Cinga ngokhuseleko olukhulayo njengebouncer kwiklabhu yasebusuku. Unokuvumela kuphela abantu abathile ukuba bangene kwaye abagxothe ngokukhawuleza. Ukufumana umdla ngakumbi? Ewe, isixhobo esihle sokukhusela indlu yonke senza into efanayo. Ivumela umbane kuphela ukuba ikhaya lakho lifuna kwaye hayi imilinganiselo engalawulekiyo evela kusetyenziso-emva koko lukhusela izixhobo zakho nakweyiphi na ingxaki enokuthi yenzeke kwi-surges ngaphakathi kwendlu. Izixhobo ezikhuselayo zendlu yonke (ii-SPDs) zihlala zinentambo kwibhokisi yenkonzo yombane kwaye ikufuphi ukukhusela zonke izixhobo zombane kunye neenkqubo zombane ekhaya.

Iipesenti ezingama-80 zokunyuka kwikhaya esizivelisayo.

Njengamacwecwe amaninzi okucinezela, siqhelekile, abakhuseli bendlu iphela basebenzisa ii-varistors zentsimbi (MOVs), ukukhupha amandla. Ii-MOVs zifumana i-rap embi kuba xa usenza amaqhekeza omnye unokuphelisa ngokufanelekileyo ukusebenziseka kwe-MOV. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo nezo zisetyenziswa kuninzi lwemichilo yokuphakama, ezikwinkqubo yendlu iphela zakhiwe ukukhusela amadangatye amakhulu kwaye anokuhlala iminyaka. Ngokutsho kweengcali, uninzi lwabakhi bamakhaya namhlanje banikezela ukhuselo lwendlu yonke njengama-adders aqhelekileyo ukunceda ukwahlula kunye nokunceda ukukhusela utyalo-mali lwabanini kwiinkqubo ze-elektroniki-ngakumbi xa ezinye zeenkqubo ezinobuzaza zinokuthengiswa ngumakhi wezindlu.

Nazi izinto ezi-5 omele uyazi malunga nokukhuselwa kwendlu yonke:

1. Amakhaya anesidingo esingaphezulu sokhuseleko lwendlu yonke namhlanje kunanini na ngaphambili.

Ingcali yethu ithi: "Kuninzi okutshintshileyo ekhaya kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo." Zininzi izinto ze-elektroniki, kwaye nakwizibane ezinee-LEDs, ukuba uthabathe ukwahlula i-LED kukho ibhodi yesekethe encinci apho. I-washers, dryer, izixhobo zombane nazo zineebhodi zesekethe namhlanje, ke kuninzi kakhulu namhlanje ekufuneka kukhuselwe ekhaya ukusuka kumandla ombane-nditsho nokukhanya kwekhaya. "Zininzi iteknoloji esingena ezindlini zethu."

2. Umbane awuyiyo ingozi enkulu kwi-elektroniki nakwezinye iinkqubo ekhaya.

Ingcali ithi: “Uninzi lwabantu lucinga ngoqhaqho njengombane, kodwa ama-80 eepesenti amayeza adlulayo ayadlula [amafutshane, aqhuma ngamandla], kwaye siyazenzela nathi,” yatsho le ngcali. Zangaphakathi ekhaya. ” Iijenreyitha kunye nee-motors ezifana nezo zeeyunithi zokungenisa umoya kunye nezixhobo zombane zazisa ama-surges amancinci kwimigca yombane yekhaya. “Kunqabile ukuba umntu omnye enze utyando olukhulu athathe izixhobo kunye nayo yonke into ngaxeshanye,” ucacisa uPlaemer, kodwa ezo mini-surges kule minyaka zizakongeza, zijongela phantsi ukusebenza kwe-elektroniki kwaye zinciphise iindlela zazo eziluncedo.

3. Ukukhuselwa kwendlu iphela kukhusela ezinye izinto zombane.

Unokubuza, "Ukuba uninzi lweesundge eziyingozi endlwini zivela koomatshini abafana neeyunithi ze-AC kunye nezixhobo, kutheni uzikhathaza ngokukhuselwa kwendlu iphela kwipaneli yokuqhekeza?" Impendulo kukuba isixhobo okanye inkqubo kwisekethe ezinikeleyo, njengeyunithi yomoya, iya kuthumela ugqirha emva kwepaneli yesiphene, apho inokuvalwa ukukhusela yonke enye into esekhaya, utshilo oyingcali.

4. Ukukhuselwa kwendlu yonke kufuneka kulayishwe.

Ukuba isixhobo okanye isixhobo sithumela ukunyuka kwisekethe ekwabelwana ngayo phakathi kwezinye izixhobo kwaye singazinikeli, ke ezinye iindawo ezinokubakho zinokuchaphazeleka, kungenxa yoko le nto ungafuniyo kwiphaneli yombane. Ukukhuselwa kokunyuka kufuneka kubekiwe endlwini ukuze kungabikho kwinkonzo yombane ukukhusela ikhaya liphela nakwindawo yokusetyenziswa ukukhusela i-elektroniki ethe-ethe. Izixhobo zombane ezinamandla okunyanzelwa kokucinezelwa, kunye nokukwazi ukubonelela ngefilitha yamandla kwizixhobo zeaudiyo / zevidiyo, ziyacetyiswa kwiindawo ezininzi zemidlalo yeqonga kunye neenkqubo zokuzonwabisa zasekhaya.

