Incwadi ethi 'Ukhuseleko lweVoltage yeeNkqubo zeVoltage ephantsi' NguGqirha Mnu Peter Hasse
Ndikhumbula incwadi ethi 'Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems' ebhalwe nguPeter Hasse yandinika ulwazi olusisiseko xa ndandisengumfana owayebandakanyeka kwicandelo lokhuseleko ku-Disemba 2006.
Ngaba i-honorto ifunde le ncwadi, ukhuphele simahla le ncwadi yesiNgesi neyesiTshayina.
UGqirha Peter Hasse, Mnu. 10/350 'U-Godfather we-10/350 ifom ye-wave.
Kwilizwe lokhuseleko lombane, uPeter Hasse ngumdlalo ophilayo.
Wazalwa ngo-1940, wafunda ubunjineli bombane kunye namandla e-Berlin Technical University, waphumelela ngo-1965. Emva koko wasebenza njengomncedisi kwezophando e-Adolf Attias Institute for High Voltage Engineering de wafumana isidanga sobugqirha apho ngo-1972. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva wajoyina isebe le-R & D le-DEHN + Sohne. Apho waba negalelo ekuphuhliseni ukucima umoya-amandla okususa amandla amakhulu kunye nethiyori entsha yokucacisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kukhuseleko lombane. Oku kwabizwa ngelo xesha “intsha” 10/350 waveform. Ngo-1981, uGqr. Hasse waba ngu-Dehn's Managing Director kwaye wahlala njalo de wathatha umhlala-phantsi ngo-2004. Ukusukela ngo-2002 ebekwiBhodi yabaLawuli belebhu yovavanyo yaseJamani: GHMT AG Bexbach.
Kungekudala emva kokuthatha umhlala-phantsi eDehn, uGqirha Hasse wawongwa ngembasa yodumo yeRiphabliki yaseJamani.
Kumsitho wamabhaso ka-2005 uHasse wazukiswa ngokuguqula uDehn + Sohne (inkampani encinci yosapho evelisa imibane) kumdlali ophambili wamazwe aphesheya kwimakethi yokukhusela umbane. Kwangelo xesha wanconywa "ngendima ebalulekileyo" ayidlalileyo ekuphembeleleni imibutho yesizwe kunye neyamazwe jikelele eyenza imigangatho ejongene nokukhusela imibane.
Indumiso ibingayibaxi. Yonke ingxelo yezinto ezenziweyo nguHasse iqulethe umgaqo ofanayo: "Udlale indima ebalulekileyo kumaqumrhu enza ilizwe kunye nakwamanye amazwe kwindawo yokhuseleko lombane." Kanye kanye kanye indlela ekubaluleke ngayo ukuba kunzima ukuyiqonda kuba ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ubukhulu bezenzo zakhe kule nkundla bezingekadweliswa ngokupheleleyo.
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20, ngelixa eqhuba uDehn, uHasse wayekhuthaza ngaxeshanye iithiyori zakhe ezintsha kunye nezixhobo kubabhali bemigangatho kwaye zibhalwa kwimigangatho yokusetyenziswa kwesinyanzelo. Ngo-1975 waba lilungu elisekayo le-VDE (umbutho oqhelekileyo waseJamani) kwiKomiti yoKhuselo loMbane (ABB) kwaye kwakamsinya emva koko wayeyiqhuba (ngokukaNjingalwazi uGqirha. Kawamura, uMongameli we-IEIE waseJapan) Ngo-1977 uHasse wajoyina i-DKE ( Ummeli wase-Jamani kwi-IEC nakwi-CENELEC) emnikezela ngebhodi efunekayo ukuze abe sisithethi saseJamani kuzo zombini i-IEC / SC37A "Izixhobo eziKhuselekileyo eziKhuselekileyo zeVoltage" kunye ne-IEC / TC81 "uKhuselo loMbane" (athe wajoyina ekuqaleni kwayo.)
Hambisa kumaphepha e-Hasse alandelayo (afikeleleka kwikhonkco elingezantsi) kwaye uya kufumanisa ukuba yayingenguye uTor okanye omnye uthixo wombane owanika ubomi kwi-10/350 wave waveform. Kwakungeyiyo i-CIGRE okanye umphandi waseSwitzerland owaziwayo, uGqirha Karl Berger.
Phakamisa isigqubuthelo kwaye omnye ufumene umthombo oyinyani we-10/350 wave wave ukuba ingomnye ngaphandle kukaGqirha uPeter Hasse.
INKQUBO YOKUPHILA 10/350-Ukuzalwa kwe-10/350 ifom
Ugqirha Hasse utyhile umbono wakhe omkhulu "10/350" kwiphepha lama-46 lohlelo lokuqala lwaseJamani kwincwadi yakhe ethi "Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems: Usebenzisa izixhobo zombane nokuba ujongene nombane ngqo" "Überspannungsschutz von Niederspannungsanlagen - Einsatz elektronischer Geräte auch bei direkten Blitzeinschlägen ”, (Verlag TOV Rheinland GmbH, Koblenz,) epapashwe ngo-1987. Itshati iboniswe ngezantsi.
