Ukukhuselwa kokuhamba kombane kunye netshaja ye-EV kunye nesithuthi sombane
Ukuhamba kwe-Electro: Ukukhusela ngokuthembekileyo iziseko zophuhliso
Ngokwanda okwandayo kwezithuthi zombane, kunye netekhnoloji entsha "yokutshaja ngokukhawuleza", isidingo sokwakha iziseko ezithembakeleyo nesikhuselekileyo siyanda. Zombini izixhobo zokutshaja kunye nezithuthi ezixhunyiwe ngokwazo kufuneka zikhuselwe kwi-overvoltages, njengoko zombini zinento ebuthathaka yombane.
Ukukhusela izixhobo kwimpembelelo yemibane kunye nokutshintsha kwamandla kwicala lenethiwekhi kubalulekile. Ukubetha ngokuthe ngqo ngogwayimbo lombane kuyatshabalalisa kwaye kunzima ukukhusela, kodwa eyona ngozi kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki zazo zonke iintlobo zivela kukunyuka kombane. Ukongeza, yonke imisebenzi yokutshintsha kombane yegridi eqhagamshelwe kwigridi, yimithombo enokubakho yengozi kwizinto zombane kwiimoto zombane nakwizikhululo zokutshaja. Iisekethi ezimfutshane kunye neempazamo zomhlaba zinokubalwa phakathi kwemithombo enokubakho yomonakalo kwesi sixhobo.
Ukuze uzilungiselele ngokuchasene nobungozi bombane, kunyanzelekile ukuba uthathe amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo. Ukukhusela utyalo-mali olubizayo kubalulekile, kwaye imigangatho yombane engqinelanayo ichaza iindlela ezifanelekileyo kunye neendlela zokukhusela. Kuninzi okunokuqwalaselwa, kuba imithombo eyahlukeneyo yengozi ayinakuqwalaselwa ngesisombululo esinye sayo yonke into. Eli phepha lisebenza njengoncedo ekuchongeni imeko yomngcipheko kunye nezisombululo ezinxulumene noko, kokubini kwicala le-AC neDC.
Vavanya iimeko ngokuchanekileyo
Ukuchaphazeleka okubangelwa, umzekelo, ngokubetha ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga kombane kwinethiwekhi yangoku (AC) yenethiwekhi kufuneka incitshiswe ukuya kwigalelo lomhambisi ophambili wesixhobo sokutshaja se-EV. Kuyacetyiswa ke ukuba kufakelwe izixhobo zoKhuseleko lweSurge (i-SPDs) eziqhubela phambili ukubakho komhlaba ngoku, ngqo emva kwesona siphambili sesekethe. Isiseko esihle kakhulu sinikezelwa ngumgangatho okhuselekileyo wokukhusela umbane IEC 62305-1 ukuya ku-4 kunye nemizekelo yesicelo sayo. Apho, ukuvavanywa komngcipheko kunye nokukhuselwa kombane kwangaphakathi nangaphakathi kuyaxoxwa.
Amanqanaba okukhusela umbane (i-LPL), achaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufaka izicelo, zithatha isigqibo kule meko. Umzekelo, i-LPL I ibandakanya iinqaba zeenqwelomoya, ekufuneka zisasebenza nasemva kokubetha ngokuthe ngqo kombane (S1). I-LPL ndicinga nangezibhedlele; apho izixhobo kufuneka zisebenze ngokupheleleyo ngexesha leendudumo kwaye zikhuselwe kwiingozi zomlilo ukuze abantu bahlale bekhuselekile kangangoko.
Ukuvavanya iimeko ezihambelanayo, kufuneka kuvavanywe umngcipheko wesitrayikhi sombane kunye neziphumo zaso. Ukulungiselela le njongo, iimpawu ezahlukeneyo ziyafumaneka, ukusukela kwimpembelelo ngqo (S1) ukuya kukudibanisa okungathanga ngqo (S4). Ngokudibeneyo nemeko yempembelelo (S1-S4) kunye nohlobo lwesicelo esichongiweyo (LPL I- / IV), iimveliso ezihambelana nombane kunye nokukhuselwa kokunyuka kunokumiselwa.
