Ganizirani za chitetezo chokwanira ngati bouncer ku nightclub. Amangolola anthu ena kuti alowemo ndikuwaponyera mwachangu omwe akuchita zoipawo. Kukhala zosangalatsa? Chabwino, chida chabwino chotetezera nyumba yonse chimachitanso chimodzimodzi. Amaloleza magetsi okha omwe nyumba yanu imafunikira osati kuphulika kosalamulirika kwa ogwiritsira ntchito-ndiye kuti kumateteza zida zanu ku mavuto aliwonse omwe angabwere kuchokera ku mafunde mkati mwa nyumbayo. Zipangizo zotetezera nyumba zonse (SPDs) zimalumikizidwa ku bokosi lamagetsi lamagetsi ndipo limakhala pafupi kuti liziteteza zida zonse zamagetsi m'nyumba.

80% ya ma surges m'nyumba timadzipangira tokha.

Mofanana ndi zingwe zambiri zopondereza, tazolowera, oteteza nyumba zonse amagwiritsa ntchito ma oxide varistors (MOVs) achitsulo, kuti atseke mphamvu zamagetsi. Ma MOV amatenga rap yoipa chifukwa polowerera m'modzi ma surge amatha kuthana ndi MOV. Koma mosiyana ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafunde ambiri, omwe amakhala mnyumba zonse amamangidwa kuti atseke ma surges akulu ndipo amatha zaka zambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri, omanga nyumba ambiri masiku ano akuteteza nyumba zonse ngati ma adder kuti athandizire kusiyanitsa ndikuthandizira kuteteza ndalama za eni nyumba pamakina amagetsi-makamaka ngati ena mwa makina ovutawa atha kugulitsidwa ndi womanga nyumbayo.

Nazi zinthu zisanu zomwe muyenera kudziwa za chitetezo chazinyumba zonse:

1. Nyumba zikusowa chitetezo chamnyumba yonse masiku ano kuposa kale.

Katswiri wathu anati: "Zambiri zasintha mnyumba zaka zingapo zapitazi." "Pali zamagetsi ambiri, ndipo ngakhale kuyatsa ndi ma LED, ngati mutatenga ma LED padera pali bolodi laling'ono kumeneko. Makina ochapira, makina owumitsira, zida zamagetsi zilinso ndi matabwa oyenda masiku ano, chifukwa chake pali zambiri masiku ano zomwe zingatetezedwe mnyumba kuchokera pamagetsi amagetsi-ngakhale kuyatsa kwa nyumbayo. "Paliukadaulo wambiri womwe tikulowetsa m'nyumba zathu."

2. Mphezi sindiwo ngozi yayikulu pamagetsi ndi zinthu zina m'nyumba.

Katswiriyu anati: "Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti mafunde ndi mphezi, koma 80 peresenti ya mafunde amakhala osakhalitsa [amaphulika mwamphamvu,] ndipo timadzipanganso tokha." Amakhala mkati mwa nyumba. ” Makina opanga magudumu ndi magalimoto ngati omwe ali ndimayendedwe azinthu zoziziritsira komanso zida zamagetsi amayambitsa ma poti ang'onoang'ono pamagetsi amnyumba. "Sizingatheke kuti opareshoni imodzi yayikulu atulutse zida zamagetsi ndi chilichonse nthawi imodzi," akufotokoza a Pluemer, koma ma mini-surges azaka zambiri awonjezeranso, adzawononga magwiridwe antchito amagetsi ndikuchepetsa moyo wawo wothandiza.

3. Chitetezo chamnyumba chonse chimateteza zamagetsi zina.

Mutha kufunsa, "Ngati zotupa zambiri m'nyumba zimakhala zochokera pamakina ngati zida za AC ndi zida zamagetsi, bwanji mungavutike ndi chitetezo chazinyumba zonse pagalimoto?" Yankho ndikuti chida kapena makina oyendetsa dera lodzipereka, monga chowongolera mpweya, amatumiza opitilirawo kudzera pagawoli, pomwe akhoza kutsekedwa kuti ateteze china chilichonse mnyumbamo, akutero katswiriyo.

4. Kutetezera nyumba yonse kuyenera kukhala kotsuka.

Ngati chogwiritsira ntchito kapena chida chimatumiza chiwombankhanga kudera lomwe lagawidwa pakati pazida zina ndipo osadzipereka, ndiye kuti malo ogulitsira ena atha kutengeka, ndichifukwa chake simukuwafuna pamagetsi okha. Chitetezo chowonjezeka chiyenera kuyalidwa mnyumba kuti mukhale onse ogwirira ntchito yamagetsi kuti muteteze nyumba yonse komanso kuti mugwiritse ntchito poteteza zamagetsi. Makina opanga magetsi omwe ali ndi kuthekera kopondereza kuwonjezeka, komanso kuthekera kopereka mphamvu zosefera pazida zama audio / makanema, amalimbikitsidwa m'malo ambiri owonetsera makomo ndi zosangalatsa zapakhomo.

5. Zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana pazida zonse zodzitchinjiriza.

Nyumba zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi ma volt 120-volt zitha kutetezedwa mokwanira ndi otetezedwa okwera 80kA. Mwayi kuti nyumba siziwona ma spikes akulu a 50kA mpaka 100kA. Ngakhale mphezi zapafupi zoyenda pamizere yamagetsi zidzathetsedwa nthawi yomwe mafunde afika panyumba. Kunyumba mwina sikudzawona kuwonjezeka kupitirira 10kA. Komabe, chida chokhala ndi ma 10kA chomwe chimalandira 10kA surge, mwachitsanzo, chitha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake yozungulira ya MOV ndi ma surge amodzi, kotero china chake mu 80kA chidzaonetsetsa kuti chikhala nthawi yayitali. Nyumba zokhala ndi ma subpanels ziyenera kukhala ndi chitetezo chowonjezeka cha theka la kA muyeso wa chipinda chachikulu. Ngati pali mphezi zambiri m'deralo kapena ngati pali nyumba yogwiritsira ntchito makina olemera pafupi, yang'anani 80kA rating.

Makina oyang'anira katundu amalola oyang'anira kasamalidwe ka mafakitale ndi maofesi kuti azitha kuwongolera katundu akawonjezeredwa kapena kutsitsidwa kuchokera pamagetsi, ndikupangitsa kuti makina ofananirako akhale olimba komanso kukonza mphamvu zamagetsi kuzinthu zazikulu pamagetsi ambiri opanga magetsi. Mwa njira yosavuta kwambiri, kasamalidwe ka katundu, kamene kamatchedwanso kuti kuwonjezera / kukhetsa kapena kuwongolera katundu, kumalola kuchotsa katundu wosafunikira pomwe mphamvu yamagetsi ichepetsedwa kapena sangathe kuthandizira katundu wonse.

Zimakupatsani mwayi wodziwa nthawi yomwe katundu ayenera kugwetsedwa kapena kuwonjezeredwa

Ngati katundu wosafunikira atachotsedwa, katundu wovuta atha kusunga mphamvu pansi pomwe atha kukhala opanda mphamvu zamagetsi chifukwa chakuchulukitsitsa kapena kutaya mphamvu chifukwa chotseka magetsi. Zimaloleza kuchotsera katundu wosafunikira pamakina opanga magetsi kutengera zinthu zina monga jenereta yochulukirapo.

Kusamalira katundu kumathandizira kuti zinthu zizikhala zoyambirira ndikuchotsedwa kapena kuwonjezeredwa, kutengera zinthu zina monga katundu wa jenereta, kutulutsa kwamagetsi, kapena ma AC pafupipafupi. Pa makina opanga ma jenereta ambiri, ngati jenereta m'modzi atseka kapena sakupezeka, kuyang'anira katundu kumathandizira kuti zinthu zochepa kwambiri zizichotsedwa m'basi.

Imathandizira mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti katundu yense wagwira ntchito

Izi zimatsimikizira kuti katundu wovuta akugwirabe ntchito ngakhale ndi makina omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsika kuposa momwe adapangira kale. Kuphatikiza apo, poyang'anira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe sizitsutsa, kutsata katundu kumatha kuchititsa kuti katundu wambiri osafunikira azitha kupatsidwa mphamvu kutengera mtundu wa makinawo. M'makina ambiri, kuwongolera katundu kungathandizenso kukonza mphamvu.

Mwachitsanzo, m'makina okhala ndi ma mota akulu, zoyambira zamagalimoto zitha kudodometsedwa kuti zilolere kukhazikika pomwe mota iliyonse imayamba. Kuwongolera katundu kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kuwongolera banki yonyamula katundu kotero kuti katundu akakhala pansi pamalire omwe angafunike banki yonyamula, kuonetsetsa kuti jenereta ikugwira bwino ntchito.

Kuwongolera katundu kungaperekenso chithandizo chothandizira kuti jenereta m'modzi azitha kulumikizana ndi basi osalemedwa nthawi yomweyo. Katundu amatha kuwonjezedwa pang'onopang'ono, ndikuchedwa nthawi pakati pakuwonjezera chilichonse choyambirira, kupangitsa kuti jeneretayo ipezenso mphamvu zamagetsi ndi pafupipafupi pakati pa masitepe.

Pali zochitika zambiri pomwe kasamalidwe ka katundu kamatha kukonza kudalirika kwa makina opanga magetsi. Ntchito zingapo pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe kazinthu zitha kukhazikitsidwa zawonetsedwa pansipa.

• Njira zofananira
• Akufa munda ofanana dongosolo
• Makina osakanikirana amodzi
• Makina okhala ndi zofunikira zapadera za mpweya

Njira zofananira

Njira zambiri zofananira zakhala zikugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wa kasamalidwe ka katundu chifukwa katunduyo amayenera kupatsidwa mphamvu ndi jenereta imodzi asanagwirizane ndi enawo ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi. Kuphatikiza apo, wopanga yekhayo sangathe kupereka zofunikira zamagetsi pamtundu wonsewo.

