Ukukhusela

Indlela yokukhusela intambo apho icandelo lesinyithi sesixhobo sombane (Oko kukuthi, icandelo lesinyithi eligqunyiweyo elivela kwindawo ephilayo) elinokuhlawuliswa emva kokuba izinto zokugquma zonakele okanye kwezinye iimeko zixhunywe ngokuqinisekileyo ngumqhubi kunye nomhlaba umzimba. Inkqubo yokhuselo lomhlaba inemigca yesigaba kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kuphela. Izigaba ezintathu zamandla ombane zinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle komgca ongathathi hlangothi. Ngethuba nje izixhobo zisetyenziswe kakuhle, umgca ongathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo kufuneka ungabikho nxu lumano lomhlaba ngaphandle kwendawo yokungathathi hlangothi kombane. Inkqubo yokukhusela uqhagamshelo lwe-zero ifuna ukuba umgca ongathathi hlangothi ukhuselwe kuyo nayiphi na imeko. Ukuba kukho imfuneko, umgca wokhuselo ongathathi hlangothi kunye nomtya wokukhusela uqhagamshelo lwe-zero unokwakhiwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwangelo xesha, umgca wokhuselo ongathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo kufuneka ube nokuphindaphinda okuphindiweyo.

Intshayelelo / uKhuselo loMhlaba

Amanyathelo okuba umhlaba ube phantsi ngesinyithi. Inokuthintela ukugqagqana okwangoku kungadluli emzimbeni womntu xa isinyithi sihlawuliswa phantsi kwemeko yomonakalo wokugquma okanye ingozi, ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lomntu.

Luhlobo lwendlela yokukhusela iintambo edibanisa icandelo lesinyithi sesixhobo sombane (Oko kukuthi, icandelo lesinyithi elikhutshwe kwindawo ephilayo) elinokuthi lihlawuliswe emva kokuba into yokugquma yonakele okanye kwezinye iimeko, kwaye umqhubi ngokuthembekileyo inxulunyaniswa nomzimba womhlaba. Ukhuselo lomhlaba ngokubanzi lusetyenziswa kwinkqubo yokuhambisa umbane apho indawo engathathi hlangothi yesiguquli sokuhambisa ingenasiseko ngqo (inqanaba lesithathu leengcingo) ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ombane aveliswayo xa izixhobo zombane zivuza ngenxa yomonakalo wobushushu awudluli. uluhlu olukhuselekileyo. Ukuba isixhobo sendlu asikhuselwanga ngumhlaba, xa ukugquma kwenxalenye ethile konakele okanye umgca othile wenqanaba uchukumisa ubeko lwangaphandle, iseti yendlu yangaphandle iya kuhlawuliswa, kwaye ukuba umzimba womntu ubambe ingaphandle elingaphandle ( isakhelo) sezixhobo zombane ezonakaliswe kukugquma, kuya kubakho Kukho ingozi yokothuka kombane. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuba isixhobo sombane sitshatile, isigaba esinye sokumisa isekethe esifutshane siya kuhamba kumasebe amabini afanayo esixhobo somhlaba kunye nomzimba womntu. Ngokubanzi, ukuxhathisa komzimba womntu kukhulu kune-ohms ezili-1000, kwaye ukuxhathisa komzimba ongaphantsi komhlaba awunakuba mkhulu kune-4 ohms ngokwemigaqo, ke ngoku ukuhamba emzimbeni womntu kuncinci, kwaye okwangoku kuhamba ngomhlaba isixhobo sikhulu. Oku kunciphisa umngcipheko wokothuka kombane emzimbeni womntu emva kokuvuza kwezixhobo zombane.

