Zipangizo Zotetezera Zazida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi amagetsi, ma foni, kulumikizana komanso mabasi owongolera.

2.4 Chipangizo cha Surge Protection Device (SPD)

The Surge Protection Device (SPD) ndi gawo limodzi lamagetsi oteteza magetsi.

Chipangizochi chimalumikizidwa mofananira ndi magetsi omwe amayenera kuteteza (onani mkuyu. J17). Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito m'magulu onse amagetsi.

Uwu ndiye mtundu wamagwiritsidwe ntchito komanso wothandiza kwambiri wa chitetezo chokwanira.

Mfundo

SPD yapangidwa kuti ichepetse kukokoloka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kochokera mumlengalenga ndikusunthira mafunde apadziko lapansi, kuti muchepetse matalikidwe azinthuzi kukhala phindu lomwe silowopsa pakukhazikitsa kwamagetsi ndi magetsi oyendera magetsi.

SPD imachotsa zochulukira:

• munjira yofananira, pakati gawo ndi ndale kapena dziko lapansi;
• mumayendedwe osiyana, pakati pa gawo ndi ndale. Pakachitika chiwongola dzanja chochulukirapo chopitirira malire, SPD
• imathandizira mphamvu padziko lapansi, m'njira yofanana;
• imagawira mphamvu kwa otsogolera ena amoyo, mosiyanasiyana.

Mitundu itatu ya SPD:

• Pezani 1 SPD

Mtundu wa 1 SPD umalimbikitsidwa makamaka pankhani yazantchito ndi nyumba zamakampani, zotetezedwa ndi njira yoteteza mphezi kapena khola lonyamula. Zimatetezera makina amagetsi pamagetsi oyenda molunjika. Ikhoza kutulutsa mphete zakumbuyo kuchokera kumphezi zikufalikira kuchokera kwa wochititsa wapadziko lapansi kupita kwa oyendetsa maukonde.

Type 1 SPD imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a 10/350 μs apano.

• Pezani 2 SPD

Mtundu 2 SPD ndiye njira yayikulu yotetezera magetsi onse otsika. Kuyika pamagetsi onse amagetsi, kumalepheretsa kufalikira kwa mayendedwe amagetsi ndikuteteza katundu.

Type 2 SPD imadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a 8/20 μs apano.

• Pezani 3 SPD

Ma SPD awa amatha kutulutsa pang'ono. Ayeneranso kukhazikitsidwa mwalamulo ngati chowonjezera cha Type 2 SPD komanso pafupi ndi katundu wovuta. Type 3 SPD imadziwika ndi mafunde amagetsi (1.2 / 50 μs) ndi mafunde apano (8/20 μs).

Tanthauzo la SPD

Makhalidwe a 2.4.1 a SPD

Mulingo wapadziko lonse IEC 61643-11 Edition 1.0 (03/2011) umafotokozera mawonekedwe ndi mayeso a SPD yolumikizidwa ndi makina otsika otsika (onani mkuyu. J19).

• Makhalidwe wamba

- KAPENA_c: Zolemba malire mosalekeza opaleshoni voteji

Awa ndi magetsi a AC kapena DC pamwambapa omwe SPD imagwira ntchito. Mtengo uwu umasankhidwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwamagetsi ndi dongosolo lapansi.

- KAPENA_pMulingo wachitetezo cha Voltage (pa ine_n)

Awa ndi magetsi okwera kwambiri kumapeto kwa SPD pomwe ikugwira ntchito. Mphamvu imeneyi imafikira pamene kuthamanga kwa SPD kuli kofanana ndi ine_n. Mulingo wachitetezo champhamvu womwe umasankhidwa uyenera kukhala wocheperako mphamvu yolimbana ndi mayendedwe (onani gawo 3.2). Pakachitika zikwangwani, ma voliyumu opita kuma SPD nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepera kuposa U_p.

- ine_n: Kutulutsa mwadzina pakadali pano

Uku ndiye kufunikira kwakusintha kwa ma 8/20 μs mawonekedwe omwe SPD imatha kutulutsa maulendo 15.