Machitidwe ofananira ofanana amayamba magudumu onse nthawi imodzi, koma sangathe kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake popanda imodzi yolimbikitsa basi yofananira. Jenereta mmodzi amasankhidwa kuti apatse mphamvu m'basi kuti enawo azitha kulumikizana nayo. Ngakhale ma jenereta ambiri amakhala olumikizidwa ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi basi yofananira mkati mwa masekondi ochepa kuchokera pomwe jenereta yoyamba idatsekedwa, si zachilendo kuti njira yolumikizira imatenga mphindi, kutalika kokwanira kuchititsa kuti jenereta izitseke kudziteteza.

Ma jenereta ena atha kuyandikira basi yakufa jenereta ija ikadzatseka, koma adzakhala ndi katundu yemweyo yemwe adapangitsa kuti owonjezera enawo adzadzazidwa, chifukwa chake atha kuchita chimodzimodzi (kupatula kuti ma jenereta ndiosiyanasiyana). Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kukhala zovuta kuti ma jenereta agwirizane ndi basi yodzazidwa kwambiri chifukwa champhamvu yamagetsi ndi ma frequency pafupipafupi kapena kusinthasintha kwamafupipafupi ndi magetsi, kotero kuphatikizidwa kwa kasamalidwe ka katundu kumatha kuthandiza kubweretsa ma jenereta ena paintaneti mwachangu.

Amapereka mphamvu yamagetsi pamitengo yovuta

Makina oyendetsera bwino moyenera adzapereka mphamvu zabwino pazinthu zofunikira panthawi yolumikizana powonetsetsa kuti opanga ma intaneti sadzaza kwambiri, ngakhale njira yolumikizira imatenga nthawi yayitali kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Kusamalira katundu kumatha kukhazikitsidwa m'njira zingapo. Njira zofananira nthawi zambiri zimayang'aniridwa ndi switchgear yofananira, switchgear yofananayi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndimalamulo osinthika (PLC) kapena chida china chomveka chomwe chimayang'anira magwiridwe antchito a dongosololi. Zida zomveka mu switchgear yofananira imathanso kuyang'anira katundu.

Kuwongolera katundu kumatha kuchitidwa ndi njira ina yosamalira katundu, yomwe ingapereke mita kapena itha kugwiritsa ntchito zidziwitso kuchokera pamagetsi oyendetsera switchgear kuti mudziwe kutsitsa kwa ma jenereta komanso pafupipafupi. Makina oyang'anira zomangamanga amathanso kuyang'anira katundu, kuwongolera katunduyo poyang'anira ndikuchotsa kufunikira kwakusintha kwa magetsi kuti awasokoneze.

Dead-field machitidwe ofanana

Kufanana kwa minda yakufa kumasiyana mosiyana ndi momwe ma jenereta onse amatha kufananizidwa mphamvu zawo zamagetsi zisanatsegulidwe ndipo magawo ena osangalala ndiosangalala.

Ngati magudumu onse omwe ali munthawi yofananira ndiyomwe ayambira bwino, makina amagetsi amafikira pamavotolo oyerekeza ndi pafupipafupi okhala ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zonse zomwe zimapezeka kuti zitheke. Chifukwa njira yofananira yofananira siyenera kupanga jenereta imodzi kuti ipatse mphamvu mabasi ofanana, kuwongolera katundu sikuyenera kutulutsa katundu nthawi yoyambira.

Komabe, monga machitidwe ofanana, kuyambitsa ndi kuyimitsa kwa ma jenereta ena ndikotheka ndi gawo lakufa lofananira. Ngati jenereta wagwira ntchito kapena waima pazifukwa zina, ma jenereta enawo akhoza kukhala ochulukirachulukira. Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera katundu kumatha kukhalabe kothandiza pantchito izi, zofanana ndi machitidwe ofanana.

Kufanana kwam'munda wakufa nthawi zambiri kumachitidwa ndi owongolera omwe ali ndi mphamvu yofananira, koma amathanso kuchitidwa ndi kukhazikitsa kosinthira kofananira. Omwe amagwiritsira ntchito ma jenereta ofanana nthawi zambiri amapereka njira zowongolera katundu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katundu azitsogoleredwa ndi owongolera ndikuchotsa kufunikira kwa oyang'anira ma switchgear.

Makina Osungira Amodzi

Makina opanga ma jenereta amodzi amakhala ovuta kwambiri kuposa anzawo ofanana. Machitidwewa atha kugwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe ka katundu pakuwongolera kwa jenereta kuwongolera katundu pakakhala zovuta zapakatikati kapena kusiyanasiyana kwa katundu.