Umsebenzi wokukhusela umhlaba kunye nokuthintela / uKhuselo loMhlaba

Umkhuba ubonakalisile ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba okhuselayo kuyindlela efanelekileyo yokukhusela ukhuseleko kumnatha wamandla asezantsi wase China. Kuba umhlaba wokhuselo wohlulwe kukhuseleko lomhlaba kunye nokukhuselwa koqhagamshelo, imeko yendawo esetyenzisiweyo ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokhuselo yahlukile. Ke ngoko, ukuba ikhethwe ngendlela engafanelekanga, ayizukuchaphazela ukusebenza komthengi kuphela kodwa iya kuchaphazela nokuthembeka kokuhanjiswa kwamandla kwigridi yamandla. Ke, njengomthengi wamandla kuthungelwano lokusasaza esidlangalaleni, sinokukhetha ngokufanelekileyo nangokufanelekileyo kwaye sisebenzise umhlaba okhuselayo?

Ukukhuselwa komhlaba kunye nokukhuselwa koqhagamshelo

Ukuqonda nokuqonda ukukhuselwa komhlaba kunye nokukhuselwa koqhagamshelo, yazi umahluko kunye nobubanzi bokusetyenziswa kwezi ndlela zimbini zokukhusela.

Ukukhuselwa komhlaba kunye nokukhuselwa koqhagamshelo ngokudibeneyo kubhekiswa kuko njengokukhusela umhlaba. Linyathelo elibalulekileyo lobugcisa elithathiweyo ukunqanda ukothuka kombane kunye nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesiqhelo kwezixhobo zombane. Umahluko phakathi kwezi ndlela zokuzikhusela ubonakaliswe ikakhulu kwimiba emithathu: Okokuqala, umthetho wokhuselo wahlukile. Umgaqo osisiseko wokhuselo lomhlaba kukucutha ukuvuza okukhoyo kwesi sixhobo sokuvuza emhlabeni ukuze singagqithi kwinqanaba elithile lokhuseleko. Xa isixhobo sokhuselo sidlula kwixabiso elithile, umbane unokunqunyulwa ngokuzenzekelayo. Umgaqo wokukhusela uqhagamshelo lwe-zero kukusebenzisa umgca wokudibanisa zero. Xa isixhobo sonakaliswe kukugquma kunye nokwenza isigaba esinye sesigaba sesinyithi esifutshane, i-short-circuit current isetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza isixhobo sokhuselo emgceni ukuba sisebenze ngokukhawuleza. Okwesibini, umda wesicelo wahlukile. Ngokwezinto ezifanelekileyo ezinje ngokuhambisa umthwalo, uxinizelelo lomthwalo, kunye nendalo yomthwalo, iMigaqo yoBuchwephesha boMbane baseMaphandleni yahlulahlula ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kwezi nkqubo zimbini zendlela yokusebenza kwamandla. Inkqubo ye-TT isebenza ngokubanzi kumphakathi wenethiwekhi yamandla asezantsi ombane, ongowendlela yokhuselo lomhlaba kumhlaba okhuselayo; Inkqubo ye-TN (Inkqubo ye-TN inokwahlulahlulwa ibe yi-TN-C, i-TN-CS, i-TN-S) ilungele ikakhulu umbane wasezidolophini ophantsi kunxibelelwano lwamandla ombane anikezelweyo kumandla ombane kubathengi bamandla njengombane wombane nakwimizi-mveliso kunye nemigodi. Le nkqubo yindlela yokukhusela uqhagamshelo lwe-zero kumhlaba okhuselayo. Okwangoku, uthungelwano lwamandla ombane lwangoku olusezantsi lwaseTshayina lusebenzisa inkqubo ye-TT okanye ye-TN-C, kwaye isebenzise isigaba esinye kunye nesigaba sesithathu seendlela zokuhambisa umbane. Oko kukuthi, izigaba ezintathu zecingo ezine-380 / 220V zokuhambisa umbane ngelixa unika amandla kumthwalo wokukhanyisa kunye nomthwalo wamandla. Okwesithathu, ubume bomgca bohlukile. Inkqubo yokhuselo lomhlaba inemigca yesigaba kunye nokungathathi hlangothi kuphela. Izigaba ezintathu zamandla ombane zinokusetyenziswa ngaphandle komgca ongathathi hlangothi. Ngethuba nje izixhobo zisetyenziswe kakuhle, umgca ongathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo kufuneka ungabikho nxu lumano lomhlaba ngaphandle kwendawo yokungathathi hlangothi kombane. Inkqubo yokukhusela uqhagamshelo lwe-zero ifuna ukuba umgca ongathathi hlangothi ukhuselwe kuyo nayiphi na imeko. Ukuba kukho imfuneko, umgca wokhuselo ongathathi hlangothi kunye nomtya wokukhusela uqhagamshelo lwe-zero unokwakhiwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwangelo xesha, umgca wokhuselo ongathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo kufuneka ube nokuphindaphinda okuphindiweyo.