5. Yintoni ekufuneka uyijongile kwizixhobo zokukhusela indlu yonke.

Uninzi lwamakhaya anenkonzo ye-120-volt inokukhuselwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nomkhuseli okhuselweyo okalwe ngama-80kA. Amathuba ukuba ikhaya alizukubona iipiki ezinkulu ze-50kA ukuya kwi-100kA. Nokuba umbane okufuphi ohamba phezu kweentambo zombane uya kupheliswa lixesha lokufika kwendlu. Ikhaya alisoze libone ukunyuka ngaphezulu kwe-10kA. Nangona kunjalo, isixhobo esikalwe nge-10kA esifumana unyuko lwe-10kA, umzekelo, sinokusebenzisa amandla aso okunyusa ukuqhubekeka kwe-MOV kunye nolo nyango lunye, ke into ngokokulandelelana kwama-80kA iyakuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala ixesha elide. Amakhaya aneepaneli ezingaphantsi kufuneka enokhuselo olumalunga nesiqingatha senqanaba le-kA yeyunithi ephambili. Ukuba kukho umbane omninzi kwindawo okanye ukuba kukho isakhiwo esisebenzisa oomatshini abakhulu kufutshane, jonga umlinganiso we-80kA.

Inkqubo yolawulo lomthwalo ivumela ulawulo lweshishini kunye neenjineli zoncedo ukuba zilawule xa umthwalo wongezwe okanye uphalazwa kwinkqubo yamandla, okwenza iinkqubo ezihambelanayo zomelele ngakumbi kwaye ziphucule umgangatho wamandla kwimithwalo ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokuvelisa umbane. Ngeyona ndlela ilula, ulawulo lomthwalo, ekwabizwa ngokuba yongeza umthwalo / isheduli okanye ulawulo lomthwalo, luvumela ukususwa kwemithwalo engabalulekanga xa amandla ombane ancitshisiwe okanye engakwazi ukuxhasa wonke umthwalo.

Ikuvumela ukuba umisele xa umthwalo kufuneka ulahlwe okanye wongezwe kwakhona

Ukuba imithwalo engabalulekanga iyasuswa, imithwalo ebalulekileyo inokugcina amandla phantsi kweemeko apho banokufumana amandla asezantsi ngenxa yemeko yokugcwala kakhulu okanye baphulukane namandla ngenxa yokuvalwa kokhuselo lomthombo wamandla. Ivumela ukususwa kwemithwalo engabalulekanga kwinkqubo yokuveliswa kwamandla ngokusekwe kwiimeko ezithile ezinje ngemeko yokugcwala komvelisi.

Ulawulo lomthwalo lwenza ukuba imithwalo ibekwe phambili kwaye isuswe okanye yongezwe, ngokusekwe kwiimeko ezithile ezinje ngomthwalo wenkunkuma, amandla ombane, okanye amaza e-AC. Kwinkqubo yejenreyitha ezininzi, ukuba ngaba umvelisi omnye uyacima okanye akafumaneki, ulawulo lomthwalo lwenza ukuba imithwalo esezantsi ibekwe ecaleni kunebhasi.

Iphucula umgangatho wamandla kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imithwalo iyasebenza

Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba imithwalo ebalulekileyo isasebenza nokuba nenkqubo enesakhono ngokubanzi esisezantsi kunoko bekucwangcisiwe. Ukongeza, ngokulawula ukuba mingaphi kwaye yeyiphi imithwalo engabalulekanga ephalazwayo, ulawulo lomthwalo lunokwenza ukuba inani eliphezulu lemithwalo engabalulekanga inikwe amandla ngokusekwe kubungakanani benkqubo. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, ulawulo lomthwalo lunokuphucula umgangatho wamandla.

Umzekelo, kwiinkqubo ezineemoto ezinkulu, ukuqala kweemotor kunokugxadazela ukuvumela inkqubo ezinzileyo njengoko imoto nganye iqala. Ukulawulwa kwemithwalo kungasetyenziselwa ukulawula ibhanki yokulayisha ke xa imithwalo ingaphantsi komda ofunwayo ibhanki yemithwalo inokusebenza, iqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle komvelisi.

Ulawulo lwemithwalo lunokubonelela ngoncedo umthwalo ukuba umvelisi omnye akwazi ukuqhagamshela ibhasi ngaphandle kokulayisha ngaphezulu kwangoko. Imithwalo inokongezwa ngokuthe chu, kunye nokulibaziseka kwexesha phakathi kokongeza umthwalo ngamnye ophambili, ukwenza ukuba umvelisi abuye kwakhona ombane kunye nokuhamba rhoqo phakathi kwamanyathelo.

Zininzi iimeko apho ulawulo lomthwalo lunokuphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokuvelisa umbane. Izicelo ezimbalwa apho ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lomthwalo inokuphunyezwa icaciswe apha ngezantsi.

• Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuhambelana
• Inkqubo yokufa ebaleni ifile
• Iinkqubo zomvelisi ezizodwa
• Iinkqubo ezineemfuno ezizodwa zokukhutshwa

Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuhambelana

Uninzi lweenkqubo ezisemgangathweni ezihambelanayo zisetyenzisile uhlobo oluthile lolawulo lomthwalo kuba umthwalo kufuneka unikwe amandla ngumvelisi omnye ngaphambi kokuba abanye bakwazi ukungqamanisa kuwo kwaye bongeze amandla okuvelisa amandla. Ukongeza, umvelisi omnye akanakho ukubonelela ngeemfuno zamandla kuwo wonke umthwalo.

Iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuthelekisa ziya kuqala zonke iijenreyitha ngaxeshanye, kodwa azinakho ukungqamanisa enye kwenye ngaphandle kokunika amandla ibhasi ehambelana nayo. Umvelisi omnye ukhethwa ukuba anike amandla ibhasi ukuze abanye bakwazi ukungqamana nayo. Nangona uninzi lwejenreyitha zihlala zingqamene kwaye ziqhagamshelwe kwibhasi ehambelana nayo kwimizuzwana embalwa yokuvalwa kokuqala komvelisi, ayiqhelekanga kwinkqubo yolungelelwaniso ukuthatha umzuzu, ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba umthwalo ongaphezulu wenze ukuba umvelisi avaliwe uzikhusele.

Ezinye iijenreyitha zingasondela kwibhasi efileyo emva kokuba umenzi wenkunkuma evaliwe, kodwa baya kuba nomthwalo ofanayo obangele ukuba enye i-generator igcwaliswe ngaphezulu, ngenxa yoko banokuthi baziphathe ngokufanayo (ngaphandle kokuba iijenreyitha zingobukhulu obahlukileyo). Ukongeza, kunokuba nzima kubavelisi ukuvumelanisa ibhasi egcwele umthwalo ngenxa yamandla ombane angaqhelekanga kunye namanqanaba okuhamba rhoqo okanye ukuhla kwamaxesha kunye namandla ombane, ke ukubandakanywa kolawulo lomthwalo kunokunceda ukuzisa iijenreyitha ezongezelelweyo kwi-intanethi ngokukhawuleza.

Ukubonelela ngomgangatho wamandla kwimithwalo ebalulekileyo

Inkqubo emiselweyo yokulawula umthwalo iya kuthi ibonelele ngokusemgangathweni kumgangatho ophakamileyo wamandla kwimithwalo ebalulekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yolungelelwaniso ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iijenreyitha ezikwi-Intanethi azisindwa ngaphezulu, nokuba inkqubo yolungelelwaniso ithatha ixesha elide kunokuba bekulindelwe. Ulawulo lomthwalo lunokuphunyezwa ngeendlela ezininzi. Iinkqubo zokumatanisa eziqhelekileyo zihlala zilawulwa ngokuhambelana nokutshintsha kwesixhobo, esi switchgear esihambelanayo siqulathe ulawulo lwengcinga (PLC) okanye esinye isixhobo esinengqondo esilawula ukulandelelana kokusebenza kwenkqubo. Isixhobo esineengcinga ezikwi-switchgear ehambelanayo sinokwenza ulawulo lomthwalo.

Ukulawulwa kwemithwalo kunokwenziwa yinkqubo yokulawula umthwalo eyahlukileyo, enokuthi ibonelele ngemitha okanye isebenzise ulwazi oluhambelana nolawulo lweswitsgear ehambelanayo ukumisela ukulayishwa kwenkunkuma kunye nokuhamba rhoqo. Inkqubo yolawulo lokwakha inokwenza nokulawulwa kwemithwalo, ilawula imithwalo ngokulawulwa kweliso kunye nokuphelisa isidingo sokutshintsha ukuphazamisa amandla kubo.

Iinkqubo ezihambelana nomhlaba ofileyo

Intsimi efileyo ehambelana nokwahluka kumgangatho ohambelana nawo wokuba zonke iijenreyitha zinokuthelekiswa ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze ombane weevolthi kwaye amasimi enye into anemincili.

Ukuba zonke iijenreyitha kwinkqubo yokufa ebaleni ehambelana nesiqhelo ziqala ngesiqhelo, inkqubo yamandla ifikelela kumandla ombane kunye nokuhamba rhoqo kunye namandla okuphehla amandla apheleleyo okubonelela ngomthwalo. Ngenxa yokuba ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo lokufa ngokulandelelana akufuneki ukuba kubekho umvelisi omnye ukunika amandla ibhasi ehambelanayo, ulawulo lomthwalo akufuneki ukuba ludwe umthwalo ngexesha lokuqalisa kwenkqubo yesiqhelo.

Nangona kunjalo, njengeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zokuhambelana, ukuqala nokumisa iijenreyitha ezizodwa kunokwenzeka ngentsimi efileyo efanayo. Ukuba umvelisi uphantsi ngenkonzo okanye uyeka ngenxa yesinye isizathu, ezinye iijenreyitha zisenokugcwaliswa ngaphezulu. Ke, ulawulo lomthwalo lusenokuba luncedo kwezi zicelo, ngokufanayo kwiinkqubo ezifanayo.

Ukuhambelana kwentsimi efileyo kuhlala kwenziwa ngabalawuli bejenareyitha abanokulingana, kodwa banokwenziwa ngofakelo oluhambelana nokutshintsha. Abalawuli be-generator abanamandla afanayo bahlala bebonelela ngomthwalo wolawulo owakhelweyo, bevumela umthwalo ophambili ukuba ulawulwe ngokuthe ngqo ngabalawuli kunye nokuphelisa isidingo sokuhambelana nokulawula ii-switchgear.

Iinkqubo zeJenereta eNye

Iinkqubo zomvelisi ezizodwa zihlala zintsonkothile kunezinye ezifanayo. Ezo nkqubo zinokusebenzisa ulawulo lomthwalo kumlawuli wenkunkuma ukulawula imithwalo xa iphantsi kwemithwalo yangaphakathi okanye ulwahlulo lomthwalo.