Katundu wodumphadumpha-monga ozizira, uvuni wokwiyitsira ndi zikepe-samakoka mphamvu mosalekeza, koma amatha kusiyanasiyana pamafunika amagetsi mwadzidzidzi komanso mozama. Kuwongolera katundu kumatha kukhala kothandiza pompopompo pomwe jenereta imatha kuthana ndi vuto labwinobwino, koma nthawi zina katundu wochulukirapo akhoza kukulitsa dongosolo lonse kuposa mphamvu yayikulu ya jenereta, zomwe zitha kupweteketsa mphamvu yamagetsi kapena kuyambitsa kutseka koteteza. Kusamalira katundu kungagwiritsidwenso ntchito kupendekera kugwiritsa ntchito katundu ku jenereta, ndikuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwamagetsi ndi mafupipafupi omwe amabwera chifukwa chobowoleza katundu wamagalimoto akuluakulu.

Kuwongolera katundu kungathandizenso ngati ma code akomweko amafunikira gawo lowongolera katundu pamakina omwe ojambulira omwe akupanga pano ndi ocheperako poyerekeza ndi kulowa kwa ntchito.

Makina okhala ndi Zofunikira Zapadera za Kutulutsa Mpweya

M'madera ena, pali zofunika zochepa zoti jenereta azigwiritsa ntchito nthawi iliyonse yomwe ikugwira ntchito. Poterepa, kuwongolera katundu kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kusunga katundu pa jenereta kuti athandizire kukwaniritsa zofunikira za mpweya. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, makina opanga magetsi amakhala ndi banki yonyamula katundu. Makina oyang'anira katundu adakonzedwa kuti athandizire katundu wambiri m kubanki yosungira kuti mphamvu yamagetsi yotulutsa mphamvu izikhala pamwamba.

Makina ena a jenereta amaphatikizapo Dizilo Particulate Filter (DPF), yomwe imayenera kukonzedwanso. Nthawi zina, injini zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu 50% yamagetsi panthawi yokonzanso DPF, ndipo itha kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera katundu kuti ichotse katundu wina nthawi imeneyo.

Ngakhale kusamalira katundu kumatha kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zamagetsi pamtundu uliwonse, zitha kuwonjezera kuchedwa katundu wina asanalandire mphamvu, kukulitsa zovuta zakukhazikitsa ndikuwonjezera kuyesayesa kwa zingwe komanso ndalama zina, monga makontrakitala kapena ma breakers oyenda . Mapulogalamu ena omwe kusamalira katundu kumakhala kosafunikira afotokozedwa pansipa.

Moyenerera Woyenera Wopanga

Nthawi zambiri sipafunikira dongosolo loyang'anira katundu pa jenereta wokwanira woyenera, chifukwa kuchuluka kwakukulu sikungachitike, ndipo kutseka kwa jenereta kumapangitsa kuti katundu onse ataye mphamvu, mosaganizira zofunikira.

Magudumu Ofanana Nawo a Redundancy

Kusamalira katundu sikofunikira kwenikweni ngati pali ma jenereta ofananirako ndipo mphamvu zamagetsi zitha kuthandizidwa ndi aliyense wa jenereta, chifukwa kulephera kwa jenereta kumangobweretsa kuyambitsa kwa jenereta ina, ndikumangokhala kusokonekera kwakanthawi.

Katundu Onse Ndi Otsutsa Mofananamo

Pamalo omwe katundu yense ndi wofunikira mofananamo, ndizovuta kuyika patsogolo katunduyo, ndikutsitsa zovuta zina kuti mupitilize kupereka mphamvu kuzinthu zina zofunikira. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, jenereta (kapena jenereta iliyonse mu njira yocheperako) iyenera kukhala yayikulu moyenera kuti igwirizane ndi zovuta zonse.

Kuwonongeka kwa ma transients amagetsi, kapena ma surges, ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kulephera kwa zida zamagetsi. Wosakhalitsa wamagetsi ndi wamfupi, chikoka champhamvu kwambiri chomwe chimaperekedwa pamagetsi amagetsi nthawi zonse akasintha mwadzidzidzi pamagetsi amagetsi. Amatha kuchokera kumagwero osiyanasiyana, mkati ndi kunja kwa malo.

Osangokhala mphezi

Gwero lodziwikiratu ndi lochokera ku mphezi, koma ma surges amathanso kubwera kuchokera kuzinthu zokhazikika zosinthira kapena kukhazikitsa mosakonzekera kwamawayilesi amagetsi (monga chingwe champhamvu champhamvu chikugwa pansi). Ma Surge amatha kubwera kuchokera mkati mwa nyumba kapena malo kuchokera kuzinthu monga makina a fakisi, ma kope, ma air conditioner, zikepe, ma mota / mapampu, kapena ma arc welders, kungotchulapo ochepa. Pazochitika zonsezi, dera lamagetsi labwinobwino limakumana ndi mphamvu zambiri zomwe zingasokoneze zida zomwe zimapatsidwa mphamvu.

