Inkqubo yokuNikezelwa kwaMandla (TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS, TT, IT)
Inkqubo esisiseko yokuhambisa umbane esetyenziselwa unikezelo lwamandla kwiiprojekthi zolwakhiwo zigaba ezintathu-zecingo ezintathu kunye nesigaba sesithathu senkqubo yocingo ezine njl njl, kodwa intsingiselo yala magama ayingqongqo kakhulu. IKhomishini ye-Electrotechnical International (IEC) yenze amalungiselelo afanayo koku, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-TT system, TN system, kunye ne-IT system. Yeyiphi inkqubo ye-TN eyahlula-hlulwe yinkqubo ye-TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS. Oku kulandelayo kukwazisa ngokufutshane kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zonikezelo lwamandla.
inkqubo yonikezelo lwamandla
Ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela kunye nesigama esichazwe yi-IEC, iinkqubo zokuhambisa amandla ombane ophantsi zikwahlulwe zaziindidi ezintathu ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokumisa, ezizezi iinkqubo zeTT, TN, kunye neIT, kwaye zichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
Inkqubo yokuhambisa umbane ye-TN-C
Inkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwendlela ye-TN-C isebenzisa umgca ongathathi hlangothi njengomgca wokukhusela u-zero, onokuthiwa ngumgca wokukhusela ongathathi hlangothi kwaye unokumelwa yi-PEN.
Inkqubo yokuhambisa umbane ye-TN-CS
Ukunikezelwa kwamandla okwethutyana kwenkqubo ye-TN-CS, ukuba icandelo langaphambili lixhotyiswe ngendlela ye-TN-C, kwaye ikhowudi yokwakha ichaza ukuba indawo yokwakha kufuneka isebenzise inkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla ka-TN-S, ibhokisi yokuhambisa iyonke inokuba yahlulwe ngasemva kwinkqubo. Ngaphandle komgca we-PE, amanqaku enkqubo ye-TN-CS imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
1) Ukusebenza komgca we-zero N uqhagamshelwe kumgca wokhuselo okhethekileyo we-PE. Xa i-current engalinganiyo yomgca inkulu, ukukhuselwa okungu-zero kwezixhobo zombane kuchaphazeleka ngamandla e-zero. Inkqubo ye-TN-CS inokuwanciphisa amandla ombane wezindlu emhlabeni, kodwa ayinakuphelisa ngokupheleleyo le volthi. Ubungakanani balo mbane kuxhomekeke kukungalingani kwemithambo kunye nobude balo mgca. Okungalinganiyo komthwalo kunye nokuya kweyeyona ntambo, kokukhona amandla ombane esisixhobo sokuhlala asemhlabeni. Ke ngoko, kuyafuneka ukuba umthwalo ongalinganiyo wangoku kufuneka ungabi mkhulu kakhulu, kwaye umgca we-PE kufuneka ubekwe phantsi rhoqo.
2) Umgca we-PE awunakungena kumkhuseli wokuvuza phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko, kuba isikhuseli sokuvuza esiphelweni somgca siya kubangela ukuba isikhuseli sokuvuza esingaphambili sikhubeke kwaye sibangele ukusilela kwamandla amakhulu.
3) Ukongeza kumgca we-PE kufuneka uqhagamshelwe kumgca we-N kwibhokisi ngokubanzi, umgca we-N kunye nomgca we-PE akufuneki uqhagamshelwe kwamanye amacandelo. Akukho tshintshi kunye nefusi ziya kufakwa kumgca we-PE, kwaye akukho mhlaba uya kusetyenziswa njenge-PE. umgca.
Ngolu hlalutyo lungentla, inkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwe-TN-CS iguqulwe okwethutyana kwinkqubo ye-TN-C. Xa isigaba sesithathu sombane sisebenza kakuhle kwaye imeko yamanqanaba amathathu ilinganisiwe, ifuthe lenkqubo ye-TN-CS kulwakhiwo lombane lusasebenza. Nangona kunjalo, kwimeko yokungalingani kwamanqanaba amanqanaba amathathu kunye nokuguqula amandla okuzinikela kwindawo yokwakha, kufuneka kusetyenziswe inkqubo ye-TN-S yokuhambisa umbane.