Qengqa imouse yakho kwitshathi engentla ukwenza amakhonkco anike iinkcukacha zemiba efanelekileyo. Ukubonakala kokuqala kubonisa ukuba inezinto zonke ezi-5 ze-IEC 62305's 10/350 parameter (eziqaqanjisiweyo). Ukujonga okwesibini kubonisa ukuba uHasse unika ezi paramitha kumgangatho waseJamani "VG 96901." Itsheki ene-DIN (iZiko leMigangatho yaseJamani) iveze ukuba i-VG96901 yayingazange ibe semgangathweni ofanelekileyo. Yayi "ngaphambili" ngaphandle kwegunya okanye ngaphambili.
Kodwa loo nto ayilongeniso oluncinci kuba uHasse uthi kwisicatshulwa esazisa le tshathi ukuba uyenzile ngokwakhe. Kwaye, eneneni, isicatshulwa kuphela (esiboniswe emazantsi kwetshathi njengo / 42 /) sibhekisa “kwisikhokelo” esibhalwe nguHasse ngo-1982.
Isicatshulwa esihamba kunye nesibhengezo ngokubanzi sibhengeza (mhlawumbi okokuqala) ukuba le tshathi imele iiparitha zombane ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye isikhuseli sokukhusela isikhuseli kwakufuneka "ngaphandle kokukhetha" ukuba sisetyenziselwe ukukhusela umbane kwaye ngakumbi iinkqubo zobuchwephesha bolwazi lwe-elektroniki. (iphepha 46-47)
Kwiinyanga nje emva kokupapashwa kwencwadi yakhe uGqr. Hasse weza neTshathi yakhe ye-10/350 kwintlanganiso ye-IEC TC 81 eyayiseJapan (ngoJuni ka-1988) ukunika intetho kwintetho yakhe malunga "nombane othe ngqo." Apha ukufundiswa kubandakanya iiparameter ezivela kwitshathi ye-Hasse 10/350 (200kA, 100 C, 10 MJ nge-ohm) kunye nokubonisa uninzi lweefoto zakhe zeDehn spark gap arrestors. Nantsi isilayidi seTshati ye-Hasse 10/350 ekhutshwe kuloo ntetho. Uyabona ukuba uzingca ngokuzingca (kunye nencwadi yakhe yowe-1987) njengomthombo wetshathi.
Ngezo ntsuku uHasse wayengekaqali ukubeka uxanduva kwi-10/350 wave wave emnyango we-Berger & CIGRE. Oko kwakuza kuza kamva.
Incwadi yakhe yowe-1987 (apho itshathi yavela khona kuqala) iqulethe izingqinisiso ezingama-83 kunye nezicatshulwa kodwa akukho nto ikhankanyiweyo nguBerger okanye uCIGRE.
Kungenxa yokuba, njengoko kubonisiwe kwidatha engentla, ifomathi yomtshangatshangiso eyi-10/350 yavela kuGqirha Peter Hasse.
I-IEC 62305 UKUKHUSELA UMBANE UKUKHUSELEKA KWENGQIQO (isixhobo esisebenzayo sobunzululwazi okanye ulwalamano phakathi koluntu?)
I-LPZ -Ingqiqo yoMmandla woKhuseleko loMbane: Yintoni leyo?
Iindawo eziKhusela umbane (okanye ii-LPZs) ziphakathi kwindlela ye-IEC 62305 yokhuseleko lombane. Uluvo kukunciphisa umda wombane kunye namandla ombane angena kwisakhiwo ngokwahlula isakhiwo ngokulandelelana kwemimandla yomngcipheko (engene ngaphakathi komnye nomnye.) Ngokusebenzisa ngononophelo ubuchule bokukhusela kunye nee-SPDs iziphumo zombane ezibetha ummandla ongaphandle ukuncitshiswa ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele kwimimandla yangaphakathi. Ubuncinci yile ithiyori. Ngokwe-IEC 62305-4 (ICandelo. 4.1) le ngcamango ye-LPZ sisiseko salo lonke ukhuseleko lombane.
Isebenza kangakanani ingqikelelo ye-IEC 62305 yoKhuselo loMbane?
Ingqondo ye-IEC enophawu lwe-LPZ ibisoloko isetyenziswa ngokubanzi iminyaka engama-20. Ukanti xa uRakov no-Uman bekhangela, abakwazanga ukufumana isifundo esinye esiqulathe ubungqina beenkcukacha-manani eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo ("Umbane, iPhysics kunye neZiphumo, iCambridge University Press" iphepha 591). Uphando olongezelelweyo ngo-2013 nalo aluzange lube null. Kuyacaca ukuba akukho sifundo sikhe saqinisekisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo ye-IEC 62305's LPZ.
