera pa waya wowongolera (ma pulleys owongolera) kapena pogwiritsa ntchito torsion. Kuphatikiza apo, kuyenera kukhala kosavuta kukhazikitsa / kupindika zida zomangira kapena nthaka. Izi zofunikira ndizofunikira pazogulitsa zomwe ziyenera kulembedwa m'mapepala azogulitsa opanga.

Maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi / ndodo zapadziko lapansi

Mitengo yolekanitsidwa ya LSP yapadziko lapansi imapangidwa ndi chitsulo chapadera ndipo imakhala yotentha kwambiri kapena imakhala ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chosapanga dzimbiri. Kuphatikizana komwe kumalola kulumikizana kwa ndodozo popanda kukulitsa m'mimba ndichinthu chapadera pazithunzithunzi zapadziko lapansi. Ndodo iliyonse imapereka chimbalangondo ndi pini kumapeto.

EN 62561-2 imafotokoza zofunikira pazamagetsi apadziko lapansi monga zinthu, geometry, kukula kocheperako komanso mawonekedwe amagetsi ndi magetsi. Malo olumikiza olumikizana ndi ndodozo ndi ena ofooka. Pachifukwa ichi EN 62561-2 imafuna kuti mayesero owonjezera amagetsi ndi magetsi ayesedwe kuti ayesere kulumikizana kumeneku.

Pachiyeso ichi, ndodo imayikidwa mu kalozera ndi mbale yachitsulo ngati gawo lamphamvu. Chithunzicho chimakhala ndi ndodo ziwiri zolumikizidwa ndi kutalika kwa 500 mm iliyonse. Zoyesera zitatu za mtundu uliwonse wa maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi ziyenera kuyesedwa. Mapeto omaliza a chiwonetserochi amakhudzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nyundo yolumikizira yokhala ndi nyundo yokwanira kwa mphindi ziwiri. Phokoso la nyundo liyenera kukhala 2000 ± 1000 min-1 ndipo mphamvu imodzi yokha yamphamvu iyenera kukhala 50 ± 10 [Nm].

Ngati ma coupling apambana mayesowa popanda zopindika, amawakalamba chifukwa cha nkhungu zamchere komanso chinyezi. Kenako ma couplings amanyamula zikuluzikulu zitatu zapakamwa za 10/350 μs mawonekedwe a 50 kA ndi 100 kA iliyonse. Kukhudzana kukhudzana (anayeza pamwamba lumikiza) wa zosapanga dzimbiri lapansi ndodo sayenera upambana 2.5 mΩ. Kuti muwone ngati cholumikizira chikugwirizanabe mwamphamvu atagonjetsedwa ndi mpheziyi, mphamvu yolumikiza imayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina oyeserera.

Kukhazikitsa njira yotetezera mphezi kumafuna kuti zigawo ndi zida zoyesedwa malinga ndi muyezo waposachedwa zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Omakhazikitsa njira zotetezera mphezi ayenera kusankha ndi kukhazikitsa moyenera zigawo zikuluzikulu molingana ndi zofunikira pamalo opangira. Kuphatikiza pa zofunikira pamakina, njira zamagetsi zamtundu waposachedwa woteteza mphezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa ndikutsatiridwa.

Kuwerengetsa Pakadali Pano-Padziko Lapansi

Makulidwe amachitidwe ochotsa dziko lapansi pokhudzana ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu

Pachifukwa ichi, zochitika zoyipa kwambiri ziyenera kuyesedwa. M'machitidwe apakatikati pamagetsi, cholakwika cha padziko lapansi chimakhala chovuta kwambiri. Vuto loyamba padziko lapansi (mwachitsanzo pa thiransifoma) lingayambitse vuto lina padziko lapansi (mwachitsanzo, kusindikiza chingwe cholakwika kumapeto kwa njira yamagetsi yamagetsi). Malinga ndi tebulo 1 la EN 50522 standard (Earthing of magetsi opitilira 1 kV ac), cholakwitsa chapadziko lapansi cha O'EEE, chomwe chimafotokozedwa motere, chiziyenda kudzera mwa omwe akuwayendetsa pansi panthawiyi:

Ine "kEE = 0,85 • Ine" k

(I "k = zitatu pole koyambirira symmetrical yochepa dera panopa)

Pakukhazikitsa kwa 20 kV yokhala ndimayendedwe ofupikira ofananirako amakono a O'Kk a 16 kA ndi nthawi yolumikiza mphindi 1, zolakwitsa ziwiri zapadziko lapansi zitha kukhala 13.6 kA. Kukwanira kwa oyendetsa pansi ndi mabasi okwerera pansi mnyumbayi kapena chipinda chosinthira ayenera kuwerengedwa molingana ndi mtengowu. Poterepa, kugawanika pakadali pano kumatha kuganiziridwa ngati zingapangidwe mphete (chinthu china cha 0.65 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita). Kukonzekera kuyenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse pamachitidwe a kachitidwe kake (kasinthidwe ka makina, zocheperako pakanthawi kochepa, nthawi yodula).

Muyeso wa EN 50522 umafotokozera kuchuluka kwakanthawi kochepa kwambiri kwa G (A / mm2) pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Gawo loyendetsa la kondakitala limatsimikizika kuchokera pazinthuzo ndi nthawi yodula.

adawerengera zamakono tsopano zagawika pakachulukidwe kake G ka zinthu zofunikira ndi nthawi yolumikizira yolingana ndi gawo lochepa la mtanda A_ine wa wochititsa atsimikiza.

