Izixhobo zoKhuselo lweDC DC zoFakelo lwePV

Iphaneli yelanga yePV yokudibanisa ibhokisi yecandelo leSixhobo soKhuseleko

Ngenxa yokuba izixhobo zoKhuselo lweDC DC zoFakelo lwe-PV kufuneka ziyilelwe ukubonelela ngokukhanya kwelanga ngokupheleleyo, zisengozini kakhulu kwimiphumo yombane. Umthamo woludwe lwe-PV luhambelana ngqo nomphezulu wayo obonakalisiweyo, ngenxa yoko iimpembelelo ezinokubakho kwimisitho yombane inyuka ngobungakanani benkqubo. Apho ukwenzeka kwezibane kuxhaphakileyo, iinkqubo ze-PV ezingakhuselekanga zinokufumana ubunzima obuphindaphindiweyo kunye nomonakalo obalulekileyo kumacandelo aphambili. Oku kubangela ukulungiswa okukhulu kunye neendleko zokutshintshwa, ixesha lokuphumla kwenkqubo kunye nelahleko yengeniso. Uyilo oluchanekileyo, oluchaziweyo nolufakelwe izixhobo zokhuselo (SPDs) ukunciphisa impembelelo ezinokubakho kwimisitho yombane xa isetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo neenkqubo zokukhusela imibane.

Inkqubo yokhuselo lombane ebandakanya izinto ezisisiseko ezinje ngeetheminali zomoya, iziqhubi ezantsi ezifanelekileyo, izixhobo zomxokelelwano wokuxhobisa kuzo zonke izinto ezikhoyo kunye nemigaqo efanelekileyo yokumisa umhlaba ibonelela ngesithintelo sokuzikhusela kugwayimbo ngqo. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na inkxalabo yomngcipheko wombane kwindawo yakho ye-PV, ndincoma kakhulu ukuba kuqeshwe injineli yombane enobungcali kweli candelo ukubonelela ngovavanyo lokuvavanya umngcipheko kunye noyilo lwenkqubo yokhuselo ukuba kukho imfuneko.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kweenkqubo zokukhusela umbane kunye nee-SPD. Injongo yenkqubo yokhuselo lombane kukuhambisa isitrayikhi ngokuthe ngqo ngokusebenzisa iikhondaktha ezikhoyo ngoku emhlabeni, ngaloo ndlela kugcinwa izakhiwo kunye nezixhobo ekubeni zisendleleni yokukhululwa okanye ukubethwa ngqo. Ii-SPD zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zombane ukubonelela ngendawo yokukhutshwa emhlabeni ukugcina ezo nkqubo zecandelo ekubeni ziveliswe kukuhamba kwamandla ombane aphezulu abangelwa ziziphumo ezichanekileyo okanye ezingathanga ngqo zombane okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kwenkqubo yamandla. Nokuba inkqubo yokhuseleko yombane yangaphandle isendaweni, ngaphandle kwee-SPD, iziphumo zombane zisenokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwizinto.

Ngeenjongo zeli nqaku, ndicinga ukuba uhlobo oluthile lokukhuselwa kombane lukhona kwaye ndivavanye iintlobo, ukusebenza, kunye nezibonelelo zosetyenziso olongezelelekileyo lwee-SPD ezifanelekileyo. Ngokudibeneyo nenkqubo yokhuseleko yombane eyakhiwe ngokufanelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwee-SPD kwiindawo eziphambili zenkqubo kukhusela izinto eziphambili ezinje nge-inverters, iimodyuli, izixhobo kwiibhokisi zokudibanisa, kunye nemilinganiselo, ulawulo kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano.

Ukubaluleka kwe-SPDs

Ngaphandle kweziphumo zokubetha ngokuthe ngqo kombane ukuya kulungelelwaniso, ukunxibelelana kokufaka umbane ngamandla ekuchaphazelweni lixesha elenzelwa ngumbane. Ukudlula ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungathanga ngqo kubangelwe ngumbane, kunye nokuhamba okwenziwa yimisebenzi yokutshintsha kwezinto, ukuveza izixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki kwii-overvoltages eziphezulu kakhulu zexesha elifutshane kakhulu (amashumi ukuya kumakhulu ee-microseconds). Ukuvezwa kwezi voltages zethutyana kunokubangela ukusilela kwento enokuthi ibonakale ngokonakala koomatshini kunye nokulandela umkhondo wekhabhoni okanye kungabonakali kodwa kusenokubangela isixhobo okanye ukusilela kwenkqubo.