Umthwalo okhoyo okomzuzwana-ofana nokubanda, ii-oveni zokungenisa kunye neelifti-awutsali mandla aqhubekayo, kodwa unokutshintsha amandla ngokukhawuleza nangokubalaseleyo. Ukulawulwa kwemithwalo kunokuba luncedo kwiimeko apho umvelisi ekwazi ukuphatha umthwalo oqhelekileyo, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile imithwalo enqamlezileyo inokunyusa umthwalo opheleleyo wenkqubo ngaphezulu kobuninzi bamandla ombane wenkunkuma, enokulimaza umgangatho wamandla ombane wenkunkuma. okanye ukukhuthaza ukucima ukukhusela. Ukulawulwa kwemithwalo kungasetyenziselwa ukugxotha ukusetyenziswa kwemithwalo kwijeneretha, ukunciphisa umahluko kumandla ombane kunye nokuhamba rhoqo okubangelwa kukungena kwimithwalo yemoto emikhulu.

Ukulawulwa kwemithwalo kunokuba luncedo ukuba iikhowudi zalapha ekhaya zifuna imodyuli yokulawula umthwalo weenkqubo apho umlinganiso okhutshiweyo wokuvelisa umbane ungaphantsi komgangatho wokungena wenkonzo.

Iinkqubo ezineeMfuno eziZodwa zokuKhutshwa

Kweminye imimandla yejografi, kukho ubuncinci beemfuno zomthwalo wenkunkuma nanini na isebenza. Kule meko, ulawulo lomthwalo lunokusetyenziselwa ukugcina imithwalo kwivenkile yokunceda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokukhutshwa. Kule sicelo, inkqubo yokuvelisa umbane ifakwe ibhanki yokulawula. Inkqubo yolawulo lomthwalo iqwalaselwe ukomeleza imithwalo eyahlukeneyo kwibhanki yomthwalo ukugcina amandla ombane ophuma ngaphezulu komqobo.

Iinkqubo ezithile zejenreyitha zibandakanya i-Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), efuna ukulungiswa ngokutsha. Ngamanye amaxesha, iinjini ziya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-50 zamandla alinganisiweyo ngexesha lokuhlaziywa okumiselweyo kwe-DPF, kwaye inokuphakamisa inkqubo yolawulo lomthwalo ukususa imithwalo ethile kuloo meko.

Nangona ulawulo lomthwalo lunokuphucula umgangatho wamandla kwimithwalo ebalulekileyo kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo, inokongeza ukulibaziseka ngaphambi kokuba eminye imithwalo ifumane amandla, yonyuse ubunzima bokufakwa kwaye yongeze inani elibalulekileyo lomzamo wentambo kunye neendleko zamacandelo, ezinje ngeekhontraktha okanye abaphuli besekethe. . Ezinye zezicelo apho ulawulo lomthwalo zinokungafuneki zichazwe apha ngezantsi.

Isilinganisi esichanekileyo esilinganayo

Ngokwesiqhelo akukho sidingo senkqubo yokulawula umthwalo kwisilinganisi esilinganayo esilinganayo, njengoko imeko yokugcwala kakhulu ingenakulindeleka, kwaye ukuvalwa kwejeneretha kuya kukhokelela kuyo yonke imithwalo yokuphulukana namandla, nokuba yeyiphi na ephambili.

IiJenereyitha ezifanayo zokuNcediswa kwakhona

Ulawulo lomthwalo ngokubanzi aludingeki kwiimeko apho kukho iijenreyitha ezifanayo kunye neemfuno zamandla esiza zinokuxhaswa nangayiphi na enye yejenreyitha, njengoko ukusilela komvelisi kuya kukhokelela kuphela komnye umvelisi oqala, kungonophazamiso lwethutyana kumthwalo.

Yonke imithwalo ibaluleke ngokulinganayo

Kwiindawo apho yonke imithwalo ibaluleke ngokulinganayo, kunzima ukuyibeka phambili imithwalo, ukuphalaza eminye imithwalo ebalulekileyo ukuze kuqhubeke ukubonelela ngamandla kweminye imithwalo ebalulekileyo. Kule sicelo, umvelisi (okanye umvelisi ngamnye kwinkqubo engafunekiyo) kufuneka abungakanani ngokufanelekileyo ukuxhasa wonke umthwalo obalulekileyo.

Ukonakala okwethutyana kombane, okanye ukunyuka, sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokungaphumeleli kwezixhobo zombane. Ukudlula kombane lixesha elifutshane, amandla aphembelelayo anikezelwa kwinkqubo yombane oqhelekileyo nanini na xa kukho utshintsho ngesiquphe kwisekethe yombane. Banokuvela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwiziko.

Hayi nje umbane

Owona mthombo ucace gca uvela kumbane, kodwa iinyusa zinokuza kwakhona ukusuka kwimisebenzi eqhelekileyo yokutshintsha izinto okanye ukubekwa okungacetywanga kwabaqhubi bombane (njengaxa umgca wentambo yentloko uwe emhlabeni). Ukunyuka kungade kuvele ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo okanye kwindawo evela kwizinto ezinje ngoomatshini befeksi, iikopi, izinto zokupholisa umoya, iilifti, iimotor / iimpompo, okanye iiwelders zearc, ukubala nje ezimbalwa. Kwimeko nganye, isekethe yombane yesiqhelo ngesiquphe ivezwe idosi enkulu yamandla enokuthi ichaphazele kakubi izixhobo ezibonelelwa ngamandla.

Oku kulandelayo zizikhokelo zokukhusela indlela yokukhusela izixhobo zombane kwiziphumo ezibi zokunyuka kwamandla amakhulu. Ukukhuselwa kokukhula okulinganiselwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye kufakwe ngempumelelo enkulu ekuthinteleni ukonakala kwezixhobo, ngakumbi izixhobo ezibuthathaka ze-elektroniki ezifumaneka kwizixhobo ezininzi namhlanje.