A_ine= Ine ”_{kEE (nthambi)} /G [mm²]

Gawo lachiwerengero lowerengedwa limalola kusankha woyendetsa. Gawo ili lamtengowu nthawi zonse limazunguliridwa mpaka pamtanda wotsatira. Potengera njira yolipidwa, mwachitsanzo, dongosolo lokhazikitsira nthaka palokha (lomwe limalumikizana ndi dziko lapansi) limadzaza ndi zotsika kwambiri zomwe zimangokhala ndi zotsalira zapadziko lapansi zomwe ndili nazo_E = rx Ine_RES kuchepetsedwa ndi chinthu r. Izi sizipitilira 10 A ndipo zimatha kuyenda popanda mavuto ngati zigawo wamba zogwiritsa ntchito zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.

Kuchuluka kwa magawo amtundu wa maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi

Magawo ocheperako pokhudzana ndi mphamvu zamagetsi ndi dzimbiri amafotokozedwa muyezo wa DIN VDE 0151 waku Germany (Zofunika komanso kukula kwa maelekitirodi apadziko lapansi pazokhudzana ndi dzimbiri).

Katundu wamphepo pakagwa makina oletsa kutalikirana ndi mpweya malinga ndi Eurocode 1

Nyengo yoipa ikukula padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo. Zotsatira monga kuthamanga kwa mphepo yamkuntho, kuchuluka kwa mikuntho ndi mvula yambiri sikunganyalanyazidwe. Chifukwa chake, opanga ndi okhazikitsa amakumana ndi zovuta zatsopano makamaka pankhani yamphepo. Izi sizimangokhudza zomangamanga zokha (ziwonetsero za kapangidwe kake), komanso machitidwe othetsa mpweya.

Pankhani yoteteza mphezi, miyezo ya DIN 1055-4: 2005-03 ndi DIN 4131 zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lokulira mpaka pano. Mu Julayi 2012, milingo iyi idasinthidwa ndi ma Eurocode omwe amapereka malamulo oyendetsera bwino ku Europe (mapulani amangidwe).

Mulingo wa DIN 1055-4: 2005-03 udaphatikizidwa mu Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-4: Zochita pazomanga - Gawo 1-4: Zochita zambiri - Zochita za Mphepo) ndi DIN V 4131: 2008-09 ku Eurocode 3 ( EN 1993-3-1: Gawo 3-1: Towers, masts ndi chimneys - Towers and masts). Chifukwa chake, miyezo iwiriyi ndi maziko azomwe zimachepetsa kutsekeka kwa mpweya pamakina oteteza mphezi, komabe, Eurocode 1 ndiyofunikira kwambiri.

Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera kuchuluka kwa mphepo zomwe zikuyembekezeka:

• Malo amphepo (Germany idagawika m'magawo anayi amphepo zosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana)
• Gulu la mtunda (magawo amtunda amatanthauzira zomwe zikuzungulira)
• Kutalika kwa chinthu pamwambapa
• Kutalika kwa malowa (pamwamba pamadzi, nthawi zambiri mpaka ma 800 m)

Zina zomwe zimakhudza monga:

• Kulimbana
• Ikani pamphepete kapena pamwamba pa phiri
• Kutalika kwazinthu zoposa 300 m
• Kutalika kwa mtunda pamwamba pa 800 m (nyanja)

zikuyenera kuwerengedwa pakapangidwe kake ndipo ziyenera kuwerengedwa padera.

Kuphatikizika kwa magawo osiyanasiyana kumabweretsa kuthamanga kwa mphepo komwe kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko opitilira njira zothetsera mpweya ndi makhazikitsidwe ena monga oyendetsa mphete okwera. M'ndandanda yathu, liwiro la mphepo yamphamvu limanenedwa kuti zogulitsa zathu zitha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mabatani a konkriti kutengera kuthamanga kwa mphepo yamkuntho, mwachitsanzo pakagwa njira zothanirana ndi mpweya. Izi sizimangolola kutsimikiza kukhazikika, komanso kuchepetsa kulemera kofunikira motero kutentha kwa denga.

Chofunika chofunika:

"Kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwamphamvu" kotchulidwa m'kabuku kameneka pazinthu zomwe zidapangidwa kunatsimikizika malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwerengera kwa Germany ku Eurocode 1 (DIN EN 1991-1-4 / NA: 2010-12) komwe kumayenderana ndi mphepo mapu aku Germany komanso zochitika zokhudzana ndi dziko.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zili m'ndandandawu m'maiko ena, zofunikira mdziko muno ndi njira zina zowerengera kwanuko, ngati zilipo, zofotokozedwa mu Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-4) kapena m'malamulo ena owerengera omwe akugwiridwa (kunja kwa Europe) ayenera kukhala adawona. Chifukwa chake, kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kotchulidwa m'ndandanda iyi kumangogwira ku Germany ndipo kumangoyenda movutikira kumayiko ena. Kuthamanga kwamphepo kumayenera kuwerengedwa mwatsopano malinga ndi njira zowerengera zapadera zadzikoli!

Mukakhazikitsa ndodo zothetsera mpweya m'mabwalo a konkriti, kuthamanga kwa chidziwitso / kuthamanga kwa gome kumaganiziridwa. Izi zikugwira ntchito kuzinthu zodziwika bwino zogwiritsa ntchito ndodo (Al, St / tZn, Cu ndi StSt).

Ngati ndodo zothetsera mpweya ndizokhazikika mwa spacers, kuwerengetsa kumachokera pazomwe zili pansipa.

Kuthamanga kovomerezeka kovomerezeka kovomerezeka kumafotokozedwera pazogulitsidwazo ndipo kuyenera kulingaliridwa posankha / kukhazikitsa. Mphamvu yayikulu yamakina itha kupezeka kudzera mwa kuthandizira kwa angled (ma spacers awiri omwe adakonzedwa m'makona atatu) (akapempha).