Ngobuso bayo, inkqubo ye-LPZ ibonakala iyindlela esengqiqweni yokufumana ukhuseleko. Ke kutheni, kwiminyaka engama-20, kungakhange kubekho zifundo zibhala impumelelo yayo? Lo mbuzo wakhokelela ekujongeni nzulu kwindaleko kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo.
I-EF Vance: UMdali woMxholo woMmandla woKhuseleko loMbane
Umbono wokuqala we-LPZ wenziwe yiMelika, i-EF Vance, yeZiko loPhando laseStanford eMenlo Park, eCalifornia. UVance wayazisa ngo-1977 kwiphepha elinesihloko esithi "Ukukhuselwa kunye neTopology." Ngasekhohlo ngumzobo okhutshwe kwelo phepha obonisa imimandla yomngcipheko weVance. "Ngokubeka" ngaphandle kwekhuselo ngalinye ukuya ngaphakathi kwekhuselo elikufutshane, iVance ifuna ukulawula isiphumo sokungena kwangaphandle kungena kwindawo. Uye waqonda isidingo sokunciphisa umda kumandla kunye nakwimigca yedatha engena kulwakhiwo.
Umda we-0 wayeyimbonakalo ye-moniker Vance enikwe indalo esingqongileyo ngaphandle kwemibane. Imimandla 1 & 2 wayabela imimandla engaphakathi kulwakhiwo.
Inkqubo yeVance LPZ ekhethwe nguGqirha Peter Hasse
UGqr. Hasse walusebenzisa olu luvo lukaVance waluguqula lwaba yincwadi awayibiza ngokuba yi-EMC-Lightning Protection Zone Concept (eyabhalwa ngu-Peter Hasse & Johannes Wiesinger yaza yapapashwa ngu-Pflaum Verlag ngo-1993.)
Ngasekunene ungabona umzobo weVance's LPZ njengoko ubonakala, ungatshintshanga (ngaphandle kokongezwa kwenguqulelo yesiJamani) kwi-p. 52 yencwadi kaHasse. Isakhiwo sokuqala seVance kunye nesigama sagcinwa kulungelelwaniso lweHasse: iZone Zero iyaqhubeka ukumela indawo engaphandle kwesakhiwo; Imimandla 1 & 2, iindawo ezingaphakathi kolwakhiwo.
Ngelishwa uGqr.Hasse usebenzise inkqubo ye-LPZ ukuhambisa umbono wakhe we-10/350 ngokufaka umbono wokuba zonke iimpembelelo zombane kwiZone Zero kufuneka zibonakaliswe ngefomathi ye-10/350. Cofa apha ukubona ukuba uHasse's 1993 LPZ incwadi wayifaka njani ifomathi ye-10/350 kumqondo we-LPZ.
Ngokwenza njalo, wayitshitshisa impumelelo enokubakho yento enokuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo kukhuseleko lombane. Iingxaki ezibangelwe yinkqubo ye-LPZ ngu-10/350 waveform zibandakanya iziphene ze-spark gaps, kunye ne-quagmire yo "SPD coordination" zombini ezi kujongwana nazo kwenye indawo kule webhu.
Iiakhawunti zomnye umonakalo owenziwe kwizixhobo kunye nofakelo "olukhuselweyo" ngokwale nkqubo ye-10/350-LPZ inokufumaneka kwenye indawo kule webhu.
Ukufuduka kwe-LPZ-Ukusuka kwincwadi kaHasse ukuya kwimigangatho yokukhusela umbane
Ngexesha lokupapashwa kwencwadi yakhe ye-LPZ ngo-1993, uGqr. Hasse wayeyinto eyoyikekayo kwikomiti yokhuseleko yombane ye-IEC, u-TC 81. Kwamthatha kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweminyaka emibini ukupapashwa kwencwadi leyo ukuze afumane umbono wakhe we-LPZ ungeniswe ngokupheleleyo kumgangatho we-IEC 61312-1.
Ngasekhohlo ngumzobo we-LPZ ovela kwi-IEC 61312-1. Ifomathi ye-10/350 yenziwe njengenxalenye yayo. Cofa apha ukuze ubone iiparameter zombane zeHasse 10/350 njengoko zibonakala kumgangatho we-61312-1.
Kungabonakala ke ngoku ukuba ngombane omnye, uGqr.
Inyathelo elilandelayo yayikukufudukela kumgangatho we-IEC 62305. Ibali lendlela awalawula ngayo inokufumaneka apha.
Ukushwankathela, ugqirha uPeter Hasse akafanele kudunyiswa ngokuzala i-10/350 waveform, kodwa ikwadala inkqubo ye-LPZ esetyenziswayo namhlanje kuyo yonke imigangatho yokukhuselwa kombane.
I-LPZ ekusebenziseni imihla ngemihla: ukunciphisa umbane okanye ukhuphiswano olunciphisayo?