• Pezani 1 SPD

- ine_Ndondocha: Zokakamiza pano

Uku ndiye kufunikira kwakusintha kwa ma 10/350 μs mawonekedwe omwe SPD imatha kutulutsa maulendo 5.

- ine_fi: Kuzimitsa motsogoleredwa pakali pano

Kugwiritsa ntchito kokha ukadaulo wa spark.

Izi ndi zamakono (50 Hz) zomwe SPD imatha kudzisokoneza yokha ikatha kuwombera. Izi zikuyenera kukhala zazikulu kuposa zomwe zingachitike pakadali pano pakukhazikitsa.

• Pezani 2 SPD

- ine_Max: Kutulutsa kwakukulu pakali pano

Uku ndiye kufunikira kwakusintha kwa ma 8/20 μs mawonekedwe omwe SPD imatha kutulutsa kamodzi.

• Pezani 3 SPD

- KAPENA_oc: Mphamvu zamagetsi zotseguka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kalasi yachitatu (Mtundu 3).

2.4.2 Ntchito zazikulu

• Kutsika kwa Voltage SPD

Zipangizo zosiyana kwambiri, kuchokera pamawonekedwe aukadaulo komanso magwiritsidwe, zimasankhidwa ndi mawuwa. Ma voltage a SPD otsika amakhala modular kuti akhazikike mosavuta mkati mwa ma switch a LV. Palinso ma SPD omwe amasinthidwa ndimatumba amagetsi, koma zida izi zimatha kutulutsa pang'ono.

• SPD yolumikizirana

Zipangizozi zimateteza ma netiweki, ma switched network ndi ma network owongolera basi (mabasi) motsutsana ndi mafunde obwera kuchokera kunja (mphezi) ndi omwe ali mkati mwa netiweki yamagetsi (zida zowononga, magwiridwe antchito, etc.).

Ma SPD oterewa amakhalanso mu RJ11, RJ45,… zolumikizira kapena kuphatikizidwa ndi katundu wambiri.

3 Kapangidwe ka chitetezo chokhazikitsa dongosolo lamagetsi

Pofuna kuteteza magetsi m'nyumba, malamulo osavuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito posankha

• Ma SPD (m);
• Ndi chitetezo.

3.1 Malamulo apangidwe

Pazogawira magetsi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauzira zoteteza mphezi ndikusankha SPD kuteteza magetsi munyumba ndi:

• SPD

- kuchuluka kwa SPD;

- mtundu;

- mulingo wazowonekera pofotokozera kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa SPD pakadali pano I_Max.

• Chida chachitetezo chachifupi

- Kutulutsa kwakukulu pazomwe ndili_Max;

- kufupika kwaposachedwa I_sc pomaliza kukhazikitsa.

Chithunzi chazithunzi mu Chithunzi J20 pansipa chikuwonetsa lamuloli.

Makhalidwe ena akusankhidwa kwa SPD adakonzedweratu kuti apange magetsi.

• kuchuluka kwa mizati mu SPD;
• mlingo wotetezera magetsi U_p;
• ntchito voteji U_c.

Gawo ili la J3 likufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane njira zosankhira chitetezo malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake, zida zomwe ziyenera kutetezedwa komanso chilengedwe.

3.2 Zinthu zachitetezo

SPD iyenera kukhazikitsidwa nthawi zonse koyambira kwamagetsi.

3.2.1 Malo ndi mtundu wa SPD

Mtundu wa SPD woti uyikidwe pachiyambi cha unsembe umadalira ngati makina oteteza mphezi alipo. Ngati nyumbayi ili ndi njira yotetezera mphezi (malinga ndi IEC 62305), mtundu wa 1 SPD uyenera kukhazikitsidwa.

Kwa SPD yoyikika kumapeto kwa kukhazikitsa, ma IEC 60364 oyika amakhazikitsa mfundo zochepa pazikhalidwe zotsatirazi:

• Mwadzina kumaliseche pano I_n = 5 kA (8/20) μs;
• Mulingo wachitetezo cha Voltage U_p (pa ine_n> <2.5 kV.