Otsatirawa ndi malangizo otetezera momwe mungatetezere zida zamagetsi kuzowononga zamagetsi okwera. Chitetezo chowonjezeka chomwe chili choyenera bwino ndikukhazikitsidwa chimapambana kwambiri popewa kuwonongeka kwa zida, makamaka pazida zamagetsi zomwe zimapezeka muzida zambiri masiku ano.

Kukhazikitsa maziko ndikofunikira

Chipangizo choteteza chitetezo (SPD), chomwe chimadziwikanso kuti chosakhalitsa chamagetsi (TVSS), chimapangidwa kuti chizitha kusintha mafunde apansi ndikudutsa zida zanu, potero zimachepetsa mphamvu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zida. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kuti malo anu akhale ndi njira yabwino, yotsika mtengo, yokhala ndi malo amodzi omwe malo onse amamangiriridwa.

Popanda maziko oyenera, palibe njira yodzitetezera ku ma surges. Kambiranani ndi katswiri wamagetsi kuti muwonetsetse kuti makina anu ogawira magetsi akhazikika malinga ndi National Electric Code (NFPA 70).

Zigawo zachitetezo

Njira zabwino zodzitetezera zida zanu zamagetsi pamagetsi ama magetsi amphamvu ndikukhazikitsa ma SPD pamalo anu onse. Poganizira kuti ma surges amatha kuchokera kuzipangizo zamkati ndi zakunja, ma SPD amayenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti apereke chitetezo chokwanira mosasamala kanthu komwe akuchokera. Pachifukwa ichi, njira ya "Zone of Protection" imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

Gawo loyamba lodzitchinjiriza limakwaniritsidwa pakukhazikitsa SPD pazida zolowera pantchito (mwachitsanzo, pomwe mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito zimabwera). Izi zidzateteza kumatenda amphamvu omwe amabwera kuchokera kunja, monga mphezi kapena zotumphukira.

Komabe, a SPD omwe adaikidwa pakhomo lolowera sangateteze kuma surges omwe amapangidwa mkati. Kuphatikiza apo, si mphamvu zonse zochokera kunja kwa ma surges omwe amatayidwa pansi ndi chida cholowera ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, ma SPD akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa pamagawo onse ogawa mkati mwa malo omwe amapereka zida kuzida zofunikira.

Momwemonso, gawo lachitatu la chitetezo likhoza kupezeka mwa kukhazikitsa ma SPD kwanuko pachida chilichonse chotetezedwa, monga makompyuta kapena zida zoyendetsedwa ndi makompyuta. Dera lililonse lachitetezo limathandizira chitetezo chonse cha malowo popeza chilichonse chimathandizira kuchepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe ikupezeka pazida zotetezedwa.

Kuphatikiza kwa SPDs

Pakhomo lolowera SPD limapereka njira yoyamba yodzitetezera pamagetsi amagetsi popanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi, mafunde akunja mpaka pansi. Amachepetsanso mphamvu yamagetsi yolowera mnyumbayo pamlingo womwe ungagwire ndi zida zotsika pafupi ndi katunduyo. Chifukwa chake, kulumikizana koyenera kwa ma SPD kumafunika kuti tipewe kuwononga ma SPD omwe amaikidwa pazogawika kapena kwanuko pazida zosavomerezeka.

Ngati kulumikizana sikukwaniritsidwa, mphamvu yochulukirapo yomwe imafalikira imatha kuwononga Zone 2 ndi Zone 3 SPD ndikuwononga zida zomwe mukufuna kuteteza.

Kusankha Zipangizo Zoyenera Kuteteza (SPD) zitha kuwoneka ngati ntchito yovuta ndi mitundu yonse pamsika lero. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa kD kapena kA kuchuluka kwa SPD ndiimodzi mwazosamveka bwino kwambiri. Makasitomala nthawi zambiri amapempha SPD kuti iteteze gulu lawo la 200 Amp ndipo pali chizolowezi choganiza kuti zokulirapo, zokulirapo zida za kA ziyenera kukhala zotetezera koma uku ndikumvetsetsa kosadziwika.

Wotuluka akalowa mgululi, sasamala kapena amadziwa kukula kwa gululi. Ndiye mungadziwe bwanji ngati muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito 50kA, 100kA kapena 200kA SPD? Zowona, chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri chomwe chingalowe mu waya wa nyumbayo ndi 10kA, monga momwe zafotokozedwera muyezo wa IEEE C62.41. Ndiye bwanji mungafune SPD yoyimilira 200kA? Mwachidule - kwa moyo wautali.