Umzobo weLPZ wakutshanje ovela kwi-IEC 62305 uboniswa ngasekunene. Injongo yayo kukunciphisa impembelelo yombane ongenayo. Kodwa abanye bakholelwa ekubeni umsebenzi wenkqubo ye-IEC ye-LPZ unento yokwenza nokuchaza ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo nezikhuselekileyo ezinokuthi zithathwe njengezifanelekileyo kwaye ke ngoko zilawule ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Umzekelo, i-IEC 62305 inyanzelisa ukuba umbane othe ngqo mawubonakaliswe ngovavanyo lwe-wave wave / 10/350, kwaye kungoko kungasetyenziswa kuphela umsantsa "wokubanjwa kombane" onokusetyenziswa kwiZone Zero. Ezinye iintlobo ze-SPD zivaliwe.
Zintathu iingxaki ezinkulu ngale ndlela. Ezi zimbini zokuqala zezobuchwephesha kwaye zibhalwe kuyo yonke le web, ezizezi: 1) ifom ye-wave engu-10/350 ayibonisi mbane, kunye no-2) umsantsa "we-spark umbani" uneziphene ezininzi zangaphakathi.
Ingxaki yesithathu enkulu inokuba yeyomthetho. Inkqubo yenkqubo ye-LPZ ephunyezwe ngayo kwimigangatho inokubangela ukwaphulwa koMthetho woKhuphiswano lwe-European Union. (Jonga iphepha le-FAQ.)
isibindi
Kwimeko apho nabani na ethatha le "buqu" nceda uyamkele into yokuba le webhusayithi ayenzelwanga ukuba ibe yingqumbo kuye nawuphi na umntu, inkampani okanye ikomiti. Yonke into yayo kukuphucula imeko yokhuseleko lombane. Kwaye nangona kunokuthatha isibindi ukuphakama uze uthethe, kuthatha isibindi ukuhlala phantsi umamele.
IPHEPHA LE-HASSE 10/350-Umlambo weencwadi, amanqaku, kunye nemiboniso: 10km ububanzi / 350km ubude
Ngexesha lama-80s kunye nama-90s (ngokwewebhusayithi yakwaDehn) uHasse, umdibaniselwano wakhe uJ. Wiesinger, kunye nabanye abasebenzi bakaDehn kunye namaqela abhalayo okanye abathathe inxaxheba kumakhulu amaphepha, iincwadi, imiboniso kwiinkomfa zamazwe aphesheya, kwimiboniso nakwiisemina. Elinye "ixesha elidala" liqikelele ukuba ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezilishumi zeedola zichithwe kweli phulo. Umyalezo osisiseko kuninzi lwale micimbi kunye neenkcazo-ntetho wavumelana nencwadi kaHasse yowe-1987: “Umbane othe ngqo umelwe yimo yomtshangatshangiso ka-10/350; Kuphela ngabakhuseli bomsantsa abangela ukupasa uvavanyo lwefom ye-10/350 ekufuneka besetyenziselwe ukukhusela kwimibane ngqo. ”
Uluhlu olukhethiweyo lunokufumaneka apha.
U-Hasse uphakamise itshathi yakhe ye-10/350 ukuya kwi-TC-81 kwi-1988 "Imbali yoKhuseleko loMbane" kwi-IEC TC-81 yeSikhumbuzo seNtlanganiso eJapan. Itshati ikwavela kuhlelo lwamva lwencwadi yakhe yowe-1987. Inokufunyanwa kumanqaku anje nge "Neues aus der Blitzschutztechnik," etz, Vol. 108, iphepha 612-618, nayo yapapashwa ngo-1987 kunye ne-EMV-Blitz-Schutzzonen-Konzept, eyabhalwa kunye noJ. Wiesinger yaza yapapashwa ngu-VDE Verlag ngo-1994. Ibhalwe kwincwadi ka-Hasse ka-1998 ethi “Overvoltage Protection of Low Voltage Systems ”Nohlelo lwayo lwamva.
Izinto ezilinganayo
Ngo-1999, uGqr. Hasse waya kwikomiti yezixhobo ezikhuselayo ye-IEEE wabuza, njengommeli obalaseleyo we-TC 81, ukuba amenywe kwikomiti ye-IEEE ye-SPD yasentwasahlobo yonyaka ka-2000 ngenjongo yokunikezela intetho “ngemvelaphi, ukubaluleka kunye nokusebenza kwe-10/350 μs ifom wave. ” NgoSeptemba 29, 1999 iKomiti yeSPD yasamkela isicelo sayo, kwaza ngoMeyi olandelayo intlanganiso yabanjelwa eSt. UGqr. Hasse ubonakalise ngethemba lokuzimasa kwi-IEEE ababekho ukubaluleka kokusebenzisa ifomathi yamaza 10/350 ukuphinda-phinda ukubetha kombane ngokuthe ngqo. Ekudluliseni wakhankanya i-10: 1 yokulinganisa into yokuguqula i-10/350 waveform ibe ngu-8/20, kodwa wabeka uxinzelelo oluncinci kuyo. UHasse wadibana nempumelelo encinci kuloo ntlanganiso kwaye kunyaka olandelayo wathumela uDehn VP wakhe (uRichard Chadwick) ukuzama kwakhona. Ukushumayela umyalezo ofanayo, kusetyenziswa iitshathi ezifanayo kunye namabango afanayo ngokubhekisele kwiiparitha zombane, le ntetho yanika ugxininiso ngakumbi kwinqanaba lokulinganisa: “Ngaba akunakubakho into yokulinganisa enokuthi iSpark Gaps kunye neMOV SPDs ithelekiswe?”