Chiwerengero cha ma SPD owonjezera omwe akuyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi:

• kukula kwa tsambalo komanso kuvuta kokhazikitsa ma conductor othandizira. Pamasamba akulu, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa SPD kumapeto kwa gawo lililonse logawika anthu.
• Mtunda wolekanitsa katundu wovuta kuti atetezedwe ku chida chobwera chakumapeto. Katundu akakhala pamtunda wopitilira 30 mita kuchokera pachida chotetezera chomwe chikubwera, ndikofunikira kupereka chitetezo chowonjezera pafupi kwambiri ndi katundu wovuta. Zochitika za kuwunikira kwa mawonekedwe zikuwonjezeka kuchokera pa 10 mita (onani chaputala 6.5)
• chiopsezo chowonekera. Pankhani yapa malo owonekera bwino, SPD yomwe ikubwera siyingawonetsetse kuti mphezi zikuyenda kwambiri komanso mulingo wokwanira wotetezera magetsi. Makamaka, Mtundu 1 SPD nthawi zambiri umatsagana ndi Mtundu 2 SPD.

Tebulo lomwe lili pa Chithunzi J21 pansipa likuwonetsa kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa SPD yomwe iyenera kukhazikitsidwa potengera zinthu ziwiri zomwe tafotokozazi.

3.4 Kusankhidwa kwa mtundu 1 SPD

3.4.1 Zokopa zamakono I_Ndondocha

• Pomwe palibe malamulo adziko kapena malamulo amtundu wa nyumbayo kuti itetezedwe, chidwi chomwe ndili nacho tsopano I_Ndondocha idzakhala osachepera 12.5 kA (10/350 μs wave) panthambi iliyonse malinga ndi IEC 60364-5-534.

• Komwe malamulo alipo: muyezo 62305-2 amatanthauzira magawo 4: I, II, III ndi IV, Gome lomwe lili mu Chithunzi J31 likuwonetsa magawo osiyanasiyana a I_Ndondocha pamlandu woyang'anira.

3.4.2 Kuzimitsa motsogola kutsatira I_fi

Makhalidwewa amangogwira ntchito ma SPD okha omwe ali ndiukadaulo wa spark gap. Kuzimitsa kumeneku kumatsata I_fi Ziyenera kukhala zazikulu nthawi zonse kuposa zomwe ndikuyembekezera posachedwa pano_sc pomaliza kukhazikitsa.

3.5 Kusankhidwa kwa mtundu 2 SPD

3.5.1 Kutulutsa kwakukulu kwaposachedwa I_Max

Kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa Imax pakadali pano kumatanthauzidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwonetsero chokhudzana ndi komwe kuli nyumbayo.

Mtengo wazomwe zimatulutsa pakali pano (I_Max) imatsimikiziridwa ndi kusanthula zowopsa (onani tebulo mu Chithunzi J32).

3.6 Kusankhidwa kwa Chipangizo Chachitetezo Cha Dera lalifupi (SCPD)

Zipangizo zachitetezo (zotenthetsera komanso zazifupi) ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi SPD kuti zitsimikizire kugwira ntchito kodalirika

• onetsetsani kuti ntchito ikupitirira:

- kupirira mafunde amagetsi;

- osapanga magetsi otsalira kwambiri.

• Onetsetsani kuti mukutetezedwa moyenera ku mitundu yonse yamaphunziro apamwamba:

- zimamuchulukira kutsatira kuthaŵa kwa varistor;

- kufupika kwakanthawi kochepa (kosakhazikika);

- dera lalifupi kwambiri.

3.6.1 Zowopsa zomwe muyenera kuzipewa kumapeto kwa moyo wa SPDs

• Chifukwa cha ukalamba

Pankhani yakutha kwamoyo chifukwa cha ukalamba, chitetezo ndi chamtundu wamafuta. SPD yokhala ndi varistors iyenera kukhala ndi cholumikizira mkati chomwe chimalepheretsa SPD.