Ukuthambisa kubalulekile

Isixhobo sokukhusela (SPD), esikwabizwa ngokuba sisixhobo sokucinezelwa kwamandla ombane (TVSS), siyilelwe ukuphambukisa i-high-current surges emhlabeni kunye nokudlula kwezixhobo zakho, ngaloo ndlela sinciphise umbane ochukumisiweyo kwizixhobo. Ngesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuba indawo yakho inenkqubo elungileyo, engaxhathisi kangako, enomhlaba omnye ekubhekiswa kuwo apho zonke iinkqubo zolwakhiwo zixhunyiwe.

Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomhlaba, akukho ndlela yokuzikhusela kwiisundges. Nxibelelana nombane onelayisensi ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yakho yokuhambisa umbane isisiseko ngokuhambelana noMgaqo weSizwe woMbane (NFPA 70).

Iindawo zokukhusela

Ezona ndlela zokukhusela izixhobo zakho zombane kumandla amakhulu ombane kukufaka ii-SPD ngobuchule kulo lonke iziko lakho. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba i-surges inokuvela ngaphakathi nakwimithombo yangaphandle, ii-SPDs kufuneka zifakelwe ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluphezulu nokuba yeyiphi na indawo. Ngesi sizathu, indlela "yoMmandla woKhuselo" isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Inqanaba lokuqala lokhuseleko liphunyezwa ngokufaka i-SPD kwizixhobo eziphambili zokungena (okt, apho amandla eluncedo angena khona). Oku kuyakunika ukukhuselwa kumandla aphezulu amandla avela ngaphandle, njengombane okanye izinto eziluncedo zethutyana.

Nangona kunjalo, i-SPD efakwe kwisango lenkonzo ayizukukhusela kwi-surges ezenziwe ngaphakathi. Ukongeza, ayisiwo onke amandla avela ngaphandle angaphaya achithwe emhlabeni sisixhobo sokungena kwenkonzo. Ngesi sizathu, ii-SPD kufuneka zifakwe kuzo zonke iipaneli zokuhambisa ngaphakathi kwesibonelelo esibonelela ngombane kwizixhobo ezibalulekileyo.

Ngokufanayo, indawo yesithathu yokhuseleko iya kufezekiswa ngokufaka ii-SPDs kwindawo nganye kwisixhobo ngasinye esikhuselweyo, njengeekhompyuter okanye izixhobo ezilawulwa ngekhompyuter. Umda ngamnye wokhuselo wongeza kukhuseleko jikelele lwento njengoko nganye inceda ukunciphisa amandla ombane abonakaliswe kwizixhobo ezikhuselweyo.

Ulungelelwaniso lwee-SPD

Ukungena kwenkonzo ye-SPD kubonelela ngomgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela ngokuchasene nezixhobo zombane ngokuhambisa amandla aphezulu, amandla angaphandle ukuya emhlabeni. Ikwehlisa nenqanaba lamandla okunyuka okungena kwiziko ukuya kwinqanaba elinokuphathwa zizixhobo ezisezantsi kufutshane nomthwalo. Ke ngoko, ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lwe-SPD luyafuneka ukunqanda ukonakalisa ii-SPD ezifakwe kwiiphaneli zokuhambisa okanye ekuhlaleni kwizixhobo ezisengozini.

Ukuba ulungelelwaniso alufezekiswanga, amandla agqithisileyo avela ekusasazeni i-surges kunokubangela ukonakala kwi-Zone 2 kunye ne-3 ye-SPDs kunye nokutshabalalisa izixhobo ozama ukuzikhusela.

Ukukhetha izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zoKhuselo (i-SPD) ezinokubonakala kungumsebenzi otyhafisayo ngazo zonke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwintengiso namhlanje. Ukulinganiswa kokunyuka okanye ukulinganiswa kwe-kA ye-SPD yenye yezona zinto zingaqondakaliyo. Abathengi bahlala becela i-SPD ukukhusela ipaneli ye-Amp engama-200 kwaye kukho utyekelo lokucinga ukuba inkulu iphaneli, ubukhulu becala isixhobo seKA kufuneka sikhuseleke kodwa oku kukungaqondani okuqhelekileyo.

Xa ugqirha engena kwipaneli, ayikhathali okanye ayazi ubungakanani bepaneli. Ke uyazi njani ukuba kuya kufuneka usebenzise i-50kA, 100kA okanye 200kA SPD? Ngokwenyani, olona tyando lukhulu lungangena kwi-wiring yesakhiwo yi-10kA, njengoko kuchaziwe kumgangatho we-IEEE C62.41. Ke kutheni unokufuna i-SPD elinganiselwe i-200kA? Ukuchazwa ngokulula- ubomi obude.

Ke umntu unokucinga: ukuba i-200kA ilungile, ke i-600kA kufuneka ibe ngcono ngokuphindwe kathathu, akunjalo? Akunjalo. Ngexesha elithile, ukulinganiswa kunciphisa ukubuyela kwayo, kuphela ukongeza iindleko ezongezelelweyo kwaye akukho nzuzo enkulu. Kuba uninzi lwe-SPD kwintengiso zisebenzisa i-metal oxide varistor (MOV) njengeyona nto iphambili ekunciphiseni, sinokuphonononga indlela / kutheni amanqaku aphezulu e-kA ephunyezwa. Ukuba i-MOV ilinganiselwe i-10kA kwaye ibona ukunyuka kwe-10kA, inokusebenzisa i-100% yamandla ayo. Oku kunokujongwa ngandlela ithile njengetanki legesi, apho unyuko luya kuthoba isidima se-MOV kancinci (akusekho kwi-100% igcwele). Ngoku ukuba i-SPD inee-10kA MOVs ezimbini ngokufanayo, iya kulinganiswa nge-20kA.