Njengesiphakamiso sokuqala uChadwick walahla into eyi "30." Oku kuthetha ukuba i-MOV SPD ivavanywe ngefomathi ye-8/20 ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo kwiklasi enye njenge-Spark Gap evavanywe nge-25kA 10/350 μs impulse, i-MOV SPD iya kufuna ukulinganiswa kwi-750kA. UGqr. Chadwick waqonda ngokupheleleyo ukuba oko kwakungeyonyani kwaye ekugqibeleni kwenkcazo-ntetho yakhe wagqiba kwelokuba "izinto ezinokukhethwa kwindalo yonke mazingasetyenziswa" kodwa kuphela ngabakhuseli bezikhewu abafanele ukufakelwa kumasango enkonzo.
Okumangalisayo kukuba, ngaphandle komyalezo kaChadwick, iqale abanye abantu be-IEEE becinga ukuba le ndlela ingaba yindlela yokufumana uxolelwaniso ne-IEC ngalo mbandela. Amanani ahlukeneyo abethwa ajikelezwa kwaye ekugqibeleni "u-10" wamkelwa ngokufutshane yi-IEEE.
U-Hasse wahlala eqinile. Inkcazo-ntetho yaseChadwick kamva kwakuloo nyaka inyanzelise ukuphindaphinda kokulingana kwama-25. Bona isilayidi apha.
Yonke le ntetho “yokulingana” yabangela uFrancois Martzloff, wekomiti ye-IEEE SPD, ukuba enze ikhomishini yophando ukuze kufunyanwe ukuba ingaba "ukuvumelana okuthathelwe kwimvumelwano 'ngokulingana' kwezi ndlela zimbini zamaza" kungafezekiswa "ngendlela elula yokuphindaphinda." Ukutshekishwa kwezibalo kuthathelwa ingqalelo izinto ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanyekileyo kufunyenwe inzame yokuba "ingekho ngqiqweni." Ungalufunda lonke uxwebhu apha. Ngo-2006 nakuphi na ukuthetha okunzulu malunga "nokulingana" izinto beziphelile. Oku kuqinisekisiwe kwi-IEEE Std C62.62 (2010) apho kungekho luhlobo lwe-10/350 luvumelekile.
Kumanqaku kaHasse kunye neenkcazo-ntetho umntu unokuthelekelela umzabalazo wezibongozo eziphikisanayo: Kwelinye icala, umnqweno wakhe wokwenyani wokuzibandakanya kwimicimbi yezobuchwephesha kwaye kwelinye, ukunyanzeliswa kwezorhwebo ukukhuthaza imveliso yakhe yentlantsi. Umntu akanakho ukunceda ukuphawula ukuba kwiingcaciso zakhe zobugcisa kunye neencwadi kunqabile ukuba ayeke ukubonisa imifanekiso yakhe yeDehn ekhusela umsantsa kunye nokuqhayisa ngendlela abakhuseleke ngayo ngokuchasene "nombane ngqo."
Oku kunokubonwa njengokusetyenziswa ngobuchule komthetho wonikezelo kunye nemfuno: I-Hasse ibibonelela ngezixhobo zentsingiselo. Eyona nto ibifuneka kukuba i-IEC ibonelele “ngemfuno.” Njengesicwangciso seshishini, yayiqaqambile.
UGqr. I-HASSE, i-TC81 kunye ne-IEC 62305 YOKUFUNDA-ukuqweqwediswa komgangatho
I-10/350 Milestones kunye neZenith: Uthotho lokhuselo lombane lwe-IEC 62305
Kwi-1993 ukukhutshwa kwe-IEC 61024-1-1 kwaphawula inyathelo eliphambili kwibala lezizwe ngezizwe leHasse10 / 350 ifom. Iiparamitha zayo zombane zentshukumo yangoku, ukubiza kunye namandla athile aphakanyiswe ngqo kwitshathi yeHasse. Kodwa ngo-1995 apho uHasse ekugqibeleni wabona ukusebenza kwakhe nzima kuzaliseka xa i-TC 81 ikhuphe i-IEC 61312-1 inika igama, isemthethweni kwaye inika igunya kwifom ye-Hasse10 / 350. Ukusukela ngoko wonke umntu ebeya KUZI ukuba umbane othe ngqo unokuboniswa kuphela yimo yomtshangatshangiso ka-10/350. Iqela elaliseNeumarkt ngobo busuku limele ukuba lalonwabile.