Chifukwa chake wina angaganize: ngati 200kA ili bwino, ndiye 600kA iyenera kukhala yabwinoko katatu, sichoncho? Osati kwenikweni. Nthawi ina, chiwerengerocho chimachepetsa kubwerera kwake, kumangowonjezera mtengo wowonjezera ndipo kulibe phindu lililonse. Popeza ma SPD ambiri pamsika amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo oxide varistor (MOV) ngati chida chochepetsera, titha kuwona momwe / chifukwa chiyani kuchuluka kwa kA kumakwaniritsidwa. Ngati MOV idavotera 10kA ndikuwona 10kA surge, itha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake 100%. Izi zitha kuwonedwa ngati thanki yamafuta, pomwe mafundewo amanyozetsa MOV pang'ono (salinso 100% yodzaza). Tsopano ngati SPD ili ndi ma 10kA MOV awiri mofananamo, imavotera 20kA.

Mwachidziwitso, ma MOV adzagawa mofanana 10kA surge, chifukwa chake aliyense amatenga 5kA. Poterepa, MOV iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito 50% yamphamvu zawo zomwe zimatsitsa MOV mocheperako (kusiya zina kumanzere mu tank yama proges amtsogolo).

Mukamasankha SPD pazomwe mwapatsidwa, pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa:

ntchito:

Onetsetsani kuti SPD idapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi chitetezo chomwe chidzagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, SPD pakhomo lolandila liyenera kupangidwira kuthana ndi ma surges akulu omwe amabwera chifukwa cha mphezi kapena kusintha kwa ntchito.

Dongosolo lamagetsi ndi kasinthidwe

Ma SPD adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito magetsi osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe am'madera. Mwachitsanzo, zida zanu zolowera pantchito zitha kupatsidwa mphamvu zamagawo atatu pa 480/277 V polumikizira ma waya anayi, koma kompyuta yakomweko imayika gawo limodzi, 120 V.

Tiyeni-kudzera voteji

Awa ndi magetsi omwe SPD imalola kuti zida zotetezedwazo zidziwike. Komabe, kuwonongeka kwa zida kumadalira kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti zida ziwoneke pamagetsi amtunduwu molingana ndi kapangidwe kazida. Mwanjira ina, zida zimapangidwa kuti zizitha kupilira pamagetsi pama kanthawi kochepa kwambiri komanso kutsika kwamagetsi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Buku lofalitsa nkhani la Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) "Guideline on Electrical Power for Automatic Data Processing Installations" (FIPS Pub. DU294) limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za ubale wapakati pamagetsi, ma voliyumu amachitidwe, komanso kuchuluka kwakanthawi.

Mwachitsanzo, chosakhalitsa pamzere wa 480 V womwe umatha ma microseconds 20 ukhoza kukwera pafupifupi 3400V popanda zida zowononga zopangidwira ulangiziwu. Koma kuwonjezeka kozungulira 2300 V kumatha kuchirikizidwa kwa ma microseconds 100 osawononga. Nthawi zambiri, kutsika kwa ma achepetsa mphamvu ndikuteteza.

Akukwera zamakono

Ma SPD amawerengedwa kuti asinthe mosamala kuchuluka kwakanthawi kopanda kulephera. Chiwerengerochi chimachokera pa amps masauzande ochepa mpaka 400 kiloamperes (kA) kapena kupitilira apo. Komabe, pafupipafupi kuwomba kwa mphezi kumangokhala pafupifupi 20 kA., Ndi mafunde oyesa kwambiri amakhala oposa 200 kA. Mphezi yomwe imagunda mzere wamagetsi iziyenda mbali zonse ziwiri, ndiye kuti theka lokha lomwe likupita kumalo anu. Ali panjira, mafunde ena amatha kupita pansi kudzera pazida zofunikira.

Chifukwa chake, zomwe zingachitike pakulowa kwantchito kuchokera pakuwomba kwa mphezi zili kwinakwake mozungulira 10 kA. Kuphatikiza apo, madera ena mdzikolo amakonda kuchita ziwombankhanga kuposa ena. Zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha kukula kwa SPD koyenera kuti mugwiritse ntchito.

Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti SPD yomwe idavotera 20 kA itha kukhala yokwanira kuti iteteze kuwomberana ndi mphezi komanso ma surges omwe amapangidwa mkati kamodzi, koma SPD yomwe idavotera 100 kA itha kuthana ndi ma surges ena osasinthanso wogwirizayo kapena fyuzi.

miyezo

Ma SPD onse ayenera kuyesedwa malinga ndi ANSI / IEEE C62.41 ndipo adzalembetsedwa ku UL 1449 (2nd Edition) kuti atetezeke.

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) amafuna kuti zilembedwe zizikhala pa UL iliyonse yomwe yatchulidwa kapena yodziwika ndi SPD. Zina mwa magawo omwe ndi ofunikira ndipo ayenera kuganiziridwa posankha SPD ndi awa:

Mtundu wa SPD

amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza komwe kudzagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa SPD, mwina kumtunda kapena kutsika kwa chida chachikulu chotetezera cha malowo. Mitundu ya SPD imaphatikizapo:

Lembani 1

SPD yolumikizidwa kosatha yomwe idapangidwira pakati pa sekondale yautumiki ndi mbali yazida zogwiritsa ntchito, komanso mbali yonyamula, kuphatikiza zotsekera ma watt-ola limodzi ndi Mlandu wa Molded SPD, womwe udayenera kukhazikitsidwa popanda chipangizo chotetezera chakunja.