Ukukhethwa kweendlela zokukhusela

Ngokwenkqubo yokuhambisa umbane apho umthengi akhoyo, ukhuseleko lomhlaba kunye nendlela yokukhusela uqhagamshelo kufuneka ikhethwe ngokuchanekileyo.

Loluphi uhlobo lokhuseleko olufunekayo kumthengi? Okokuqala, kufuneka ixhomekeke ekubeni loluphi uhlobo lwenkqubo yokuhambisa umbane ekhoyo. Ukuba uthungelwano lokuhambisa uluntu apho umthengi akhoyo yinkqubo ye-TT, umthengi kufuneka amkele ukhuseleko lomhlaba ngendlela emanyeneyo; ukuba uthungelwano losasazo loluntu apho umthengi abekwe khona kwinkqubo ye-TN-C, ukhuseleko loqhagamshelo kufuneka lwamkelwe ngokufanayo.

Inkqubo ye-TT kunye nenkqubo ye-TN-C ziinkqubo ezimbini ezineempawu zazo ezizimeleyo. Nangona zombini ezi nkqubo zinokubonelela abathengi nge-220 / 380V yamandla kunye nezigaba ezintathu zonikezelo lwamandla, azinakutshintsha kuphela kodwa ziyabakhusela. Iimfuno ezingentla zahluke ngokupheleleyo. Kungenxa yokuba, kwinkqubo efanayo yokuhambisa amandla, ukuba iindlela zokukhusela ezimbini zikhona ngaxeshanye, i-voltage-to-ground voltage yomgca ongathathi hlangothi iya kunyuka iye kwisiqingatha okanye ngaphezulu kwevolthi yesigaba kwimeko yomhlaba- isixhobo esikhuselweyo. Ngeli xesha, zonke izixhobo eziku-zero-protection (kuba isinyithi sesinyithi esi sixhobo siqhagamshelene ngokuthe ngqo kumgca ongathathi hlangothi) siya kuthwala amandla afanayo aphezulu, ukuze iinxalenye zesinyithi ezinje ngesixhobo sokubamba zibonise umbane omkhulu umhlaba, ngaloo ndlela usongela umsebenzisi. Ukhuseleko. Ke ngoko, inkqubo efanayo yokuhambisa inokusebenzisa kuphela indlela efanayo yokukhusela, kwaye iindlela ezimbini zokukhusela akufuneki zixutywe. Okwesibini, umthengi kufuneka aqonde into ebizwa ngokuba yindawo yokhuselo, kwaye ahlule ngokuchanekileyo umahluko phakathi kokukhusela umhlaba kunye nokhuselo. Ukukhusela umhlaba kubhekisa kwinto yokuba izixhobo zasendlini, izixhobo zombane, njl. Njl. Umhlaba obonelelweyo ukukhusela i-voltage enjalo engozini yokhuseleko lomntu ibizwa ngokuba yindawo yokhuselo. Ukukhuselwa komhlaba kwisiseko sesinyithi ngocingo lokhuselo lomhlaba (i-PEE) oludityaniswe ngokuthe ngqo kwipali yomhlaba ibizwa ngokuba kukhuseleko lomhlaba. Xa isinyithi sesinyithi siqhagamshelwe kumqhubi okhuselayo (PE) kunye nomqhubi okhuselekileyo ongathathi hlangothi (PEN), ibizwa ngokuba kukukhusela uqhagamshelo.