Ngokwethiyori, ii-MOVs ziya kwahlulahlula ngokulinganayo ukunyuka kwe-10kA, ke elowo uza kuthatha i-5kA. Kule meko, i-MOV nganye isebenzise kuphela iipesenti ezingama-50 zomthamo wazo othoba isidima se-MOV kancinci (ishiya enye eseleyo etankini kwi-surges ezizayo).

Xa ukhetha i-SPD yesicelo esinikiweyo, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:

isicelo:

Qinisekisa ukuba i-SPD yenzelwe indawo yokhuseleko eyakusetyenziselwa yona. Umzekelo, i-SPD ekungeneni kwenkonzo kufuneka iyilelwe ukuphatha ii-surges ezinkulu ezibangelwa kukubaneka okanye ukutshintsha kokunceda.

Ombane System kunye noqwalaselo

Ii-SPD ziyilelwe amanqanaba ombane athile kunye noqwalaselo lweesekethe. Umzekelo, izixhobo zakho zokungena kwinkonzo zinokubonelelwa ngombane wamanqanaba amathathu nge-480/277 V kuqhagamshelo lwe-wye yocingo ezine, kodwa ikhompyuter yendawo ifakwe kwisigaba esinye, unikezelo lwe-120 V.

Vumela amandla ombane

Lo ngumbane i-SPD eya kuthi ivumele izixhobo ezikhuselweyo ukuba zichazwe kuwo. Nangona kunjalo, umonakalo onokubakho kwizixhobo uxhomekeke ekubeni izixhobo ziveliswa ixesha elingakanani kule voltage-mayela ngokunxulumene noyilo lwezixhobo. Ngamanye amagama, izixhobo ziyilelwe ngokubanzi ukumelana nevolthi ephezulu yexesha elifutshane kakhulu kunye nokunyuka kwamandla ombane ixesha elide.

Imigangatho yoLungiso lweeNkcukacha zeFederal (i-FIPS) "Isikhokelo kuMbane woMbane woFakelo lweDatha yokuSebenza ngokuZenzekelayo" (i-FIPS Pub. DU294) ibonelela ngeenkcukacha kubudlelwane phakathi kombane wokubotshwa, amandla ombane, kunye nexesha lokunyuka.

Njengomzekelo, okwethutyana kumgca we-480 V ophela kwi-microseconds ezingama-20 unokunyuka uye kufikelela phantse kwi-3400V ngaphandle kokonakalisa izixhobo eziyilelwe esi sikhokelo. Kodwa ukunyuka okujikeleze i-2300 V kunokugcinwa kwii-microseconds eziyi-100 ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo. Ngokubanzi, isezantsi i-ombane ngocingo, kokukhona ukhuseleko.

Ukunyuka kwangoku

Ii-SPD zilinganisiwe ukuba ziguqule ngokukhuselekileyo inani elinikezelweyo langoku ngaphandle kokungaphumeleli. Olu luhlu luvela kumawaka ambalwa ee-amps ukuya kuthi ga kwi-400 kiloamperes (kA) okanye nangaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, umndilili ophakathi wesitrayikhi sombane umalunga ne-20 kA., Kunye nemilinganiselo ephezulu elinganisiweyo ingaphezulu nje kwama-200 kA. Umbane ohlasela umgca wamandla uya kuhamba kuwo omabini amacala, ke sisiqingatha nje sangoku sokuhamba ukuya kwindawo yakho. Endleleni, eminye imisinga inokutshabalalisa umhlaba ngezixhobo eziluncedo.

Ke ngoko, amandla anokubakho ekungeneni kwenkonzo ukusuka kwisitayile sombane esiqhelekileyo sikwi-10 kA. Ukongeza, iindawo ezithile zelizwe zithambekele ngakumbi kwimingcelele yombane kunezinye. Zonke ezi zinto kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa usenza isigqibo sobungakanani be-SPD efanelekileyo kwisicelo sakho.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuba uyithathele ingqalelo into yokuba i-SPD ekalwe nge-20 kA inokwanela ukukhusela ngokuchasene nesitrayikhi sombane kunye noninzi lwangaphakathi olwenziwe kube kanye, kodwa i-SPD ekalwe nge-100 kA iya kuba nakho ukuphatha i-surges eyongezelelweyo ngaphandle kokutshintsha umbanjwa okanye ifyuzi.

neMigangatho

Zonke ii-SPDs kufuneka zivavanywe ngokungqinelana ne-ANSI / IEEE C62.41 kwaye zidweliswe kwi-UL 1449 (uHlelo lwesi-2) ukhuseleko.