Lembani 2

SPD yolumikizidwa kwathunthu yomwe idapangidwira kuti ikayikidwe pambali yamagetsi pazida zantchito, kuphatikiza ma SPD omwe ali pagawo la nthambi ndi Mlandu wa Molded SPDs.

Lembani 3

Malo ogwiritsira ntchito ma SPD, omwe amakhazikitsidwa pamayendedwe ochepera a 10 mita (30 feet) kuchokera pagawo lamagetsi mpaka pomwe angagwiritse ntchito, mwachitsanzo, chingwe cholumikizidwa, kulumikiza molunjika, ma SPD amtundu wolandila omwe amaikidwa pazida zogwiritsa ntchito zotetezedwa . Mtunda (10 mita) ndi okhawo oyendetsa omwe amapatsidwa kapena kugwiritsira ntchito ma SPD.

Lembani 4

Component Assemblies -, Msonkhano wophatikizika wopangidwa ndi chimodzi kapena zingapo za mtundu wa 5 limodzi ndi zodula (zamkati kapena zakunja) kapena njira yotsatirira mayeso ochepa apano.

Lembani 1, 2, 3 Assemblies Ophatikiza

Zimakhala ndi msonkhano wamagawo 4 wamtundu wokhala ndi chitetezo chakanthawi chakunja kapena chakunja.

Lembani 5

Ma discress opondereza ophatikizika, monga ma MOV omwe atha kukonzedwa pa PWB, yolumikizidwa ndi zotsogola zake kapena zoperekedwa mkati mwa mpanda wokhala ndi njira zowonjezeretsa ndi ma waya.

Mwadzina dongosolo voteji

Iyenera kufanana ndi magetsi azinthu zofunikira pomwe chipangizocho chiyenera kukhazikitsidwa

MCOV

Maximum Continuous Operating Voltage, awa ndiye mphamvu yayikulu yomwe chipangizocho chitha kupirira isanayambike (kukakamira). Imakhala yokwera 15-25% kuposa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi.

Mwadzina Kumaliseche Current (I_n)

Kodi mtengo wapamwamba wamakono, kudzera mu SPD wokhala ndi mawonekedwe aposachedwa a 8/20 pomwe SPD imagwirabe ntchito pambuyo pa ma 15 ma surges. Mtengo wapamwamba umasankhidwa ndi wopanga kuchokera pamlingo wokonzedweratu wa UL. Miyezo ya I (n) imaphatikizapo 3kA, 5kA, 10kA ndi 20kA ndipo itha kuchepetsedwa ndi mtundu wa SPD poyesedwa.

VPR

Voteji Protection Mavoti. Chiwerengero pamasinthidwe aposachedwa a ANSI / UL 1449, kutanthauza "kuzunguliridwa" kwapakati kuyerekezera mphamvu yamagetsi ya SPD pomwe SPD itayang'aniridwa ndi kutulutsa kopangidwa ndi 6 kV, 3 kA 8/20 µs kuphatikiza waveform generator. VPR ndiyeso yamagetsi yamagetsi yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi imodzi mwazoyenera. Mulingo woyeserera wa VPR umaphatikizapo 330, 400, 500, 600, 700, ndi zina zambiri. Monga dongosolo lokhazikika, VPR imalola kufanana pakati pa ma SPD (monga mtundu womwewo ndi Voteji).

SCCR

Short Dera Current Mavoti. Kuyenerera kwa SPD kuti mugwiritse ntchito pamagetsi amagetsi a AC omwe angathe kupulumutsa kuposa momwe adalengezera ma RMS pompano pamagetsi olengezedwa pakanthawi kochepa. SCCR siyofanana ndi AIC (Amp Interrupting Capacity). SCCR ndi kuchuluka kwa "kupezeka" kwapano komwe SPD itha kuyang'aniridwa ndikuchotsa mosamala kuchokera ku magetsi poyenda pang'ono. Kuchuluka kwamakono "kusokonezedwa" ndi SPD kumakhala kocheperako poyerekeza ndi "kupezeka" kwamakono.

Mulingo wofikira

Ikuwonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa NEMA kwa mpandawo kukugwirizana ndi momwe malo akuyenera kukhazikitsidwira.

Ngakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu osiyana mu makampani opanga mautesi, ma Transients ndi Surges ndizofanana. Ma transients ndi Surges atha kukhala apano, magetsi, kapena onse awiri ndipo atha kukhala ndi mitengo yayikulu yopitilira 10kA kapena 10kV. Amakhala ofupikitsa kwambiri (nthawi zambiri> 10 µs & <1 ms), ndi mawonekedwe amawu omwe amafulumira kwambiri kufika pachimake kenako amagwa pang'onopang'ono.