Uyilo oluqhelekileyo, inkqubo esemgangathweni

Ngokweemfuno zokubeka ezahlukeneyo zeendlela ezimbini zokukhusela, uyilo oluqhelekileyo kunye nemigangatho yenkqubo yokwakha.

Ukubeka emgangathweni uyilo kunye nenkqubo yokwakha imigangatho kunye neemfuno zemigca yokuhambisa kwizakhiwo zomthengi ezifumana amandla, kwaye endaweni yesahlulo sokwabiwa kwamandla ngaphakathi kwezakhiwo zabathengi ezisandula ukwakhiwa okanye ezilungisiweyo ngenkqubo yeengcingo ezintathu zengingqi okanye isigaba esinye Inkqubo yocingo ezintathu. Inqanaba lesithathu leengcingo ezine okanye inqanaba elinye leentsimbi ezimbini zokuhambisa umbane kwinkqubo ye-TT okanye ye-TN-C inokukuqonda ngokufanelekileyo ukukhuselwa komthengi. Into ebizwa ngokuba "yinkqubo eneengcingo ezintathu zengingqi okanye inqanaba lesithathu-yocingo" kuthetha ukuba emva kokuba umgca we-voltage esezantsi uqhagamshelwe kumthengi, umthengi kufuneka atshintshe imo yoqobo ye-wiring yemveli, ngokusekwe Inkqubo yoqobo yeentambo ezine zecandelo lesine kunye nenqanaba elinye leentambo ezimbini zocingo lwentambo. Ngaphezulu, umgca ngamnye wokhuselo olongezelelekileyo uqhagamshelwe kwisiphelo ngasinye samacingo omthengi afuna ukomeleza isiseko sombane. Ukulungiselela ukugcinwa kunye nolawulo, indawo enqamlezileyo yokukhokela ngaphakathi kunye nendawo yokuphela yangaphandle yomgca wokhuseleko iya kufakwa kwibhodi yokuhambisa umbane eyaziswa umbane, emva koko indlela yokufikelela kukhuseleko Umgca uya kubekwa ngokwahlukeneyo ngokwendlela yokuhambisa umbane apho umthengi akhoyo.

1, Ukubeka iimfuno zenkqubo ye-TT yokukhusela umhlaba (PEE)

Xa inkqubo yokuhanjiswa kwamandla komthengi yinkqubo ye-TT, inkqubo ifuna ukuba umthengi athathe indlela yokhuselo lomhlaba. Ke ngoko, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nexabiso lokumelana nokhuseleko lomhlaba, umthengi kufuneka angcwabe isixhobo somhlaba esingaphandle esenziwe ngaphandle ngokweemfuno "zeMigaqo yoBugcisa yaMandla aMandla aMandla aPhantsi aPhandle". Ukuxhathisa umhlaba kufuneka kufezekise ezi mfuno zilandelayo:

Re≤Ulom / Iop

Re ukumelana komhlaba (Ω)

I-Ulom ibizwa ngokuba ngumda wevolthi (V). Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, inokuqwalaselwa njengexabiso le-AC RMS ye50V.

Ukusebenza okwangoku kwentsalela yangoku (ukuvuza) komkhuseli kufutshane neIop (I)

Kumthengi ophakathi, ukuba nje kusetyenziswa i-40 × 40 × 4 × 2500 mm ye-engile yentsimbi, inokuqhutywa iye ngaphantsi komhlaba i-0.6 m ngokuthe nkqo ngokuqhuba ngoomatshini, okunokuhlangabezana neemfuno zokumelana nokunganyangeki komhlaba. Emva koko, idityaniswe ngentsimbi ejikeleziweyo enobubanzi be-φ -8 kwaye emva koko yahanjiswa emhlabeni ukuya kwi-0.6 m, emva koko yaqhagamshelwa kwintambo yokukhusela (i-PEE) yebhodi yokutshintsha kunye nezinto ezifanayo kunye nohlobo lwentambo njengokungenisa ngaphandle isigaba sokuhambisa umbane.