Ukuvezwa kwexesha elide kumanqanaba asezantsi obunzima kwehla i-dielectric kunye nezinto zokugquma kwizixhobo zenkqubo ye-PV kude kubekho ukonakala kokugqibela. Ukongeza, amandla ombane anokuvela kwimilinganiselo, kulawulo nakunxibelelwano lweesekethe. Oku kudlula kunokubonakala ngathi kungumqondiso ophosakeleyo okanye ulwazi, lubangela ukungasebenzi kakuhle okanye ukuvala. Ukubekwa ngobuchule kwee-SPD kuyayinciphisa le micimbi kuba isebenza njengokunciphisa okanye ukubopha izixhobo.

Iimpawu zobuchwephesha ze-SPDs

Itekhnoloji ye-SPD exhaphakileyo esetyenziswa kwizicelo ze-PV sisixhobo sesinyithi se-oxide varistor (MOV), esisebenza njengesixhobo sokubamba amandla ombane. Obunye ubuchwephesha be-SPD kubandakanya i-diode ye-silicon avalanche diode, izikhewu ezilawulwayo, kunye neetyhubhu zokukhupha irhasi. Ezi zimbini zokugqibela zitshintsha izixhobo ezibonakala njengeesekethe ezimfutshane okanye iibherbars. Itekhnoloji nganye ineempawu zayo, iyenza ukuba ifaneleke ngakumbi okanye incinci kwisicelo esithile. Ukudityaniswa kwezi zixhobo kunokulungelelaniswa ukubonelela ngeempawu ezizezona zibalaseleyo kunokuba zinikezela ngokwahlukeneyo. Itheyibhile 1 Uluhlu lweentlobo eziphambili ze-SPD ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-PV kunye neenkcukacha ngokusebenza kwazo ngokubanzi.

I-SPD kufuneka ikwazi ukutshintsha ilizwe ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuba ixesha elifutshane likho kwaye likhuphe ubungakanani beli xesha elidlulileyo ngaphandle kokusilela. Isixhobo kufuneka sinciphise ukwehla kwevolthi kwisekethe ye-SPD ukukhusela izixhobo esixhumeke kuso. Okokugqibela, umsebenzi we-SPD akufuneki uphazamisane nomsebenzi oqhelekileyo wesekethe.

Iimpawu zokusebenza ze-SPD zichazwa ziiparameter ezininzi ekufuneka zenziwe ngabani na owenza ukhetho lwee-SPD. Lo mbandela ufuna iinkcukacha ezithe kratya apha, kodwa ezi zilandelayo ziiparameter ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe: amandla ombane aqhubekekayo, isicelo se-ac okanye i-dc, ukukhutshwa ngokukhoyo ngoku (kuchazwe ngobukhulu kunye nefomathi yamaza), inqanaba lokukhusela amandla ombane ( I-voltage yombane ekhoyo xa i-SPD ikhupha i-current) kunye nokugqithisa kwexeshana (ukugqithisa okuqhubekayo okungasetyenziselwa ixesha elithile ngaphandle kokulimaza i-SPD).

Ii-SPD zisebenzisa itekhnoloji yamacandelo eyahlukeneyo zinokubekwa kwiisekethe ezifanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka bakhethwe ngononophelo ukuqinisekisa ulungelelwaniso lwamandla phakathi kwabo. Itekhnoloji yecandelo elinenqanaba eliphezulu lokukhutshwa kufuneka ikhuphe obona bukhulu bukhulu bethutyana elikhoyo ngelixa elinye itekhnoloji yecandelo inciphisa umbane oshiyekileyo oshiyekileyo kubukhulu obusezantsi njengoko ukhupha umbane omncinci.