Ma transients ndi ma Surges amatha kuyambitsidwa ndi magwero akunja monga mphezi kapena dera lalifupi, kapena kuchokera kuzinthu zamkati monga Contactor switching, Variable Speed ​​Drives, Capacitor switching, ndi zina zambiri.

Zowonongeka kwakanthawi (TOVs) ndizosangalatsa

Kutuluka kwa gawo kapena pansi komwe kumatha kukhala kwakanthawi kochepa ngati masekondi ochepa kapena bola ngati mphindi zingapo. Zomwe magwero a TOV amaphatikizira kusamutsa zolakwika, kusinthitsa katundu, kusintha kwa ma impedance pansi, zolakwitsa gawo limodzi ndi zovuta za ferroresonance kungotchula ochepa.

Chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo zazitali komanso kutalika kwakanthawi, ma TOV atha kukhala owopsa kwa ma SPD a MOV. TOV yochulukirapo imatha kuwononga SPD kwathunthu ndikupangitsa kuti chipangizocho chisathe kugwira ntchito. Dziwani kuti pomwe ANSI / UL 1449 ikuwonetsetsa kuti SPD siyipanga ngozi pachiwopsezo ichi; Ma SPD sanapangidwe kuti aziteteza zida zam'madzi ku chochitika cha TOV.

zida zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zosakhalitsa munjira zina kuposa zina

Otsatsa ambiri amapereka mzere wosalowerera ndale (LN), mzere ndi nthaka (LG), komanso chitetezo chosalowerera ndale (NG) mkati mwa ma SPD awo. Ndipo ena tsopano amapereka chitetezo cha mzere ndi mzere (LL). Chotsutsana ndichakuti chifukwa simukudziwa komwe kutsatako kudzachitike, kukhala ndi mitundu yonse yotetezedwa sikuwonetsetsa kuti kuwonongeka kukuchitika. Komabe, zida zimakhala zovuta kuzosintha munthawi zina kuposa zina.

Chitetezo chamachitidwe a LN ndi NG ndichochepa chovomerezeka, pomwe mitundu ya LG itha kupangitsa kuti SPD ikhale yothekera kwambiri chifukwa cholephera kugunda. M'makina amagetsi angapo, ma LN olumikizidwa ndi ma SPD amatetezanso ku LL. Chifukwa chake, SPD yodalirika, yocheperako "yochepetsera" imateteza mitundu yonse.

Zipangizo zodzitetezera zambiri (SPDs) ndi zida zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zingapo za SPD mkati mwa phukusi limodzi. "Njira" zachitetezo izi zitha kulumikizidwa LN, LL, LG, ndi NG pamagawo atatuwo. Kukhala ndi chitetezo munjira iliyonse kumathandizira kuteteza katundu makamaka motsutsana ndi zopitilira mkati zomwe nthaka singakhale njira yobwererera.

Muzinthu zina monga kugwiritsa ntchito SPD pakhomo lolowera kumene malo osalowerera ndale ndi nthaka ali ndi mgwirizano palibe phindu la njira zosiyana za LN ndi LG, komabe pamene mukupita patsogolo mukugawa ndipo pali kusiyana ndi mgwirizano womwewo wa NG, Njira yodzitetezera ya SPD NG idzakhala yopindulitsa.

Pomwe lingaliro loti chitetezo choteteza (SPD) chokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu chikhale chabwino, kuyerekezera kuwerengera kwa SPD mphamvu (Joule) kumatha kusokeretsa. Zambiri manufactures otchuka saperekanso mavoti mphamvu. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwamphamvu pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwakanthawi, ndi kuchuluka kwamagetsi a SPD.

Poyerekeza zinthu ziwirizi, chida chotsikiracho chikadakhala chabwino ngati izi zidachitika chifukwa chamagetsi ochepa, pomwe chida chachikulu chamagetsi chikadakhala chabwino ngati izi zachitika chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwamphamvu komwe kukugwiritsidwa ntchito. Palibe mulingo womveka wa kuyeza kwa mphamvu ya SPD, ndipo opanga amadziwika kuti amagwiritsa ntchito zikopa zazitali zazitali kuti apereke zotsatira zazikulu zosocheretsa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto.

Chifukwa kuwerengera kwa Joule kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta pamitundu yambiri yamakampani (UL) ndi malangizo (IEEE) samalimbikitsa kuyerekezera ma joules. M'malo mwake, amayang'ana kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a SPDs ndi mayeso monga Kuyesa Kwadzina Kotulutsa Pakadali pano, komwe kumayesa kulimba kwa SPDs limodzi ndi kuyesa kwa VPR komwe kumawonetsera kutulutsa kwamagetsi. Ndi chidziwitso chamtunduwu, kuyerekezera kwabwino kuchokera ku SPD kupita kwina kumatha kupangidwa.