2, Ukuseta iimfuno zendlela yokukhusela i-zero (PE) yenkqubo ye-TN-C

Kuba le nkqubo ifuna ukuba umthengi amkele imo yokhuseleko loqhagamshelo, kuya kufuneka ukongeza umgca okhuselekileyo wokukhusela (i-PE) ngokwesiseko senkqubo yesigaba seentambo ezine okanye inqanaba lesibini leengcingo, ikhuselwe kukufumana amandla komthengi. Umgca okhuselayo ongathathi hlangothi (PEN) webhodi yokutshintsha iyakhutshwa kwaye idityaniswe nenkqubo yentsimbi yesigaba-ntathu sokuqala okanye inqanaba lesibini leengcingo. Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokuthembeka kwayo yonke le nkqubo, kufuneka kusetyenzwe ngononophelo olulodwa. Emva kokuba umgca wokukhusela (PE) ukhutshiwe kumgca wokhuselo ongathathi hlangothi (PEN), umgca ongathathi hlangothi kunye nomgca wokhuseleko (PE) zenziwa kwicala lomxhasi. Ezi zingcingo zimbini azinakudityaniswa zenziwe umgca (PEN) ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembakala kwesiseko esiphindaphindwayo somgaqo wokhuselo ongathathi hlangothi (PEN), owokuqala nowesiphelo senkqubo ephambili ye-TN-C, zonke iitonga zesebe T, iintonga zokuphela kwesebe, njl njl. imigca yomhlaba ephindaphindwayo, kunye nezigaba ezithathu Inkqubo yeentambo ezine kufuneka iphinde ibekwe emhlabeni kwisibiyeli sokungena somrhumo wobhaliso, ngaphambi kokuba umgca we (PEN) wahlulwe wangumda ongathathi cala (N) kunye nomgca wokhuseleko (PE). Icandelo elinqamlezileyo locingo lokungathathi hlangothi (PEN), ukungathathi hlangothi (N) okanye ucingo olukhuselayo (i-PE) kuhlala kukhethwe ngohlobo lwentambo kunye nomgangatho wecandelo lomgca wesigaba.

Ukukhusela umhlaba kunye nokukhusela umhlaba / uKhuselo loMhlaba

Ukuzikhusela phantsi

1, Indawo ekhuselweyo:

Iikhabhathi zonke zingaphakathi. Umzekelo, kuhlala kungekho ndawo kwikhabhathi apho kungekho peyinti, kwaye ke iingcingo ziyaqhagamshelwa. Esi sisiseko sebhunga lekhabhinethi. Ucingo lomhlaba ngaphakathi kunikezelo lwamandla (Oko kukuthi, isigaba esimthubi noluhlaza) ikwayindima leyo. Injongo yayo kukuthintela ikhabhinethi ekubeni ihlawuliswe.

2, indawo yokhuseleko yenziwa ngokubanzi zizixhobo zombane

3 amandla emhlabeni:

Lo mgca, ngesiqhelo ngonikezelo lwamandla, ubuyela kumgca wombane wenguqu emva koko ungene emhlabeni. Kwezinye iindawo, le kunye nendawo ekhuselweyo yenye, kwaye ezinye iindawo azikho nanye.

Ikhaka lomhlaba

1, Ikwabizwa ngokuba sisixhobo somhlaba:

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba isixhobo somhlaba kufuneka sithintelwe ekunxibelelaneni nombane / umhlaba okhuselayo ngexesha lenkqubo yoqhagamshelo, kungenjalo iya kuphulukana nentsingiselo.