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) ifuna ukuba amanqaku athile abekhona nakweyiphi na i-UL edwelisiweyo okanye eyaziwayo ye-SPD. Ezinye iiparameter ezibalulekileyo kwaye kufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha i-SPD zibandakanya:

Uhlobo lwe-SPD

isetyenziselwa ukuchaza indawo ekujongwe kuyo yesicelo se-SPD, nokuba kungokunyuka okanye ukuhla kwezixhobo eziphambili zokukhusela iziko. Iindidi ze-SPD zibandakanya:

chwetheza 1

I-SPD eqhagamshelwe ngokusisigxina ejolise ekufakweni phakathi kwesibini sombane esiguquliweyo kunye necala lomgca lezixhobo zenkonzo ezigqithileyo, kunye necala lomthwalo, kubandakanya i-watt-yure yemitha yokuvalela isokethi kunye ne-Molded Case SPDs, ekujongwe ukuba ifakwe ngaphandle kwe isixhobo sokhuselo sangaphandle.

chwetheza 2

I-SPD exhunywe ngokusisigxina ejolise ekufakweni kwicala lomthwalo wezixhobo zenkonzo eqhubekayo, kubandakanya ii-SPD ezikwiqela lesebe kunye ne-Molded Case SPDs.

chwetheza 3

Indawo yokusebenzisa ii-SPDs, efakwe kubuncinci beekhondomu ubude beemitha ezili-10 (iinyawo ezingama-30) ukusuka kwipaneli yenkonzo yombane ukuya kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa, umzekelo, intambo eqhagamshelwe, i-plug-in ngqo, uhlobo lwe-receptacle SPDs efakwe kwisixhobo sokusetyenziswa esikhuselweyo . Umgama (i-10 yeemitha) ubodwa kuphela kubaqhubi ababonelelwe okanye abasetyenziselwa ukufakela ii-SPD.

chwetheza 4

Iindibano zeNdibano-, indibano yecandelo elinento enye okanye ezingaphezulu zohlobo lwe-5 kunye nokucinywa (ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle) okanye iindlela zokuthobela iimvavanyo ezikhoyo ngoku.

Chwetheza 1, 2, 3 Iindibano zeCandelo

Inendibano yohlobo lwe-4 lwendibano kunye nokhuseleko lwangaphakathi okanye lwangaphandle olufutshane.

chwetheza 5

Izixhobo zecandelo lokucinezela, ezinje ngee-MOV ezinokuxhonywa kwi-PWB, edityaniswe kukukhokela kwayo okanye ibonelelwe ngaphakathi kwendawo ebiyelweyo ngeendlela zokunyusa kunye nokupheliswa kweentambo.

Umbane weenkqubo ombane

Kuya kufuneka ilingane nombane wenkqubo yokusetyenziswa apho isixhobo siza kufakelwa khona

MCOV

Ubuninzi beVolthi yokuSebenza eQinisekayo, lo ngowona mbane mkhulu sixhobo sinokumelana nawo ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise (ukubetha). Ngokwesiqhelo iphakame kangange-15-25% ngaphezulu kwendlela yokubiza yombane.

Ukukhutshwa kwegama ngokuNgekhoyo (I_n)

Ngaba lixabiso eliphakamileyo langoku, nge-SPD enesimo sangoku se-8/20 apho i-SPD ihlala isebenza emva kwe-15 surges. Ixabiso eliphakamileyo likhethwe ngumenzi kwinqanaba elichazwe kwangaphambili le-UL elimiselweyo. Amanqanaba i (n) abandakanya i-3kA, 5kA, 10kA kunye ne-20kA kwaye anokulinganiselwa kuhlobo lwe-SPD phantsi kovavanyo.

VPR

Ixabiso loKhuseleko lweVoltage. Ukulinganiswa kohlaziyo lwamva nje lwe-ANSI / UL 1449, ebonisa umndilili "wokurhangqa" umyinge wokulinganisa umda wevolthi ye-SPD xa i-SPD iphantsi kophicotho olwenziwe yi-6 kV, 3 kA 8/20's indibaniselwano yomdibaniso wefomathi. I-VPR ngumlinganiso wombane wokubopha ojikeleze enye yetafile emiselweyo yamaxabiso. Imilinganiselo esemgangathweni ye-VPR ibandakanya i-330, 400, 500, 600, 700, njlnjl. Njengenqanaba lomgangatho wokulinganisa, iVPR ivumela ukuthelekiswa ngokuthe ngqo phakathi kwe-SPDs (okt Uhlobo olunye kunye neVoltage).

SCCR

Umjikelo omfutshane weSekethe yangoku. Ukufaneleka kwe-SPD yokusetyenziswa kwisekethe yamandla e-AC ekwazi ukuhambisa ngaphezulu kwe-RMS yangoku yolingano lwangoku kumandla ombane abhengeziweyo ngexesha lesiphaluka esifutshane. I-SCCR ayifani ne-AIC (Amp Ukuphazamisa amandla). I-SCCR sisixa "sangoku" sangoku esinokuthi sinikwe i-SPD kwaye sinqamle ngokukhuselekileyo kumthombo wamandla phantsi kweemeko ezimfutshane zesekethe. Inani langoku "eliphazamisekileyo" yi-SPD ngokwesiqhelo lingaphantsi kakhulu kunelo "likhoyo" ngoku.

Inqanaba lokuvalelwa

Iqinisekisa ukuba ireyithingi ye-NEMA yendawo ebiyelweyo iyangqinelana neemeko zokusingqongileyo kwindawo apho isixhobo siza kufakelwa khona.

Nangona ihlala isetyenziswa njengamagama ahlukeneyo kushishino lokunyuka, amaThutyana kunye neeSurge ziyinto efanayo. Ukudlula kunye nokunyuka kunokuba yinto yangoku, amandla ombane, okanye zombini kwaye unokuba namaxabiso aphezulu ngaphezulu kwe-10kA okanye 10kV. Ziqhelekile ukuba zibe zexeshana elifutshane kakhulu (ngesiqhelo> 10 µs & <1 ms), kunye nefom ye-wave enokunyuka okukhawulezileyo ukuya kwinqanaba kwaye emva koko iwe kwizinga eliphantsi kakhulu.