Inqanaba lesibini lokufumana ifomathi ye-10/350 efakwe kwi-IEC 61643-1.
Kodwa i-zenith yayo ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo yayingumhla wokufakwa kwefomathi yeHasse 10/350 (iyonke) kuthotho lokhuselo lombane lwe-IEC 62305. Kwaye kukho ibali elinomdla elinxulumene noko.
Leliphi elona qhinga likaHasse elilelona libalaseleyo nelona ligqwesa ekuthumeleni i-10/350 waveform yakhe ichazwe ngokucacileyo ngu-Ernst Landers kuXwebhu lwe-IEC 81/195 / INF yomhla we-2002.07.05 enesihloko esithi TC 81 WG 3 Ingxelo yoMququzeleli? U-Ernst U. Landers, owayesebenzisana no-Hasse ngelo xesha, wayengoyena Mququzeleli we-TC81 WG3 ngo-2002. Kodwa uGqirha Hasse wayekho nakwintlanganiso ye-TC81 eyayixoxwa (e-Firenze, e-Italiya nge-17 ka-Okthobha u-2001) kwaye wayecinga ukuba indima “yoMququzeleli oSebenzayo.” Asazi ncam ukuba yintoni “umququzeleli oyintloko”, kodwa uxwebhu luyakucacisa ukuba uHasse nguye owayeqhuba intlanganiso eyayiphethe umxholo wendlela yokubandakanya "iimfuno ze-SPD" kunye "nesikhokelo sesicelo" esivela kwi-IEC 61312-1 kumsebenzi-kwinkqubela-phambili ye-IEC 62305 uthotho lwemigangatho. Oku kuya kuthi, ipso facto, ibandakanye zombini i-Hasse 10/350 itshathi yeparamitha kunye nomgaqo we-LPZ.
Phantsi koqeqesho lukaHasse, i-TC 81 WG3 sele igqibe ekubeni idibanise ngokupheleleyo idatha ye-IEC 61312-1 Hasse iye kwi-62305. Ukucaphula apha kwingxelo yomququzeleli, kuba umxholo wezobuchwephesha we-61312-1 sele "kuxoxiwe kwaye kwamkelwa ngazwinye kwi-WG3, i Umququzeleli owenziweyo, ukuhlanganisa ngokuhlelayo ezi nxalenye zintlanu (ze-IEC 61312-1) kuyilo lwe-IEC 62305… ”Isithembiso sakhe sasamkelwe ngokulula. Kuya kufuneka sivume ukuba le yayiyindlela elungileyo yokuhamba kumbono kaGqr.Hasse-ukufumana i-Hasse 10/350 waveform kunye ne-LPZ ingcinga ebhalwe kuthotho olutsha lwe-62305 kwifom engangxengwanga kwakubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi ukuba ungashiywa kwi-vagaries "yekomiti isenzo. ” Ngokwengxelo, “umsebenzi wokuhlela” wagqitywa kwaye uxwebhu olusisiphumo lwathunyelwa kuwo onke amalungu eWG 3 ebanika inyanga enye ukuba baphendule. Xa, emva kwenyanga enye, AKEKHO namnye kubo owayephendulile, oyena mququzeleli, uGqirha Landers, ngokwendalo, wabhengeza ukuba "kufikelelwe kwisivumelwano" kwaye wathumela uxwebhu kuGqirha Lo Piparo (Nobhala we-TC 1) olwapapasha njengo Isindululo somsebenzi omtsha. Oku kuyityhalele kwindlela yayo ekugqibeleni ibe ngumgangatho opheleleyo.
Ukwazisa i-IEC 62305 kwihlabathi
Kudala ngaphambi kokugqitywa kweMigangatho ye-62305, uHasse wazithathela kuye ukuba ayazise kwaye ayamkele. Wayengowokuqala ukuzisa kwihlabathi kunye nephepha lakhe elithi "Imigangatho emitsha yoKhuselo ngokuchasene noMbane-iNew Series 62305" eboniswe eVII SIPDA eCuritiba, eBrazil ngo-2003.
Ukusasaza iithiyori zakhe kunye nokuzenza zamkelwe yayiyimisebenzi uHasse ayithathe nzulu. Ngo-1994 kwiNkomfa yaMazwe ngaMazwe yama-22 yoKhuseleko loMbane eBudapest inqaku lakhe elithi "Umgaqo woLungelelwaniso oluPhezulu lwezixhobo zokuKhusela kwiiNkqubo zeVoltage ePhantsi" okokuqala wasebenzisa ibinzana elithi: "eyona nto isoyikisayo ngombane yayiyindlela ye-10/350." Kuqinisekisiwe ukutsala umdla, oku kamva kwabandakanywa kuthotho lwe-62305. Inqaku lakhe "Umgaqo ojolise kwixesha elizayo wokunxibelelanisa ababanjiweyo kwiinkqubo ezinamandla ombane aphantsi" (etz. Iphephancwadi i-Issue 1, iphepha 20-23, 1995) labizwa ngokufanelekileyo. Umbono kagqirha Hasse wamvumela ukuba aqikelele ngokuchanekileyo i-IEC 62305's 10/350 yokukhusela imibane ngaphezulu kweminyaka eli-10 ngaphambi kwenyani.