2, Ukuthintela ingqalelo:

Xa usebenzisa intambo ekhuselweyo, sebenzisa umhlaba ongapheliyo. Sukuyilahla ucingo olukhuselweyo ebaleni. Nika ingqalelo ukucoca. Kwigumbi lolawulo eliphambili, qhina iingcingo zokhuselo zeentambo ezininzi kwaye uzidibanise nesiphelo sendlela yekhabinethi. (Iikhabhathi ezilungileyo ziye zabeka imitya yobhedu kwaye zigqunyiwe kwikhabhinethi)

3, Uhlalutyo oluthile

Isiphelo sekhuselo lokumisa ikhabhinethi sinxibelelene nesixhobo sokhuseleko lomhlaba. Oku kwenza kube lula ukudibanisa isiseko sesixhobo ngokubanzi. Unomhlaba we-analog, umhlaba wedijithali, amandla ombane aphantsi, amandla ombane aphezulu (220v), kunye neendidi ezininzi zokukhusela. Kwiziko lolawulo, isiseko sendawo siyenziwa, ukuxhathisa umhlaba yi-1 ohm, kwaye ukuba ayisiyi-4 ohms, iingcingo zokucoca zemigca eyahlukeneyo ziyaqokelelwa kuqala kwindawo ekhethekileyo. Emva koko qhagamshela onke amanqaku omhlaba kwindawo yokushwankathela, imigaqo yokomisa isiza ngasinye, umhlaba we-analog, iingcingo zombane zamandla ombane aphantsi ombane zigxilwe ngokulandelelana, emva koko zidityaniswe nendawo yomqondiso womhlaba, kwaye ekugqibeleni zixhunywe kwi Ikhuselo lekhebula, amandla ombane aphezulu kunye nokukhuselwa Emva koqhagamshelo lomhlaba, ukuxhathisa umhlaba zii-4 ohms, kwaye amanqaku omhlaba amabini afakelwe i-insulated. Ukuchasana nokwambathisa kufanele kuchazwe ngokweemfuno zoluvo, kodwa kufuneka kubengaphezulu kwe-0.5 megohms. Oko kukuthi, i-loop yomqondiso ibekwe kwelinye icala, kwaye umhlaba okhusela umhlaba unokhuseleko olukhuselayo lwangaphambili njengomhlaba womqondiso wokuthintela ukonakala komhlaba ngenxa yombane owenziwe. Ukuba ezi ziphelo zimbini zibekwe emhlabeni, kuyakwenziwa iluphu eqhubayo, eya kuthi ibangele umqondiso wokuphazamiseka kwaye uzibambe. Ukuba uziva ungonwabanga, ungasebenzisa i-zinc oxide varistor surge absorber engacacanga kwindawo kunye nokukhuselwa kwindawo. Umgangatho wevolthi ungaphantsi kwamandla ombane aphezulu anokumelana nawo. Ngokubanzi, musa ukugqitha kumandla ombane wee-volts ezingama-24. Ukukhuseleka kuneentsingiselo ezimbini, ukukhusela ngombane, kunye nokukhusela ngombane, ekubhekiseleni kukhuselo lweesekethe zemagnethi kunye neesekethe ngokwahlukeneyo. Ucingo oluqhelekileyo lokukhusela ucingo alunasiphumo kwisekethe yemagnethi, ke kuphela ukukhusela ukuphazamiseka kombane, oko kukuthi, ukukhusela i-electrostatic, kuqwalaselwa. Ngeli xesha, umaleko wokukhusela kufuneka ubekwe emhlabeni (isekethe yemagnethi ikhuselwe ngaphandle kokubeka emhlabeni). Umgaqo ngokusisiseko uyafana: umthombo wokuphazamiseka kunye nesiphelo sokufumana silingana neepali ezimbini ze-capacitor. Elinye icala lokutshintsha kwamandla ombane liya kulibona elinye icala ngokusebenzisa i-capacitor. Umaleko ophakathi (oko kukuthi, ikhaka) elifakwe emhlabeni litshabalalisa amandla alinganayo, ngaloo ndlela lisika indlela yokuphazamiseka. Lumka uqhagamshele emhlabeni womqondiso ofuna ukuwukhusela xa usiya emhlabeni, kwaye uqhagamshele kuphela kwelinye icala lekhaka. Ngaphandle koko, kuya kubakho umda omkhulu wangoku (umhlaba okhoyo ngoku) obangela umonakalo xa izinto ezinokubakho kumacala omabini zingalingani.