I-SPD kufuneka ibe nesixhobo esidibeneyo sokuzikhusela esisikhupha kwisekethe xa isixhobo sisilela. Ukwenza oku kunqamka kubonakale, ii-SPD ezininzi zibonisa iflegi ebonisa imeko yayo yokunqamla. Ukubonisa imeko ye-SPD kusetyenziswa iseti yoncedo yabafowunelwa yinto ephuculweyo enokunika umqondiso kwindawo ekude. Olunye uphawu olubalulekileyo lwemveliso ekufuneka luqwalaselwe kukuba ingaba i-SPD isebenzisa iminwe ekhuselekileyo, ekhutshiweyo evumela imodyuli engaphumelelanga ukuba itshintshwe ngokulula ngaphandle kwezixhobo okanye isidingo sokomeleza isekethe.

Izixhobo zoKhuseleko lwe-AC zoFakelo lokuFakelwa kwePV

Umbane ubaneka emafini ukuya kwinkqubo yokhuselo lombane, ubume be-PV okanye umhlaba okufuphi ubangela ukuphakama kwendawo okunokubakho ngokubhekisele kwizalathiso ezikude zomhlaba. Abaqhubi abahamba kule migama babhengeza izixhobo kwivolthi ezibalulekileyo. Iziphumo zokunyuka okunokubakho emhlabeni ikakhulu zinamava kunxibelelwano phakathi kwenkqubo ye-PV eboshwe ngegridi kunye nokusetyenziswa ekungeneni kwenkonzo-indawo apho umhlaba wengingqi uqhagamshelwe ngombane kumhlaba okude ekubhekiselwe kuwo.

Ukukhuselwa kokunyuka kufuneka kubekwe kwisango lenkonzo ukukhusela icala elisebenzisayo le-inverter ekonakaleni okwethutyana. Amaxesha amnyama abonwe kule ndawo anobungakanani obuphakamileyo kunye nobude kwaye ke kufuneka ukuba ulawulwe ngokhuseleko lokukhuseleka ngokulinganisa okuphezulu ngokufanelekileyo. Izikhewu ezilawulwayo ezisetyenziswayo ekusebenzisaneni nee-MOV zilungele le njongo. Ithekhnoloji yesithuba somsantsa inokukhupha imibane ephezulu ngokubonelela ngomsebenzi wokuxhobisa ngexesha lombane. I-MOV elungelelanisiweyo inesakhono sokuqinisa umbane wentsalela kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo.

Ukongeza kwiziphumo zokunyuka okunokubakho emhlabeni, icala le-ac le-inverter linokuchaphazeleka ngenxa yombane kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto ezibonayo ekungeneni kwenkonzo. Ukunciphisa ukonakala kwezinto ezinokubakho, ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwe-AC kufuneka lusetyenziswe kufutshane neeterminal ze-inverter ngangokunokwenzeka, ngeyona ndlela imfutshane kunye ethe tye kubaqhubi beendawo ezinqamlezileyo. Ukungazalisekisi le miqobo yoyilo kubangela ukwehla kwamandla ombane aphezulu kunesidingo kwisekethe ye-SPD ngexesha lokukhutshwa kunye nokuveza izixhobo ezikhuselweyo kumanqwanqwa aphezulu okudlula kunokuba kufanelekile.

Izixhobo zoKhuseleko lweDC DC zoFakelo lokuFakelwa kwePV

Ugwayimbo oluthe ngqo kwizakhiwo ezikufutshane zomhlaba (kubandakanya inkqubo yokhuselo lombane), kunye nokukhanya okungaphakathi kwelifu okunokubakho kubukhulu be-100 kA kunokubangela ukuba imimandla yemagneti enxulumene nayo inyanzelise imisinga yexeshana kwinkqubo ye-PV. Ezi voltages zomzuzwana zivela kwitheminali yezixhobo kwaye zibangela ukufakwa kunye nokusilela kwe-dielectric yamacandelo aphambili.