Amanqanaba okukhusela umbane ukukhuselwa kombane kwangaphakathi ahlukaniswe ngokwamacandelo amane: I-LPL lelona nqanaba liphezulu kwaye kulindeleke kwi-100 kA yomthwalo omkhulu wokubetha ngaphakathi kwesicelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-200 kA yesitrayikhi sombane ngaphandle kwesicelo eso. Kule nto, iipesenti ezingama-50 zikhutshelwa emhlabeni, kwaye "okuseleyo" i-100 kA idityaniswe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Kwimeko yomngcipheko wombane ngokuthe ngqo kumngcipheko S1, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenqanaba lokukhusela umbane I (LPL I), uthungelwano oluhambelanayo kufuneka luqwalaselwe. Amagqabantshintshi ngasekunene anika ixabiso elifunekayo kumqhubi ngamnye:
Ukhuseleko oluchanekileyo lwezixhobo zokutshaja zombane
Ukuqwalaselwa okufanayo kufuneka kusetyenziswe kwizibonelelo zokutshaja zombane. Ukongeza kwicala le-AC, icala leDC kufuneka liqwalaselwe kubuchwephesha bokutshaja ikholamu. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba samkele iimeko kunye namaxabiso athiwe thaca kwiziseko zokutshaja zezithuthi zombane. Lo mzekeliso wenziwe lula wolwakhiwo ubonakalisa ulwakhiwo lwesikhululo sokutshaja. Inqanaba lokhuseleko lombane LPL III / IV liyafuneka. Umfanekiso ongezantsi ubonisa imeko ye-S1 ukuya kwi-S4:
Ezi meko zinokubangela ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokudibanisa.
Ezi meko kufuneka ziphikiswe ngombane kunye nokukhuselwa kokunyuka. Ezi ngcebiso zilandelayo ziyafumaneka ngokumalunga noku:
- Ukutshaja izibonelelo ngaphandle kokukhuselwa ngumbane wangaphandle (ukufakelwa okwangoku okanye ukwenziwa ngokufanayo; amaxabiso ngomqhubi ngamnye): kukudibana okungathanga ngqo kwenzeka apha kwaye kuphela kukhuseleko lokhuselo lokubaleka kufuneka kuthathwe. Oku kukwaboniswa kwiTheyibhile 2 kwimo yokubetha ye-8/20 μs, emele ukubetha kwe-overvoltage.
Kule meko ibonisa ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo nangokungathanga ngqo ngokudibanisa umgca ongaphezulu, isiseko sokutshaja asinakukhusela kombane ngaphandle. Apha ukonyuka komngcipheko wombane kuyabonakala kumgca ongaphezulu. Kuyimfuneko ke ngoko ukuba ufake ukhuseleko lombane kwicala le-AC. Unxibelelwano lwezigaba ezithathu lufuna ubuncinci i-5 kA (10/350 μs) ukhuseleko kumqhubi ngamnye, jonga kwiTheyibhile 3.
- Ukutshaja iziseko ngokhuseleko lwangaphandle kombane: Umzekeliso okwiphepha lesi-4 ubonakalisa indawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-LPZ, emele oko kubizwa ngokuba nguMmandla woKhuselo loMbane-okt ummandla okhusela umbane okhokelela kwinkcazo yomgangatho wokhuseleko. I-LPZ0 yindawo engaphandle ngaphandle kokhuseleko; I-LPZ0B ithetha ukuba le ndawo "isemthunzini" wokhuseleko lombane ongaphandle. I-LPZ1 ibhekisa ekungeneni kwesakhiwo, umzekelo indawo yokungena kwicala le-AC. I-LPZ2 iya kubonisa ukuhanjiswa okungaphaya ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.