Chidziwitso: Kutha kwa moyo kudzera kuthawa kotentha sikukhudzana ndi SPD yokhala ndi chubu chotulutsa gasi kapena mpata wotsekemera.

• Chifukwa cholakwika

Zomwe zimayambitsa kutha kwa moyo chifukwa chakulakwitsa kwakanthawi ndi:

- Kukula kwakukulu kotulutsa kumatha.

Vutoli limabweretsa dera lalifupi.

- Vuto linalake chifukwa chofalitsa (ndale / gawo switchover, ndale

kuchotsa).

- Kuwonongeka pang'onopang'ono kwa varistor.

Zolakwitsa ziwiri zomalizazi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mayendedwe ochepa.

Kukhazikitsa kuyenera kutetezedwa ku zovulaza zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha mitundu yolakwika iyi: cholumikizira chamkati (matenthedwe) chomwe chatchulidwa pamwambapa chilibe nthawi yotentha, chifukwa chake imagwira ntchito.

Chida chapadera chotchedwa "external Short Circuit Protection Device (kunja kwa SCPD)", chokhoza kuthana ndi dera lalifupi liyenera kukhazikitsidwa. Ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa ndi chida chowombera dera kapena fuseuse.

Makhalidwe a 3.6.2 a SCPD yakunja (Chipangizo Chaching'ono Choteteza Dera)

SCPD yakunja iyenera kulumikizidwa ndi SPD. Lapangidwa kuti likwaniritse zovuta ziwiri izi:

Mphezi zikupirira

Mphezi zaposachedwa ndizofunika kwa SPD's External Short Circuit Protection Device.

SCPD yakunja siyiyenera kupita pamafunde opitilira 15 motsatizana ku I_n.

Short-dera panopa kupirira

• Kutha kwakanthawi imatsimikizika ndi malamulo oyikira (muyezo wa IEC 60364):

SCPD yakunja iyenera kukhala ndi mwayi wofanana kapena wokulirapo kuposa Isc yemwe angayende pang'ono pakadali pano poyikira (malinga ndi muyezo wa IEC 60364).

• Chitetezo cha kukhazikitsa motsutsana ndi madera afupikitsa

Makamaka, gawo lofupikirali limataya mphamvu zambiri ndipo liyenera kuchotsedwa mwachangu kwambiri kuti zisawonongeke pakuyika ndi SPD.

Mgwirizano woyenera pakati pa SPD ndi kunja kwake SCPD uyenera kuperekedwa ndi wopanga.

3.6.3 Njira yokhazikitsira SCPD yakunja

• Chipangizo "motsatana"

SCPD imafotokozedwa kuti ndi "mndandanda" (onani mkuyu. J33) pomwe chitetezo chimachitidwa ndi chida chachitetezo cha netiweki kuti chitetezedwe (mwachitsanzo, kulumikizana kwa dera loyenda kumtunda kwa kukhazikitsa).

• Chipangizo "chimodzimodzi"

SCPD imanenedwa kuti "mofananira" (onani mkuyu. J34) pomwe chitetezo chimachitika makamaka ndi chida chodzitchinjiriza chokhudzana ndi SPD.

• SCPD yakunja imatchedwa "disconnecting breaker breaker" ngati ntchitoyi imagwiridwa ndi woyimitsa dera.
• Wodula woyimitsa akhoza kapena sangaphatikizidwe mu SPD.

Chidziwitso: Pankhani ya SPD yokhala ndi chubu yotulutsa gasi kapena mpata wotsekedwa, SCPD imalola kuti zomwe zidulidwazi zidulidwe mukangogwiritsa ntchito.

Chidziwitso: Zipangizo zotsalira zotsalira za S zimayenderana ndi IEC 61008 kapena IEC 61009-1 miyezo ikugwirizana ndi izi.