Ukubeka ii-SPD kwiindawo ezichaziweyo kunciphisa isiphumo sombane okhoyo kunye nenxalenye. I-SPD ibekwe ngokudibeneyo phakathi kwabaqhubi abanamandla kunye nomhlaba. Itshintsha imeko ukusuka kwisixhobo esine-impedance ephezulu ukuya kwisixhobo esine-impedance esezantsi xa kwenzeka i-overvoltage. Kolu hlengahlengiso, i-SPD ikhupha okwangoku okwethutyana okunxulunyanisiweyo, kuncitshiswe i-overvoltage ebinokubakho kwiitheminali zezixhobo. Esi sixhobo esifanayo asithwali mthwalo wangoku. I-SPD ekhethiweyo kufuneka yenziwe ngokukodwa, ikalwe kwaye yamkelwe kwisicelo kwi-vol Pages ze-dc. Unxibelelwano oluqhagamshelekileyo lwe-SPD kufuneka lukwazi ukuphazamisa i-arc ebukhali ngakumbi, engafakwanga kwizicelo ze-ac.

Ukuqhagamshela iimodyuli ze-MOV kulungelelwaniso lwe-Y sisimo esisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo se-SPD kwiinkqubo ezinkulu zorhwebo kunye nezilinganisi ze-PV ezisebenza kwivolthi ephezulu yesekethe ye-600 okanye ye-1,000 Vdc. Umlenze ngamnye we-Y unemodyuli ye-MOV eqhagamshelwe kwipali nganye nasemhlabeni. Kwinkqubo engqonge, kukho iimodyuli ezimbini phakathi kwepali nganye, naphakathi kwepali kunye nomhlaba. Kolu hlengahlengiso, imodyuli nganye ilinganiswe ngesiqingatha sevolthi yenkqubo, ke nokuba imeko ibangelwa sisibonda somhlaba, iimodyuli ze-MOV azidluli kwixabiso elilinganisiweyo.

Ukuqwalaselwa kokuKhuselwa koKhuseleko lweNkqubo

Njengokuba izixhobo zenkqubo yamandla kunye nezinto zinokuchaphazeleka kumbane, kunjalo nakwizixhobo ezifumaneka kwimilinganiselo, ulawulo, isixhobo, i-SCADA kunye neenkqubo zonxibelelwano ezinxulumene nolu fakelo. Kule meko, umxholo osisiseko wokukhuselwa kokuya kufana nakwisekethe zamandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba esi sixhobo sihlala sinyamezeleka kwiimpembelelo zongxamiseko kunye nokuchaphazeleka ngakumbi kwiimpawu eziphosakeleyo kunye nokuchaphazeleka ngokungalunganga ngokudibanisa uthotho okanye izinto ezifanayo kwiisekethe, ukhathalelo olukhulu kufuneka lunikwe kwiimpawu ze-SPD nganye eyongeziweyo. I-SPD ezithile zibizelwa ukuba ezi zinto zinxibelelana ngokudibanisa i-CAT 6 Ethernet okanye i-coaxial RF. Ukongeza, ii-SPD ezikhethelwe imijikelezo engenamandla kufuneka zikwazi ukukhupha imijikelezo yexeshana ngaphandle kokusilela, ukubonelela ngenqanaba elaneleyo lokukhuselwa kwamandla ombane kunye nokuyeka ukuphazamisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo-kubandakanya uthotho lwe-impedance, umgca-ukuya-kumgca kunye namandla omhlaba kunye nobubanzi bebhendi .

Ukusetyenziswa gwenxa kwesiqhelo kwee-SPD

Ii-SPD zisetyenzisiwe kwiisekethi zamandla iminyaka emininzi. Uninzi lweesekethe zamandla zangoku zitshintsha iinkqubo ezikhoyo. Kananjalo, izixhobo zokukhusela izixhobo ziyilelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-ac. Ukungeniswa kutshanje kweenkqubo ezinkulu zorhwebo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanani e-PV kunye nenani elinyukayo leenkqubo ezisetyenzisiweyo, ngelishwa, kukhokelele ekusetyenzisweni gwenxa kwicala le-dc le-SPDs ezilungiselelwe iinkqubo ze-ac. Kwezi meko, ii-SPD zenza ngokungalunganga, ngakumbi ngexesha lokungaphumeleli kwazo, ngenxa yeempawu zeenkqubo ze-dc PV.