Inkqubo yokuhambisa umbane ye-TN-S
Inkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwenkqubo ye-TN-S yinkqubo yokuhambisa umbane eyahlula ngokungqongqo ukusebenza kwe-N engasebenziyo kumgca wokhuselo we-PE. Ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwe-TN-S. Iimpawu zenkqubo yokuhambisa umbane nge-TN-S zezi zilandelayo.
I-1) Xa inkqubo isebenza ngesiqhelo, akukho lwangoku kumgca wokukhusela ozinikeleyo, kodwa kukho ukungalingani okwangoku kumgca wokusebenza we-zero. Akukho mbane kumgca we-PE emhlabeni, ke ukukhuselwa okungathethekiyo kweqokobhe lesinyithi kwizixhobo zombane kuqhagamshelwe kumtya okhethekileyo wokukhusela i-PE, ekhuselekileyo nethembekileyo.
2) Umgca wokusebenza ongathathi hlangothi usetyenziswa kuphela njengesigaba sokulayisha umthwalo wesigaba esinye.
3) Umgca okhuselekileyo wokukhusela i-PE awuvunyelwe ukuba wophule umgca, kwaye awunakungena kwiswitshi yokuvuza.
4) Ukuba isikhuseli sokuvuza komhlaba sisetyenzisiwe kumgca we-L, umgca osebenzayo we-zero awufanelanga ukuba ungqinwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kwaye umgca we-PE uphindaphinde ukumisa umhlaba, kodwa awudluli kumkhuseli wokuvuza komhlaba, ngoko ke umkhuseli wokuvuza unokufakwa kwinkqubo ye-TN-S yokuhambisa umbane nge-L.
5) Inkqubo yokuhambisa umbane ye-TN-S ikhuselekile kwaye ithembekile, ilungele iinkqubo zombane eziphantsi ezinje ngezakhiwo zorhwebo nezoluntu. Inkqubo yokuhambisa umbane ye-TN-S kufuneka isetyenziswe ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe imisebenzi yokwakha.
Inkqubo yokuhambisa umbane yeTT
Indlela ye-TT ibhekisa kwinkqubo ekhuselayo ebeka ngokuthe ngqo izindlu zesinyithi zesixhobo sombane, esibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yomhlaba okhuselayo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-TT. Isimboli yokuqala T ibonisa ukuba indawo engathathi hlangothi yenkqubo yamandla isekwe ngqo; uphawu lwesibini T lubonisa ukuba icandelo lesixhobo sokulayisha elingatyhilelwanga emzimbeni ophilayo lixhumeke ngqo emhlabeni, nokuba inkqubo isekwe njani. Konke ukuthathwa komthwalo kwinkqubo ye-TT kubizwa ngokuba kukhuseleko lomhlaba. Iimpawu zale nkqubo yokuhambisa umbane zezi zilandelayo.
1) Xa iqokobhe lesinyithi lezixhobo zombane lihlawulisiwe (umgca wesigaba uchukumisa iqokobhe okanye izixhobo zokugquma zonakele kwaye ziyavuza), ukhuseleko lomhlaba lunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokothuka kombane. Nangona kunjalo, i-low-voltage circuit breakers (iitshintshi ezizenzekelayo) ayinyanzelekanga ukuba ikhubeke, ibangele amandla ombane ovuzayo emhlabeni wesixhobo sokuvuza ukuba abe ngaphezulu kunevolthi ekhuselekileyo, eyingozi yombane.
2) Xa ukuvuza kwangoku kuncinci, nokuba i-fuse ayinako ukuvuthela. Ke ngoko, umkhuseli wokuvuza uyafuneka ukukhuselwa. Ke ngoko, inkqubo ye-TT kunzima ukuyandisa.
3) Isixhobo esisisiseko senkqubo ye-TT sisebenzisa isinyithi esikhulu, kwaye kunzima ukuphinda usebenzise kwakhona, ixesha kunye nezinto zokusebenza.
Okwangoku, ezinye iiyunithi zokwakha zisebenzisa inkqubo ye-TT. Xa iyunithi yokwakha iboleka unikezelo lwayo lokusetyenziswa kombane okwethutyana, kusetyenziswa umgca wokhuseleko okhethekileyo ukunciphisa inani lesinyithi esisetyenziselwe isixhobo somhlaba.