3.7.1 Kuphatikiza ndi zida zoteteza kumtunda

Kuphatikiza ndi zida zaposachedwa kwambiri zachitetezo

Pakukhazikitsa magetsi, SCPD yakunja ndi zida zofananira ndi zida zodzitetezera: izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito tsankho komanso njira zosunthira pakukonzekereratu kwadongosolo ndi zachuma.

Kuphatikiza ndi zida zotsalira zaposachedwa

Ngati SPD imayikidwa kutsika kwa chida chodzitchinjiriza padziko lapansi, chomalizirachi chiyenera kukhala cha "si" kapena mtundu wosankha wokhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira kupopera mafunde osachepera 3 kA (8/20 μs wave wave).

Kuyika kwa 4 ma SPD

Kulumikizana kwa SPD ndi katunduyo kuyenera kukhala kofupikirapo momwe zingathere kuti muchepetse kufunika kwa mulingo wamagetsi otetezera (omwe adaikidwapo Pamwamba) pamakomapeto a zida zotetezedwa. Kutalika konse kwa kulumikizana kwa SPD ndi netiweki ndi malo oyimitsira dziko lapansi sikuyenera kupitirira 50 cm.

4.1 Kulumikiza

Chimodzi mwazofunikira pakutetezera zida ndizotetezedwa kwambiri zamagetsi (oyikiratu U_p) kuti zida zitha kupirira kumapeto kwake. Chifukwa chake, SPD iyenera kusankhidwa ndi mulingo wachitetezo cha voltage U_p amasinthidwa kuti aziteteza zida (onani mkuyu. J38). Kutalika konse kwa oyendetsa kulumikizana ndi

L = L1 + L2 + L3.

Pamagetsi oyenda pafupipafupi, kutengera kwa kutalika kwa gawo limodzi kuli pafupifupi 1 μH / m.

Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Lenz kulumikizana uku: ∆U = L di / dt

Mafunde aposachedwa a 8/20 μs, omwe ali ndi matalikidwe amakono a 8 kA, chifukwa chake amapangitsa kukwera kwamagetsi kwa 1000 V pa mita yachingwe.

= U = 1 × 10^-6 × 8 × 10³ pa 8x10^-6 = 1000V

Zotsatira zake ma voliyumu azida zam'malo opangira zida, omwe adaikika Pamwamba, ndi:

adaika U_p = U.U_p + U1 + U2

Ngati L1 + L2 + L3 = 50 cm, ndipo funde ndi 8/20 μs lokhala ndi matalikidwe a 8 kA, ma voliyumu opitilira zida za zida adzakhala U_p + 500 V.

Kulumikizana kwa 4.1.1 mu pulasitiki

Chithunzi J39a pansipa chikuwonetsa momwe mungalumikizire SPD mu mpanda wa pulasitiki.

Kulumikizana kwa 4.1.2 munyumba yazitsulo

Pankhani ya msonkhano wa switchgear pachitsulo chachitsulo, kungakhale kwanzeru kulumikiza SPD molunjika kumalo otsekemera kwazitsulo, pomwe nyumbayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kondakitala woteteza (onani mkuyu. J39b).

Dongosololi limagwirizana ndi muyezo wa IEC 61439-2 ndipo wopanga ASSEMBLY ayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti mawonekedwe a mpandawo agwiritse ntchito izi.

4.1.3 Gawo loyendetsa

Gawo loyendetsa loyendetsa laling'ono limaganizira:

• Ntchito yabwinobwino kuti iperekedwe: Kuyenda kwa mphezi pakadali pano kutsika kwamagetsi (50 cm).

Chidziwitso: Mosiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pa 50 Hz, chodabwitsa cha mphezi kukhala pafupipafupi, kuchuluka kwa gawo loyendetsa sikuchepetsa kwambiri kutsekeka kwapafupipafupi.

• Otsogolera amayimilira pamafupipafupi oyendetsa: Woyendetsa akuyenera kukana mayendedwe apafupipafupi panthawi yoteteza kwambiri.