Ii-MOV zibonelela ngeempawu ezintle zokukhonza njengee-SPD. Ukuba zilinganiswe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye zisetyenziswe ngokuchanekileyo, zenza ngendlela esemgangathweni kuloo msebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, njengazo zonke iimveliso zombane, banokungaphumeleli. Ukungaphumeleli kunokubangelwa kukufudumeza okukufutshane, ukukhupha imisinga emikhulu kunesixhobo esenzelwe ukusingatha, ukukhupha amaxesha amaninzi kakhulu okanye ukubhencwa kwimeko eqhubekayo yeevolthi ezingaphezulu.

Ke ngoko, ii-SPD ziyilelwe ngesinxibelelanisi sokususa isixhobo esisebenza ngokwahlulahlulahlulahlula kunxibelelwano olufanayo ukuya kwisekethe ye-dc enegunya xa oko kunokuba yimfuneko. Kuba enye ngoku iqukuqela njengoko i-SPD ingena kwimowudi yokusilela, iarc encinci ibonakala njengokusebenza kokucinywa kwe-thermal. Xa isetyenziswa kwisekethe ye-ac, ukuwela kuqala kwe-zero yokucima okwangoku okucinywa yi-generator, kunye ne-SPD isuswe ngokukhuselekileyo kwisekethe. Ukuba kwa-ac efanayo i-SPD isetyenzisiwe kwicala le-dc lenkqubo ye-PV, ngakumbi iivolthi eziphezulu, akukho kugqitha zero okwangoku kwifom ye-dc. Isitshintshi esiqhelekileyo esisebenza ngokushushu asinakucima iarc yangoku, kwaye isixhobo siyasilela.

Ukubeka isekethe yokudlula ngokudibeneyo ejikeleze i-MOV yenye yeendlela zokoyisa ukucinywa kwempazamo ye-dc. Ukuba kunqunyanyiswa i-thermal, i-arc isabonakala kubo bonke abafowunelwa kuyo; kodwa ukuba i-arc yangoku iphinde ibhekiswe kwindlela efanayo equkethe i-fuse apho i-arc icinyiwe, kwaye i-fuse iphazamisa isiphoso sangoku.

Ukuxuba ukunyuka ngaphambi kwe-SPD, njengoko kunokusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ze-ac, akulunganga kwiinkqubo ze-dc. Isiphaluka esifumanekayo sangoku sokusebenzisa i-fuse (njengakwisixhobo sokukhusela ngaphezulu) sinokungonelanga xa umvelisi ekwehlisile ukuphuma kwamandla. Ngenxa yoko, abanye abavelisi be-SPD bayithathele ingqalelo le nto kuyilo lwabo. I-UL iguqule umgangatho wayo wangaphambili ngongezo lwayo kumgangatho wokukhusela wokugqibela-UL 1449. Olu hlelo lwesithathu lusebenza ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo ze-PV.

Uluhlu lokujonga lwe-SPD

Ngaphandle komngcipheko omkhulu wombane wokuba uninzi lweefayile ze-PV zivelisiwe, zinokukhuselwa kukusetyenziswa kwee-SPDs kunye nenkqubo yokukhusela umbane oyilwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuphunyezwa kwe-SPD ngokufanelekileyo kufuneka kubandakanya ezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ukubekwa ngokuchanekileyo kwinkqubo
• Iimfuno zokupheliswa
• Isiseko esifanelekileyo kunye nokudibana kwenkqubo yezixhobo zomhlaba
• Ukukhutshwa kwenqanaba
• Iqondo lokukhuselwa kwamandla
• Ukulungela inkqubo ekuthethwa ngayo, kubandakanya i-dc xa ithelekiswa nokusetyenziswa kwe-ac
• Imo yokusilela
• Indawo kunye nendawo ekude ebonisa
• Iimodyuli ezinokutshintshwa ngokulula
• Umsebenzi oqhelekileyo wenkqubo kufuneka ungachaphazeleki, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezingezizo zamandla