Yahlula-hlula umgca wokhuselo okhethekileyo we-PE kumgca osebenzayo we-N, ophawulwa ngu:
1 Akukho qhagamshelo lombane phakathi komgca womhlaba kunye nomgca wokusebenza ongathathi hlangothi;
2 Kwisiqhelo sokusebenza, umgca osebenzayo we-zero unokuba nowangoku, kwaye umgca wokhuselo okhethekileyo awunawo owangoku;
Inkqubo ye-TT ilungele iindawo apho ukhuseleko lomhlaba lusasazeke kakhulu.
Inkqubo yokuhambisa umbane ye-TN
Inkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwendlela ye-TN Olu hlobo lwenkqubo yokuhambisa umbane yinkqubo yokhuselo edibanisa indlu yesinyithi yezixhobo zombane kunye nocingo olungasebenziyo. Ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokukhusela zero kwaye imelwe yi-TN. Iimpawu zayo zezi zilandelayo.
1) Xa isixhobo sinikwe amandla, inkqubo yokhuselo ewela zero ingonyusa ukuvuza okukhoyo ngoku kumjikelo wexeshana. Le yangoku ngamaxesha ama-5.3 amakhulu kunale yenkqubo ye-TT. Ngokwenyani, sisiphoso esinye sesigaba esifutshane kunye nefuse fuse iya kuvuthuza. Iyunithi yohambo lwekhefu yesekethe enevolthi ephantsi iya kuhamba kwangoko kunye nokuhamba, isenze ukuba isixhobo esingalunganga sinikwe amandla kwaye sikhuseleke.
2) Inkqubo ye-TN igcina izinto kunye neeyure zomntu kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumazwe amaninzi kunye nakumazwe e-China. Ibonisa ukuba inkqubo ye-TT inezibonelelo ezininzi. Kwinkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwendlela ye-TN, yahlulwe yabe-TN-C kunye ne-TN-S ngokungqinelana nokuba umgca wokhuselo lwe-zero wahlulwe kumgca wokusebenza kwe-zero.
Umgaqo wokusebenza:
Kwinkqubo ye-TN, iindawo eziveziweyo ezihamba nazo zonke izixhobo zombane ziqhagamshelwe kumgca wokhuselo kwaye zixhunywe kwinqanaba lomhlaba lombane. Le ndawo yomhlaba ihlala ingathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo yokuhambisa amandla. Inkqubo yamandla yenkqubo ye-TN inenqaku elinye elizimeleyo ngokuthe ngqo. Inxalenye ebonakalayo yombane eqhuba ngesixhobo esi sombane iqhagamshelwe kweli nqanaba ngombane okhuselayo. Inkqubo ye-TN ihlala iyinkqubo yegridi yamacala amathathu engathathi hlangothi. Uphawu lwayo kukuba indawo ebonakalayo yezixhobo zombane iqhagamshelwe ngokuthe ngqo kumhlaba wenkqubo. Xa isekethe emfutshane isenzeka, i-short-circuit current yinto evaliweyo eyenziwe ngocingo lwentsimbi. Isiphaluka esifutshane sesinyithi esisodwa senziwa, sikhokelela kwimo yangoku emfutshane ngokwaneleyo ukuba isixhobo esikhuselayo sisebenze ngokuthembekileyo ukuze sisuse isiphoso. Ukuba umgca wokusebenza ongathathi hlangothi (N) uphinda-phindwe emhlabeni, xa ityala lifutshane, ixesha langoku linokuphambukiswa kwindawo ephindaphindayo, enokubangela ukuba isixhobo sokhuselo sisilele ukusebenza ngokuthembekileyo okanye ukunqanda ukusilela, ngokwenjenje ukwandisa isiphoso. Kwinkqubo ye-TN, oko kukuthi, inkqubo yeengcingo ezintathu zenqanaba lesithathu, i-N-line kunye ne-PE-line zibekwe zodwa kwaye zigqunyiwe, kwaye umgca we-PE uqhagamshelwe kwindlu yesixhobo sombane endaweni N-umgca. Ke ngoko, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu esiyikhathaleleyo kukubakho kocingo lwe-PE, hayi ukubakho kocingo lwe-N, ukuphindaphinda ukuzinza kwinkqubo ye-TN-S ayisiyonto iphindaphindwayo yocingo lwe-N. Ukuba umgca we-PE kunye no-N umgca ubumbene ngokudibeneyo, kuba umgca we-PE kunye no-N uqhagamshelwe kwindawo ephindaphindayo, umgca phakathi kwendawo ephindaphindayo yomhlaba kunye nenqaku lomhlaba osebenzayo kwisiguquli sokuhambisa awunantlukwano phakathi komgca we-PE kunye umgca weN. Umgca woqobo ngumgca weN. Ukungathathi hlangothi okwangoku okucingelwayo kwabelwana ngako ngomgca we-N kunye nomgca we-PE, kwaye inxenye yangoku ikhutshiwe ngendawo ephindaphindwayo yomhlaba. Ngenxa yokuba inokuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba akukho layini le-PE kwicala elingaphambili lendawo ephindaphindwayo yomhlaba, kuphela ngumgca wePEN oqukethe umgca wokuqala we-PE kunye nomgca we-N ngokuhambelana, izibonelelo zenkqubo yoqobo ye-TN-S ziya kulahleka, Ke umgca we-PE kunye no-N umgca awunakuba sisiseko esiqhelekileyo. Ngenxa yezi zizathu zingasentla, kucacisiwe gca kwimimiselo efanelekileyo ukuba umgca ongathathi hlangothi (okt N umgca) akufuneki ubekwe emhlabeni ngaphandle kwendawo yokungathathi hlangothi kunikezelo lwamandla.