Kwimeko yethu sinokucinga ukuba iimveliso zeLPZ0 / LPZ1 iimveliso zokukhusela umbane ziyafuneka ezichongwe njengeemveliso ze-T1 (Uhlobo 1) (Udidi I nge-IEC okanye ukhuselo olungqwabalala). Kutshintsho olusuka kwi-LPZ1 luye kwi-LPZ2 kukwakho nentetho malunga nokukhuselwa kwe-overvoltage T2 (Type 2), Class II per IEC okanye medium protection.
Kumzekelo wethu kwiTheyibhile 4, oku kuyahambelana nokubanjwa kunye ne-4 x 12.5 kA yoqhagamshelo lwe-AC, okt umbane opheleleyo okhoyo ngoku ophethe i-50 kA (10/350 μs). Abaguquleli be-AC / DC, kufuneka kukhethwe iimveliso ezifanelekileyo zeevoltage. Qaphela: Kwicala le-AC neDC oku kufuneka kwenziwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Intsingiselo yokukhuselwa ngumbane wangaphandle
Kwizikhululo ezibiza ngokwazo, ukhetho lwesisombululo esichanekileyo luxhomekeke ekubeni isikhululo sikumda wokhuseleko wenkqubo yombane yangaphandle. Ukuba kunjalo, ukubanjwa kuka-T2 kwanele. Kwiindawo ezingaphandle, i-T1 arrester kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokomngcipheko. Jonga iTheyibhile 4.
Kubalulekile: Eminye imithombo yokuphazamiseka nayo inokukhokelela kumonakalo wevoltage kwaye ngenxa yoko ifuna ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Oku kunokuba kukutshintsha ukusebenza kweenkqubo zombane ezikhupha ngaphezulu, umzekelo, okanye ezo zenzeka kwimigca efakwe kwisakhiwo (umnxeba, idatha yeebhasi).
Umgaqo oluncedo wesithupha: Zonke iintambo zentsimbi, ezinje ngegesi, amanzi okanye umbane, ezikhokelela ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesakhiwo zizinto ezinokubakho zothumelo lonyukelo lombane. Ke ngoko, kuvavanyo lomngcipheko, isakhiwo kufuneka sivavanywe ukuba sinokwenzeka na kwaye ukukhuselwa kombane / ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo kufutshane kangangoko kwimithombo yokuphazamiseka okanye kwiindawo zokungena zokwakha. Itheyibhile 5 engezantsi ibonelela ngesishwankathelo seentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela okukhoyo:
Uhlobo olulungileyo kunye ne-SPD oza kuyikhetha
Umbane omncinci wokubamba kufuneka usetyenziswe kwisicelo esiza kukhuselwa. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba ukhethe uyilo oluchanekileyo kunye ne-SPD efanelekileyo.
Xa kuthelekiswa netekhnoloji yokubanjwa yesiqhelo, itekhnoloji ye-LSP ye-hybride iqinisekisa umthwalo ongaphantsi kweevoltage kwizixhobo eziza kukhuselwa. Ngokukhuseleka okuphezulu kokubaleka, izixhobo eziza kukhuselwa zinokuhamba okungafunekiyo ngoku kobungakanani obukhuselekileyo kunye nomxholo wamandla asezantsi (I2t) -umtshintshi wentsalela ekhoyo ngoku awukhubeki.
Buyela kwisicelo esithile sezitishi zokutshaja iimoto zombane: Ukuba izixhobo zokutshaja zingaphezulu kweemitha ezilishumi ukusuka kwibhodi yokuhambisa ephambili apho ukhuseleko lokuqala lukhona, i-SPD eyongezelelweyo kufuneka ifakwe ngqo kwizitishi zecala le-AC. isikhululo ngokungqinelana ne-IEC 61643-12.