IEC 60364 imalimbikitsa pakuyika komwe kukubwera kumapeto magawo angapo a:

- 4 mm² (Cu) yolumikizira Type 2 SPD;

- 16 mm² (Cu) yolumikizira mtundu wa 1 SPD (kupezeka kwa chitetezo cha mphezi).

4.2 Malamulo ampikisano

• Lamulo 1: Lamulo loyambirira kutsatira ndikuti kutalika kwa kulumikizana kwa SPD pakati pa netiweki (kudzera pa SCPD yakunja) ndi malo oyimitsira nthaka sayenera kupitirira 50 cm.

Chithunzi J40 ikuwonetsa njira ziwiri zolumikizira SPD.

• Lamulo 2: Otsogolera otetezera otuluka omwe akutuluka:

- iyenera kulumikizidwa kumalo omaliza a SCPD akunja kapena SPD;

- ayenera kupatulidwa kuthupi ndi oyendetsa omwe akubwera.

Zili kumanja kwakumapeto kwa SPD ndi SCPD (onani mkuyu. J41).

• Lamulo lachitatu: Othandizira omwe akubwera kumene, osalowerera ndale komanso oteteza (PE) akuyenera kuthamanga wina ndi mnzake kuti achepetse kuzungulira (onani mkuyu. J3).
• Lamulo 4: Otsogolera omwe akubwera a SPD ayenera kukhala kutali ndi otsogolera otetezedwa kuti apewe kuwadetsa polumikizira (onani mkuyu. J42).
• Lamulo 5: Zingwezi zimayenera kukhomedwa pamiyala yazitsulo (ngati zilipo) kuti muchepetse mawonekedwe a chimango ndikupindula ndi zotchinjiriza motsutsana ndi zisokonezo za EM.

Nthawi zonse, ziyenera kuwunikidwa ngati mafelemu azosinthana ndi zotsekera adalikudutsa kudzera pamaulumikizidwe achidule kwambiri.

Pomaliza, ngati zingwe zotchinga zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, kutalika kwakukulu kuyenera kupewedwa, chifukwa kumachepetsa kutetezedwa (onani mkuyu. J42).

Kugwiritsa kwa 5

5.1 Zitsanzo zakukhazikitsa

Zothetsera komanso chithunzi

• Kuwongolera kosankha kwamphamvu kwapangitsa kuti zitheke kudziwa phindu lenileni la womangayo kumapeto kumapeto kwa kukhazikitsa ndi komwe kudalirako kozungulira.
• Monga zida zovuta (U_p <1.5 kV) ili pamtunda wopitilira 30 m kuchokera pachida chotetezera chomwe chikubwera, chitetezo choyenera chomangidwa akuyenera kuyikidwa pafupi kwambiri ndi katunduyo.
• Kuonetsetsa kuti ntchito ikupitilira m'malo ozizira:

- "si" mitundu yotsalira ya ma break breaker adzagwiritsidwa ntchito popewa kukhumudwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa chakukula kwa mphamvu zapadziko lapansi pamene mafunde akuwala.

• Pofuna kudzitchinjiriza ku kutuluka kwamlengalenga:

- ikani surge arrester mu switchboard yayikulu

- ikani chitetezo chabwino chomanga chitetezo pabolodi lirilonse (1 ndi 2) popereka zida zazinsinsi zomwe zili pamtunda wopitilira 30 m kuchokera komwe akubwera

- ikani ma arrester oyandikira pa netiweki zamafoni kuti muteteze zida zoperekedwa, mwachitsanzo, ma alarm a moto, ma modem, matelefoni, fakisi.

Malangizo a kabling

- Onetsetsani kuti pakadutsa pano nyumbayo ili ndi mphamvu.

- Chepetsani malo olumikizirana magetsi.

Malangizo oyikira

• Ikani ma surge arrester, Imax = 40 kA (8/20 μs) ndi iC60 disconnection dera breaker yomwe idavoteledwa pa 20 A.
• Ikani chitetezo chomanga chitetezo, Imax = 8 kA (8/20 μs) ndi ma iC60 olumikizana ndi ma disc disconion omwe adavotera 20.