Inkqubo ye-IT
Inkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwendlela ye-IT ndibonisa ukuba icala lokubonelela ngombane alinawo umhlaba wokusebenza, okanye ungaphantsi kumqobo omkhulu. Unobumba wesibini u-T ubonakalisa ukuba icala lezixhobo zombane zisezantsi.
Inkqubo yokunikezelwa kwamandla kwendlela ye-IT inokuthenjwa okuphezulu kunye nokhuseleko olululo xa umgama wokuhambisa umbane ungekho kudala. Ihlala isetyenziswa kwiindawo apho kungacinywa ukucinywa kombane, okanye kwiindawo apho kufuneka unikezelo lwamandla olungqongqo, olufana nokwenza intsimbi yombane, amagumbi okusebenza kwizibhedlele ezinkulu, kunye nemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba. Iimeko zonikezelo lwamandla kwimigodi engaphantsi komhlaba ziphantsi kakhulu kwaye iintambo zichaphazeleka kukufuma. Usebenzisa inkqubo ye-IT, nokuba indawo yokungathathi hlangothi kunikezelo lwamandla ayisekelwanga emhlabeni, nje ukuba isixhobo sivuza, amandla okuvuza komhlaba asemancinci asemncinci kwaye awuyi konakalisa ibhalansi yombane wombane. Ke ngoko, ikhuselekile kunenkqubo yokuhambisa umbane engathathi hlangothi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unikezelo lwamandla lusetyenziselwa umgama omde, amandla asasaziweyo omgca wokuhambisa umbane emhlabeni awunakuhoywa. Xa isiphoso esifutshane okanye ukuvuza komthwalo kubangela ukuba imeko yesixhobo siphile, ukuvuza okukhoyo kuya kwenza umgaqo emhlabeni kwaye isixhobo sokhuselo asizukusebenza. Oku kuyingozi. Kuphela kuxa umbane wokuhambisa umbane ungekho mde kukhuselekile. Olu hlobo lonikezelo lwamandla lunqabile kwindawo yokwakha.
Intsingiselo yoonobumba I, T, N, C, S
1) Kwisimboli yendlela yonikezelo lwamandla echazwe yiKhomishini ye-Electrotechnical International (IEC), ileta yokuqala imele ubudlelwane phakathi kwenkqubo yamandla nomhlaba. Umzekelo, i-T ibonisa ukuba indawo yokungathathi hlangothi isekwe ngqo; Ndibonisa ukuba unikezelo lwamandla lubekelwe bucala emhlabeni okanye inqaku elinye lombane liqhagamshelwe emhlabeni ngokudibana okuphezulu (umzekelo, 1000 Ω;) (I le leta yokuqala yegama lesiFrentshi ukwahlulwa kwegama "ukubekwa wedwa").
2) Ileta yesibini ibonisa isixhobo esisebenza ngombane esiveliswe emhlabeni. Umzekelo, T kuthetha ukuba iqokobhe lesixhobo lisekwe. Ayinabudlelwane ngokuthe ngqo nayo nayiphi na enye indawo yomgangatho kwinkqubo. N kuthetha ukuba umthwalo ukhuselwe ngu-zero.