Ii-SPDs kwigalelo lebhodi ephambili yokuhambisa kufuneka zikwazi ukufumana imibane yombane (12.5 kA ngesigaba ngasinye), yahlulwa ngokweCandelo I ngokwe-IEC 61643-11, ngokungqinelana neTheyibhile 1, kwinethiwekhi ye-AC ngaphandle kwamaza ombane isiganeko sombane. Ukongeza, kufuneka zingabinakho ukuvuza okukhoyo ngoku (kwizicelo zangaphambi kokulinganisa umbane) kwaye zingakhathali kwiincopho zexesha elifutshane ezinokubakho ngenxa yeempazamo kwinethiwekhi yamandla ombane asezantsi. Le kuphela kwendlela yokuqinisekisa ngenkonzo ende kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu kwe-SPD. Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-UL, chwetheza i-1CA okanye i-2CA ngokwe-UL 1449-4th, iqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa kwehlabathi liphela.
Itekhnoloji ye-LSP ye-hybrid ikulungele ngokufanelekileyo ukukhuselwa kwe-AC kwigalelo lebhodi ephambili yokuhambisa ngokwezi mfuno. Ngenxa yoyilo ngaphandle kokuvuza, ezi zixhobo zinokufakwa nakwindawo yangaphambi kwemitha.
Inqaku elikhethekileyo: Ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwangoku
Ukuhamba kombane kukwasebenzisa ubuchwephesha obufana nokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye neenkqubo zokugcina ibhetri. Izicelo zeDC zisetyenziswa ngokukodwa apha. Oku kufuna ababanjisiweyo abazinikeleyo kunye neemfuno ezandisiweyo zokhuselo, ezinje ngemigangatho yomoya emikhulu kunye nemilinganiselo yokuhamba. Ukusukela ukuba i-voltage ye-DC, ngokuchaseneyo nevolthi ye-AC, ayinazindawo zinqumlayo, iiarcs ezibangelwayo azinakucinywa ngokuzenzekelayo. Ngenxa yoko, imililo inokwenzeka ngokulula yiyo loo nto isixhobo esifanelekileyo sokukhusela kufuneka sisetyenziswe.
Kuba la malungu asabela ngokuthambekisayo kwi-overvoltages (ukungaphazanyiswa okuphantsi), kufuneka zikhuselwe nangezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela. Ngaphandle koko zinokonakaliswa kwangaphambili, nto leyo icutha kakhulu ubomi beenkonzo.
Ngemveliso yayo i-FLP-PV1000, i-LSP ibonelela ngesisombululo esenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kuluhlu lweDC. Iimpawu zayo eziphambili zibandakanya uyilo lwecompact kunye nesixhobo esikhethekileyo sokucima isixhobo esinokusetyenziselwa ukucima ngokukhuselekileyo iarc yokutshintsha. Ngenxa yesikhundla sokucima okuphezulu, imeko ekhoyo yeesekethe ezifutshane ezingama-25 kA zingohlulwa, njengoko kunokubangelwa, umzekelo, kukugcinwa kwebhetri.
Ngenxa yokuba i-FLP-PV1000 luhlobo 1 kunye nohlobo 2 lokubanjwa, inokusetyenziselwa indawo yonke kwizicelo ze-e-ukuhamba kwicala le-DC njengombane okanye ukhuseleko. Ukukhutshwa ngokutyunjiweyo kwale mveliso ngama-20 kA ngomqhubi ngamnye. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukubeka esweni ukuphazamiseka akuphazanyiswa, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe ukuvuza okungashukumiyo okwangoku - oku kuqinisekisiwe ngeFLP-PV1000.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ngumsebenzi okhuselayo kwimeko yeevolvingi (Uc). Apha i-FLP-PV1000 ibonelela ngokhuseleko ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1000 volts DC. Njengoko inqanaba lokhuseleko li- <4.0 kV, ukukhuselwa kwesithuthi sombane kuqinisekiswa ngaxeshanye. Umbane wokulinganisa onamandla we-4.0 kV kufuneka uqinisekiswe kwezi moto. Ke ukuba i-wiring ichanekile i-SPD ikhusela imoto yombane ehlawulwayo. (Umzobo 3)
I-FLP-PV1000 ibonelela ngombala ohambelanayo obonelela ngolwazi olukumgangatho ofanelekileyo malunga nokusebenza kwemveliso. Ngonxibelelwano oluhlanganisiweyo lonxibelelwano, uvavanyo lunokwenziwa kwakhona kwiindawo ezikude.