Ukudlula kunye nokunyuka kunokubangelwa yimithombo yangaphandle enjengombane okanye isekethe emfutshane, okanye kwimithombo yangaphakathi enjengokutshintsha kweContactor, iiDrive Speed ​​Drives, ukutshintsha kweCapacitor, njl.

Ukugqithisa okwethutyana (ii-TOVs) zi-oscillatory

Isigaba ukuya kumhlaba okanye kwisigaba ukuya kwinqanaba lesigaba esingaphezulu kwemizuzwana okanye ixesha elide njengemizuzu eliqela. Imithombo ye-TOV's ibandakanya ukubekeka kwempazamo, ukutshintsha umthwalo, utshintsho lomhlaba emhlabeni, iimpazamo zenqanaba elinye kunye nefuthe le-ferroresonance ukubiza ezimbalwa.

Ngenxa yamandla ombane aphezulu kunye nexesha elide, ii-TOV's zinokuba yingozi kakhulu kwii-SPD ezisekwe kwi-MOV. I-TOV eyandisiweyo inokubangela umonakalo ongapheliyo kwi-SPD kwaye inike iyunithi ukuba ingasebenzi. Qaphela ukuba ngelixa i-ANSI / UL 1449 iqinisekisa ukuba i-SPD ayizukudala ingozi yokhuseleko phantsi kwezi meko; Ii-SPDs azenzelwanga ukukhusela izixhobo ezisezantsi kumnyhadala we-TOV.

izixhobo zithamba ngakumbi kwiimowudi kwezinye iindlela kunezinye

Uninzi lwabathengisi banikezela umgca-ukuya-cala (LN), umgca-kumhlaba (i-LG), kunye nokukhuselwa okungathathi hlangothi (NG) kwii-SPDs zabo. Kwaye ezinye ngoku zibonelela ngokukhusela umgca-kumgca (LL). Impikiswano kukuba ngenxa yokuba ungazi ukuba okwethutyana kuyakwenzeka phi, zonke iindlela ezikhuselweyo ziya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho monakalo wenzekayo. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo zinobuthathaka kumaxesha athile kwezinye iindlela kunezinye.

Ukukhuselwa kwemowudi ye-LN kunye ne-NG yinto encinci eyamkelekileyo, ngelixa iindlela ze-LG zingenza ukuba i-SPD ichaphazeleke ngakumbi kukungaphumeleli kwamandla. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zamandla emigca, iindlela ze-LN ezixhume kwi-SPD zikwabonelela ngokhuseleko ngokuchasene nexesha le-LL. Yiyo loo nto i-SPD ethembekileyo ethe chatha, ethe kratya, ekhuselayo ikhusela zonke iindlela.

Iindlela ezininzi zokukhusela izixhobo (SPDs) zezixhobo ezibandakanya inani lezinto ze-SPD kwiphakheji enye. Ezi “ndlela” zokhuselo zinokunxibelelana ne-LN, LL, LG, kunye ne-NG kuzo zontathu izigaba. Ukuba nokukhuselwa kwimowudi nganye kunika ukhuseleko kwimithwalo ikakhulu ngokuchasene nexesha elenziwa ngaphakathi apho umhlaba ungangabi yindlela yokubuyela ekhethiweyo.

Kwezinye izicelo ezifana nokufaka i-SPD ekungeneni kwenkonzo apho zombini iingongoma ezingathathi hlangothi kunye nezomhlaba zidibene akukho sibonelelo seendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-LN kunye ne-LG, nangona kunjalo njengoko usiya phambili kusasazo kwaye kukho ukwahlukana kweso siqhelo se-NG, Indlela yokhuselo ye-SPD NG iya kuba luncedo.

Ngelixa ngokwengqondo isixhobo esikhuselayo (SPD) esinamandla amakhulu siya kuba ngcono, ukuthelekisa amandla e-SPD (Joule) kunokulahlekisa. Kaninzi iimveliso ezihloniphekileyo azisaboneleli ngokulinganiswa kwamandla. Ukulinganiswa kwamandla sisiphumo sokuqhubekeka kwangoku, ubude bexesha lokunyuka, kunye ne-SPD yokuqinisa umbane.

Xa kuthelekiswa iimveliso ezimbini, isixhobo esilinganisiweyo esisezantsi kungangcono ukuba oku bekungumphumo wokubambana kwamandla ombane asezantsi, ngelixa isixhobo esikhulu samandla sinokukhetha ukuba oku bekukho njengesiphumo sokuqhubekeka okwangoku okusetyenziswayo. Akukho mgangatho ucacileyo wemilinganiselo yamandla e-SPD, kwaye abenzi bayaziwa ukuba basebenzise imisila emide yokubonelela ngeziphumo ezikhulu ezilahlekisa abasebenzisi bokugqibela.

Ngenxa yokuba iireyithingi zeJoule zinokusetyenziswa ngokulula kwimigangatho yemizi-mveliso emininzi (UL) kunye nezikhokelo (IEEE) azikukhuthazi ukuthelekiswa kweejoules. Endaweni yoko, babeka ugxininiso ekusebenzeni kwe-SPDs ngovavanyo olunje ngoVavanyo lweNgcaciso yokuSasazwa okwangoku, oluvavanya ukuzinza kwe-SPDs kunye novavanyo lwe-VPR olubonisa i-let-through voltage. Ngolu hlobo lolwazi, ukuthelekisa okungcono ukusuka kwi-SPD ukuya kwenye kunokwenziwa.