IPHULO ELI-10/350 LIYAQHUBEKA-ngokujija okusha
Eli phulo liyaqhubeka- ngeTwist eNtsha
Iphulo lobuqu likaGqirha Hasse le-10/350 ngokucacileyo alikapheli. Ngo-2010 wabhala iSahluko 7 sencwadi esihloko sithi "Umbane" epapashwe liZiko lobuNjineli neTekhnoloji, eLondon, e-UK. Kwiprozi kaHasse igubu le-10/350 labetha kwakhona: “Kwimida ye-LPZ 0… kufuneka kusetyenziswe ii-SPD, ezinako ukukhupha imibane ebonakalayo ... Ezi SPDs zibizwa njengombane (10 SPDs iklasi I) kwaye ziyavavanywa. ngeempembelelo zempembelelo, ifom wave 350 / XNUMXμs. ” Njengesiqhelo wafaka iifoto ezininzi zikaDehn ezikhusela umsantsa.
Kodwa ngeli xesha waya kwelinye inyathelo. Uye “waqonda” ukukwazi ukukhusela isikhuseli se-MOV ukuba sime endaweni yomsantsa “ukuba ngaba igama elichaziweyo lokukhupha i-8 / 20μs ubuncinci ngama-25 amaxesha akhutshwe li-10 / 350μs ngoku.” Umzekelo, ukuze i-MOV SPD iphumelele kuvavanyo oluchaziweyo lwe-25kA 10 / 350μs, kuya kufuneka inikwe impembelelo yangoku "ubuncinci" i-625kA 8 / 20μs. Ngaba ukhona umntu onombono apho uGqr Hasse eza nale nto?
Inqaku elilinganayo lezopolitiko laseHasse ngoku lihambe ukusuka kwi-10 ukuya kwi-30 ukuya kwi-zero. Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-25 ngoku ukuya "ubuncinci ngama-25." (jonga iphepha langaphambili kolu ngcelele.) Sicinga ukuba ungathi uGqirha Hasse wayethanda into efanayo ngaphambi nasemva kokuba wayechasene nayo… Wade wenza itshathi entsha ebonisa ukuba ifakwe kwincwadi ka-2010. Ungayibona apha ngasekunene. Ngubani owaziyo, ukuba umntu akenzi nto ngokukhawuleza, kunokwenzeka ukuba kwixesha elizayo xa uyibona iya kubhalwa kwakhona kwi-IEC 62305 Series.
Iphulo eliHlanganisiweyo liyaqhubeka
Umkhankaso weqonga ka-Dehn kunye no-Sohne oneminyaka engama-30 yokunyusa ifom ye-10/350 iyaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Isicatshulwa esilandelayo esivela kwiwebhusayithi yakwaDehn ngo-Agasti 2013 siyala nayiphi na imbono yokulingana. Ithi: "I-DEHN ikholelwa ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba kuvavanywe ngeyona ndlela ingu-10/350 μs ... kuphela ukuvavanywa nge-10/350 μs waveform yeyona nto imele ukusebenza kukhuseleko ngokuchasene nemibane ethe ngqo."
isibindi
Kwimeko apho nabani na ethatha le "buqu" nceda uyamkele into yokuba le webhusayithi ayenzelwanga ukuba ibe yingqumbo kuye nawuphi na umntu okanye inkampani. Yonke into yayo kukuphucula imeko yokhuseleko lombane. Kwaye nangona kunokuthatha isibindi ukuphakama uze uthethe, kuthatha isibindi ukuhlala phantsi umamele.
I-WAVEFORM ye-10/350-lonke ibali
Kukho okungakumbi ukuya kwi-10/350 kune-10 kunye nama-350
Kwi "Hasse 10/350 waveform Chart" eboniswe kwenye indawo ungazibona ezi paramitha zimbini ngo-10/350 utyikityo oluphawulwe ngepinki: T1 = 10μs kunye T2 = 350μs. Kodwa i "10/350 waveform" ibisoloko ingachazwanga kakuhle. Jonga kwakhona kwiTshati kaHasse kwaye uya kuyibona ibandakanya ezinye iiparameter ezintathu (eziqaqanjiswe ngombala otyheli): Incopho yangoku = 200 kA; Ukuhlawula (Q) = i-100 coulombs; kwaye W / R = 10MJ / Ω.