Isikimu sokhuselo jikelele
I-LSP ibonelela ngezona mveliso zibanzi kwimarike, ngesixhobo sayo nayiphi na imeko kwaye amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezulu kwesinye. Kuwo onke la matyala angentla iimveliso ze-LSP zinokuqinisekisa ngokuthembekileyo zonke iziseko zokutshaja- zombini izisombululo ze-IEC kunye ne-EN kunye neemveliso.
Ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba
Khusela iziseko zokutshaja kunye nezithuthi zombane kumbane kunye nomonakalo okhoyo ngokweemfuno ze-IEC 60364-4-44 igatya 443, IEC 60364-7-722 kunye neVDE AR-N-4100.
Izithuthi zombane - ezicocekileyo, ezikhawulezayo nezithuleyo - ziya zisanda ngokwanda
Intengiso ekhulayo ngokukhawuleza ye-e-mobility ibangela umdla omkhulu kumzi mveliso, izixhobo, uluntu kunye nabemi. Abaqhubi bajonge ukwenza inzuzo ngokukhawuleza, ngenxa yoko kubalulekile ukuthintela ixesha lokuphumla. Oku kwenziwa ngokubandakanya umbane opheleleyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwengqondo kwinqanaba loyilo.
Ukhuseleko - inzuzo yokhuphiswano
Iziphumo zombane kunye nokuqhuma kubeka emngciphekweni ukuthembeka kwezixhobo zombane ezibuthathaka kwiinkqubo zokutshaja. Ayisihlawulisi kuphela iiposti ezisemngciphekweni, kodwa isithuthi somthengi. Ixesha lokuphumla okanye ukonakala kungabiza ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphandle kweendleko zokulungisa, ubeka emngciphekweni wokuphulukana nokuthenjwa kwabathengi bakho. Ukunyaniseka yeyona nto iphambili kule marike isencinci kwezobuchwephesha.
Imigangatho ebalulekileyo yokuhamba kwe-e
Yeyiphi imigangatho ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo kulwakhiwo lokutshaja kwe-e?
Uthotho oluqhelekileyo lwe-IEC 60364 lunemigangatho yokufaka kwaye ke kufuneka isetyenziselwe ukufakela okungagungqiyo. Ukuba isikhululo sokutshaja asinakususwa kwaye siqhagamshelwe ngeentambo ezisisigxina, siwela phantsi komda we-IEC 60364.
I-IEC 60364-4-44, igatya 443 (2007) ibonelela ngolwazi xa KUFUNEKA kukhuselwe ukuqhubela phambili. Umzekelo, ukuba ama-surges anokuchaphazela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke okanye imisebenzi yorhwebo noshishino kwaye ukuba izixhobo ezibuthathaka zodidi lwevoltage I + II… ifakiwe.
I-IEC 60364-5-53, igatya 534 (2001) lijongana nombuzo WOKUBA kukhuselwe ntoni kufuneka kukhethwe kwaye INDLELA yokuyifaka.
Yintoni entsha?
I-IEC 60364-7-722 -Iimfuno zofakelo olukhethekileyo okanye indawo-Izixhobo zezithuthi zombane
Ukusukela nge-Juni 2019, umgangatho omtsha we-IEC 60364-7-722 unyanzelekile ekucwangciseni nasekufakweni kwezisombululo zokukhusela iindawo zonxibelelwano ezifikelelekayo eluntwini.