3) Ileta yesithathu ibonisa ukudityaniswa kokusebenza zero kunye nomgca wokukhusela. Umzekelo, C ibonisa ukuba umgca wokungathathi hlangothi kunye nomgca wokhuseleko ukodwa, njenge-TN-C; S ibonisa ukuba umgca wokungathathi hlangothi kunye nomgca wokukhusela uhlukaniswe ngokungqongqo, ngoko umgca we-PE ubizwa ngokuba ngumgca wokukhusela, njenge-TN-S.
Kwinethiwekhi yombane, inkqubo yomhlaba yindlela yokhuselo ekhusela ubomi bomntu nezixhobo zombane. Njengoko iinkqubo zomhlaba ziyohluka ngokwamazwe, kubalulekile ukuba nokuqonda okuhle kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkqubo zomhlaba njengoko amandla e-PV afakelweyo eqhubeka esanda. Eli nqaku lijolise ekuphononongeni iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ngokomgangatho weKhomishini ye-Electrotechnical International (IEC) kunye nefuthe labo kuyilo lwenkqubo yomhlaba yenkqubo ye-PV eqhagamshelwe kwiGridi.
Injongo ye-Earthing
Iinkqubo ze-Earthing zibonelela ngemisebenzi yokhuseleko ngokubonelela ngofakelo lombane ngendlela ephantsi yokuthintela naziphi na iimpazamo kwinethiwekhi yombane. I-Earthing ikwasebenza njengendawo ekubhekiswa kuyo kumthombo wombane kunye nezixhobo zokhuseleko ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo.
Izinto zokwenza izixhobo zombane ngokwesiqhelo zifezekiswa ngokufaka i-electrode kubunzima obomeleleyo bomhlaba kunye nokudibanisa le electrode kwizixhobo kusetyenziswa umqhubi. Kukho iingcinga ezimbini ezinokwenziwa malunga nayo nayiphi na inkqubo yomhlaba:
1. Amandla omhlaba asebenza njengereferensi emileyo (okt zero volts) yeenkqubo eziqhagamshelekileyo. Kananjalo, nayiphi na ikhondaktha eqhagamshelwe kwi-electrode yomhlaba iya kubanakho ukubhekisa kwisakhono.
2. Iikhondaktha zezinto zokufaka izinto kunye nesiteki somhlaba zibonelela ngendlela engaxhathisiyo ukuya emhlabeni.
Izinto zokhuselo
Umhlaba okhuselayo kukufakwa kwabaqhubi bomhlaba abacwangciselwe ukunciphisa amathuba okonzakala kwimpazamo yombane ngaphakathi kwenkqubo. Kwimeko apho kukho impazamo, izinto zentsimbi ezingekhoyo ngoku zenkqubo ezinje ngeefreyimu, ukubiyela kunye nokuvalela njl.njl. Zingafezekisa amandla ombane aphezulu ngokubhekisele emhlabeni ukuba azidanga. Ukuba umntu unxibelelana nezixhobo phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, baya kufumana umothuko wombane.
Ukuba iinxalenye zesinyithi zidityanisiwe kumhlaba okhuselayo, isiphoso sangoku siya kuhamba ngomqhubi womhlaba kwaye sive ngezixhobo zokhuseleko, eziya kuthi ngokukhuselekileyo zihlukanise isekethe.
Umhlaba okhuselayo unokufezekiswa ngoku:
- Ukufaka inkqubo yokomhlaba okhuselayo apho iindawo eziqhubayo zidibene nokungathathi cala kwenkqubo yokuhambisa ngokudlula kweziqhubi.
- Ukufakela izixhobo zokukhusela ezihamba ngokugqithileyo okanye ukuvuza komhlaba okusebenzayo ukunqamla indawo echaphazelekayo kufakelo ngaphakathi kwexesha elichaziweyo kunye nemida yeethowuni.
Umqhubi okhuselayo womhlaba kufuneka abenakho ukuthwala isiphoso esinokubakho ixesha elilinganayo okanye elikhulu kunexesha lokusebenza kwesixhobo esikhuselayo.
Umsebenzi weNdlebe
Ekusebenzeni komhlaba, nayiphi na indawo ephilayo yezixhobo (nokuba ngu '+' okanye '-') zinokudityaniswa nenkqubo yomhlaba ngenjongo yokubonelela ngendawo ekubhekiswa kuyo ukuze isebenze ngokuchanekileyo. Abaqhubi abenzelwanga ukumelana nokuphazamiseka kwemisinga. Ngokuhambelana ne-AS / NZS5033: 2014, ukusebenza komhlaba kuvunyelwe kuphela xa kukho ukwahlula okulula phakathi kwamacala e-DC kunye ne-AC (okt isiguquli) ngaphakathi kwe-inverter.