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-30 "ifomathi yomtshangatshangiso eyi-10/350" yayihlala isisivumelwano sepakeji. Ihlala iquka ezi paramitha zintlanu. Ixabiso langoku (kA) lihlala liphindwe kabini ixabiso lentlawulo (i-coulombs). Ngoba? Mhlawumbi kungenxa yokuba zonke ezi-5 zeeparameter zazifuneka ukutshixa-ngaphakathi ekusetyenzisweni kwabakhuseli be-spark gap? Umfundi unokuthatha isigqibo. Okwangoku, ingxelo ye-CIGRE 5 ayibonisi ukuthembeka kwezi paramitha okanye naluphi na ubudlelwane obunjalo phakathi kweeparameter.
Apha ngezantsi unetafile ukusuka kwi-IEC International Lightning Standard (IEC 62305-1) yamvanje. Esi sisiseko apho yonke imigangatho yokukhuselwa kombane yakhelwe khona. Ngaba ikhona into ekhangeleka iqhelekile? (Qengqa imouse yakho phezu kwayo ukuze ubone ukuba iiparameter zivela phi.)
Imvana nengcuka.
I-CIGRE's 2013 technical Brochure 549 iyicacisile into yokuba i-CIGRE ayisenakubekwa tyala ngeeparameter eziqaqanjisiweyo kwitshathi engentla, kubandakanya ne-10/350 wave wave ngokwayo. Uyayikhumbula intsomi yegusha nengcuka? Ngaphantsi koboya bemigangatho yokukhusela umbane ye-IEC 62305 uya kufumana kuphela ukufihla kunye neenzipho zikaGqirha Peter Hasse.
Ixesha lifikile lokuba uluntu olukhusela umbane kwilizwe liphela lujongane naloo nyaniso kwaye lucime usetyenziso olunyanzelekileyo lwezo parameter ukusuka kwimigangatho.
Ukungqubana kwemidla kunye noxanduva lokuphendula
Asenzi sityholo sokuziphatha gwenxa. Akukho mfuneko yakwenza oko. Sixela kuphela okwenzekileyo. Nokuba bekukho okungalunganga, bekuya kuba kudala kwaxolelwa yimimiselo efanelekileyo yokusikelwa umda. Lixesha elizayo elibalulekileyo, hayi eladlulayo.
Ukugqubana kwemidla
Kunzima ukungacingi malunga nokungqubana okunokubakho komdla okwenzeka kule meko. Ngaba kwakulungile kuMlawuli oLawulayo weshishini elirhwebayo njengoDehn noSohne, ukuba bayile izixhobo emini ngelixa, ebusuku, bethatha impembelelo enkulu kangaka kwiikomiti zemigangatho yamanye amazwe ukuba baya kuchaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo?
IKomiti yeSizwe yase-CIGRE yaseMelika isebenzisa iNkqubo yeenqobo ezisesikweni ngaphandle kwendlela engenangqondo ekuziphatheni okunje: “Umgaqo-nkqubo weKomiti yeSizwe yase-US ufuna ukuba onke amalungu aphephe ukungqubana komdla okwenyani okanye okubonakalayo. Owona ungquzulwano ngumdla wobuqu osenokubangela umntu obukeleyo azimele ukuba agqibe kwelokuba umntu oqhuba ishishini leKomiti yeSizwe yase-US akanakho ukwenza isigqibo esingakhethi cala, anike… ingcebiso engakhethi cala, asebenzise isigwebo esizimeleyo, okanye abe nenjongo ngokubhekisele kwi ... iziphumo zobugcisa . Ukungqubana okubonakalayo komdla kwenzeka xa izinto zakho zobuqu zinokubangela umntu obukeleyo ukuba abuze ukuba umntu oqhuba ushishino egameni leKomiti yeSizwe yase-US angenza ngokufanelekileyo na. ”
Ngelixa siqonda ukuba iikomiti zemigangatho kufuneka zihlala zixhomekeke kwinkxaso yamashishini orhwebo ukuze zenze umsebenzi wazo, kubonakala ngathi uhlobo oluthile lokongamela okanye umsebenzi wokubukela wawulahlekile kakhulu kule meko.
Ukuphendula
Ukuba wakhe wawufunda umgangatho we-IEC uyakubona kwangoko ukuziqhelanisa okunokuthi konke kodwa kuqinisekise ukukhuthaza ukungabikho koxanduva kunye nokusilela koxanduva lokuphendula kwicala lababhali bemigangatho. Sibhekisa kwinto yokuba imigangatho ye-IEC ayibonisi ukuba ngubani oyibhalileyo.
Nabani na obhala umgangatho, amagama abo bekungcono ukuba abekho kuwo ukuze babenoxanduva lokuphendula xa ingxaki ijika kwindawo ethile ezantsi kwendlela. Kwaye hayi igama kuphela. Koko kufuneka kongezwe ukudityaniswa komntu kwaye ngubani omhlawulayo ukuba eze kwiintlanganiso. Naluphi na unxibelelwano olufihliweyo kufuneka lwenze ukuba umbhali oqhelekileyo abe noxanduva lokutshutshiswa kwaseburhulumenteni kunye / okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho.