722.443 Ukukhuselwa kukuqhambuka okwexeshana kwemvelaphi yomoya okanye ngenxa yokutshintsha
Ulawulo lwevoltage
Indawo yokudibanisa efikeleleka eluntwini ithathwa njengeyinxalenye yesibonelelo sikarhulumente kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka ikhuselwe kwimpembelelo yexesha elidlulileyo. Njengangaphambili, izixhobo zokukhusela ezikhethiweyo zikhethwe kwaye zifakwe ngokwe-IEC 60364-4-44, igatya 443 kunye ne-IEC 60364-5-53, igatya 534.
I-VDE-AR-N 4100 -Imithetho esisiseko yokuqhagamshela ufakelo lwabathengi kwinkqubo yevolthi esezantsi
EJamani, i-VDE-AR-N-4100 kufuneka ibonelelwe ngokungekho mthethweni xa kubizwa iiposti ezinxibelelene ngqo nenkqubo yevolthi ephantsi.
I-VDE-AR-N-4100 ichaza, phakathi kwezinye izinto, iimfuno ezongezelelweyo kuhlobo loku-1 lokubanjwa ezisetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokuhambisa umbane, umzekelo:
- Uhlobo lwe-1 SPDs kufuneka luhambelane ne-DIN EN 61643 11 (VDE 0675 6 11) esemgangathweni wemveliso
- Kuphela zii-SPDs zokutshintsha amandla ombane (ezinesithuba sentambo) ezinokusetyenziswa. Ii-SPDs zine-varistors enye okanye ezingaphezulu okanye unxibelelwano olufanayo lwe-spark gap kunye ne-varistor ayivumelekanga.
- Uhlobo lwe-1 SPDs akufuneki lubangele ukusebenza okwangoku okukhoyo ngenxa yokubonisa imeko, umzekelo, ii-LEDs
Ixesha lokuphumla- Ungalivumeli lifike kuloo nto
Khusela utyalo-mali lwakho
Khusela iinkqubo zokutshaja kwaye izithuthi zombane kumonakalo obizayo
- Kumlawuli werhafu kunye nebhetri
- Ukulawula, ikhawuntari kunye nonxibelelwano lwee-elektroniki zenkqubo yokutshaja.
Ukukhusela iziseko zokutshaja
Umbane kunye nokukhuselwa kokunyuka kwezikhululo zokutshaja amandla
Izikhululo zokutshaja ziyafuneka apho izithuthi zombane zipakishwe ixesha elide: emsebenzini, ekhaya, epakini + kwiindawo zokukhwela, kwiindawo zokupaka iimoto ezinemigangatho emininzi, kwiipaki zeemoto eziphantsi komhlaba, kwiindawo zokumisa iibhasi (iibhasi zombane), njl. Ke ngoko, izikhululo zokutshaja ezingaphezulu nangaphezulu (zombini i-AC kunye neDC) ngoku zifakelwa kwiindawo zabucala, ezisesidlangalaleni, nakwiindawo zoluntu- ngenxa yoko kukho umdla okhulayo kwimixholo yokhuseleko ebanzi. Ezi zithuthi zibiza kakhulu kwaye utyalo-mali luphezulu kakhulu ukuba lube semngciphekweni wombane kunye nomonakalo okhulayo.
Ukubetha kombane-Umngcipheko wesekethe ye-elektroniki
Kwimeko yesiphango, iisekethe ezibuthathaka zombane zolawulo, ikhawuntari kunye nenkqubo yonxibelelwano ikakhulu isemngciphekweni.
Iinkqubo zesathelayithi ezinendawo zokutshajisa ezinxibelelanisiweyo zinokutshatyalaliswa kwangoko ngesitrayikhi esinye sombane.