Iindidi zoqwalaselo lomhlaba
Ukucwangciswa kwento yendlebe kunokucwangciswa ngokwahlukileyo kunikezelo nakwicala lokulayisha ngelixa kufezekiswa iziphumo ezifanayo. Umgangatho wehlabathi i-IEC 60364 (ukufakelwa kombane kwezakhiwo) ichonga iintsapho ezintathu zomhlaba, ezichazwe kusetyenziswa isazisi esineeleta ezimbini zefom 'XY'. Kwimeko yeenkqubo ze-AC, u-'X 'uchaza ubumbeko lwabaqhubi bezopolitiko abangathathi hlangothi kunye nomhlaba kwicala lenkqubo (okt umvelisi / isiguquli), kunye no' Y 'ichaza ubumbeko / lomhlaba kwicala lomthwalo wenkqubo (okt. ibhodi yokutshintsha ephambili kunye nemithwalo edityanisiweyo). 'X' kunye 'Y' banokuthatha la maxabiso alandelayo:
T - Umhlaba (ovela kwisiFrentshi 'Terre')
N - cala
Ndi-Banzi
Kwaye iiseti zolu cwangciso zinokuchazwa kusetyenziswa amaxabiso:
S - Yahlule
C - Idityanisiwe
Sebenzisa ezi, ezi ntsapho zintathu zomhlaba zichazwe kwi-IEC 60364 zi-TN, apho unikezelo lombane lwacocwa kunye nemithwalo yabathengi ifakwa ngokungathathi hlangothi, TT, apho unikezelo lombane kunye nemithwalo yabathengi yahlulwa ngokwahlukeneyo, kunye ne-IT, apho kulayishwa kuphela abathengi abantu.
Inkqubo yomhlaba ye-TN
Inqaku elinye kwicala lomthombo (ngesiqhelo indawo ekubhekiswa kuyo engathathi hlangothi kwinkqubo enqamleze inkwenkwezi-inqanaba lesithathu) iqhagamshele ngqo emhlabeni. Nasiphi na isixhobo sombane esidityaniswe nenkqubo siyakhutshwa ngendlela yokudibanisa efanayo kwicala lomthombo. Olu hlobo lweenkqubo zomhlaba zidinga ii-electrode zomhlaba ngamaxesha onke kufakelo.
Usapho lwe-TN linee-subsets ezintathu, ezahluka ngokwendlela yokwahlulahlula / indibaniselwano yomhlaba kunye nabaqhubi abangathathi cala.
I-TN-S: I-TN-S ichaza ulungiselelo apho abaqhubi abahlukileyo boMhlaba oKhuselayo (i-PE) kunye nokungathathi cala kuqhutywa kwimithwalo yabathengi evela kunikezelo lwamandla esiza (okt umvelisi okanye isiguquli). Abaqhubi be-PE kunye ne-N bahlukaniswe phantse kuwo onke amacandelo enkqubo kwaye banxibelelana kuphela kunikezelo ngokwalo. Olu hlobo lomhlaba luqhele ukusetyenziswa kubathengi abakhulu abanesiguquli esinye seHV / LV abazinikele kufakelo lwabo, ezifakwe kufutshane okanye ngaphakathi kwendawo yomthengi.
Inkqubo ye-1-TN-S
I-TN-C: I-TN-C ichaza ulungiselelo apho uMdibaniso woMhlaba oKhuselayo-wokungathathi hlangothi (PEN) uqhagamshelwe emhlabeni kumthombo. Olu hlobo lomhlaba alusetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo e-Australia ngenxa yomngcipheko onxulunyaniswa nomlilo kwiindawo ezinobungozi nangenxa yobukho be-harmonic currents ezenza ukuba zingalungelanga izixhobo ze-elektroniki. Ukongeza, ngokwe-IEC 60364-4-41- ((Ukhuselo lokhuseleko- uKhuselo kukothuka kombane), i-RCD ayinakusetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-TN-C.
Inkqubo ye-2-TN-C
I-TN-CS: I-TN-CS ichaza ukuseta apho icala lokubonelela lenkqubo lisebenzisa umqhubi we-PEN odibeneyo womhlaba, kwaye icala lomthwalo wenkqubo lisebenzisa umqhubi ohlukileyo we-PE kunye no-N. Olu hlobo lomhlaba lusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa kuzo zombini i-Australia kunye ne-New Zealand kwaye kuhlala kubhekiswa kuyo njengendawo engathathi hlangothi emhlabeni (MEN). Kumthengi we-LV, inkqubo ye-TN-C ifakiwe phakathi kwesiguquli sesiza kunye nendawo, (ukungathathi hlangothi kufunyanwa amaxesha amaninzi kweli candelo), kwaye inkqubo ye-TN-S isetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwepropathi ngokwayo (ukusuka kwi-Main switchchboard ezantsi ). Xa ujonga le nkqubo iyonke, iphathwa njenge-TN-CS.
Inkqubo ye-3-TN-CS
Ukongeza, ngokwe-IEC 60364-4-41- ((Ukhuselo lokhuseleko- uKhuselo kukothuka kombane), apho i-RCD isetyenziswa kwinkqubo ye-TN-CS, i-PEN conductor ayinakusetyenziswa kwicala lomthwalo. Unxibelelwano lomqhubi okhuselayo kumqhubi wePEN kufuneka lwenziwe kwicala lomthombo weRCD.
Inkqubo yomhlaba yeTT
Ngoqwalaselo lwe-TT, abathengi basebenzisa uqhagamshelo lwabo lomhlaba ngaphakathi kwendawo, ezimeleyo kulo naluphi na unxibelelwano lomhlaba kwicala lomthombo. Olu hlobo lomhlaba luqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko apho umnikezeli ngenkonzo yenethiwekhi yokuhambisa (i-DNSP) engenakuqinisekisa unxibelelwano lwee-voltage ezisezantsi kunikezelo lwamandla. Umhlaba we-TT wawuqhelekile e-Australia ngaphambi kowe-1980 kwaye usasetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo zelizwe.
Ngeenkqubo zomhlaba ze-TT, i-RCD iyafuneka kuzo zonke iisekethi zamandla e-AC kukhuseleko olufanelekileyo.
Ngokwe-IEC 60364-4-41 nganye, zonke iindawo ezihamba nazo ezikhuselweyo ngokudibeneyo zikhuselwe sisixhobo esifanayo sokukhusela ziya kudityaniswa ngabaqhubi bezokhuseleko kwi-electrode yomhlaba eqhelekileyo kuzo zonke ezo ndawo.
Inkqubo ye-4-TT
Inkqubo yomhlaba
Kulungiselelo lomhlaba lwe-IT, akukho mhlaba ubonelelweyo, okanye wenziwa ngonxibelelwano oluphezulu lwe-impedance. Olu hlobo lomhlaba alusetyenziswanga kuthungelwano lokusasaza kodwa luhlala lusetyenziswa kwizitishi kunye nakwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo ezibonelelwa ngumvelisi. Ezi nkqubo ziyakwazi ukubonelela ngokuqhubeka kokubonelela ngexesha lokusebenza.
Umzobo 5 - Inkqubo yeIT
Iziphumo zenkqubo ye-PV yomhlaba
Uhlobo lwenkqubo yomhlaba eqeshiweyo kulo naliphi na ilizwe iya kuyalela uhlobo loyilo lwenkqubo yomhlaba efunekayo kwiinkqubo ze-PV eziDityanisiweyo; Iinkqubo ze-PV ziphathwa njengejenreyitha (okanye umthombo wesekethe) kwaye kufuneka zenziwe ngolo hlobo.
Umzekelo, amazwe asebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwe-TT yohlobo lomhlaba ulungiselelo luya kufuna umngxuma owahlukileyo womhlaba kumacala omabini e-DC kunye ne-AC ngenxa yelungiselelo lomhlaba. Xa kuthelekiswa, kwilizwe apho kusetyenziswa ulungiselelo lomhlaba lohlobo lwe-TN-CS, ukunxibelelanisa inkqubo ye-PV kunye ne-bar ephambili yomhlaba kwi-switchboard kwanele ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zenkqubo yomhlaba.
Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba zikho kwihlabathi liphela kwaye ukuqondwa kakuhle koqwalaselo olwahlukeneyo lomhlaba kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo ze-PV zifunyanwa ngokufanelekileyo.