Ukudumba kukwabangela nomonakalo
Isitrayikhi sombane esikufuphi sihlala sibangela ama-surges awonakalisa iziseko zophuhliso. Ukuba olo nyango lwenzeka ngexesha lenkqubo yokutshaja, kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba nesithuthi eso sonakaliswe. Izithuthi zombane zihlala zinamandla ombane ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2,500 V-kodwa umbane oveliswe ngesitrayikhi sombane unokuba ngaphezulu kwama-20 ngaphezulu kunoko.
Khusela utyalo-mali lwakho-Thintela umonakalo
Kuxhomekeke kwindawo kunye nohlobo lwesoyikiso, umbane oguqulweyo ngokwahlukeneyo kunye nengqondo yokukhusela imeko iyafuneka.
Ukukhuselwa kokuhamba kombane
Intengiso yokuhamba kombane iyahamba. Iinkqubo ezizezinye zokuqhuba zibhalisa ukwanda okuzinzileyo kobhaliso, kwaye ingqalelo ikwahlawulwa kwimfuno yokuhlawuliswa kwilizwe lonke. Umzekelo, ngokwezibalo zombutho waseJamani weBDEW, iindawo zokutshaja eziqhelekileyo ezingama-70.000 kunye neendawo ezingama-7.000 zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza ziyafuneka kwisigidi esinye se-e-iimoto (eJamani). Imigaqo emithathu yokutshaja inokufumaneka kwintengiso. Ukongeza ukutshaja ngaphandle kwamacingo ngokusekwe kumgaqo woqheliso, ongasafane kwenzeke eYurophu (okwangoku), izitishi zotshintshiselwano ngebhetri ziphuhlisiwe njengenye indlela njengeyona ndlela yokutshaja ilungele umsebenzisi. Eyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokutshaja, nangona kunjalo, kukutshaja kweentambo ... kwaye kulapho kanye apho umbane kunye nokukhuselwa kombane okuthembekileyo kufuneka kuqinisekisiwe. Ukuba imoto ithathwa njengendawo ekhuselekileyo ekufanele ibe kuyo ngexesha leendudumo ngenxa yomzimba wayo wentsimbi kwaye ngaloo ndlela kulandela umgaqo wekheji kaFaraday, kwaye ukuba izinto zombane zikhuselekile nakumonakalo wehardware, iimeko ziyatshintsha ngexesha lokutshaja okuqhubayo. Ngexesha lokutshaja ngokuqhuba, izixhobo zombane wezithuthi ngoku zixhunyiwe kwi-elektroniki yokutshaja, ezondliwa yinkqubo yokuhambisa umbane. I-Overvoltages ngoku inokutshata kwisithuthi ngonxibelelwano lwegalvanic kwinethiwekhi yokuhambisa umbane. Umbane kunye nomonakalo wevoltage kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ngenxa yesi siqulatho kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-elektroniki ngokuchasene neevolvingi kuye kubaluleke ngakumbi. Izixhobo zokukhusela (i-SPD) kwiziseko zokutshaja zibonelela ngendlela elula nefanelekileyo yokukhusela i-elektroniki yesikhululo sokutshaja, ngakumbi ezo zemoto kumonakalo omkhulu weendleko.
Ukutshaja ngeentambo
Indawo yofakelo eqhelekileyo yezixhobo zokulayisha zikwindawo yabucala kwiigaraji zamakhaya abucala okanye kwiipaki zemoto zangaphantsi. Isitishi sokutshaja siyinxalenye yesakhiwo. Umthamo oqhelekileyo wokutshaja kwindawo nganye yokutshaja ukuya kuthi ga kwi-22 kW, oko kubizwa ngokuba kukutshaja okuqhelekileyo, apho ngokomgaqo wesicelo waseJamani we-VDE-AR-N 4100 izixhobo zokutshaja zezithuthi zombane ezinamandla alinganisiweyo ≥ 3.6 kVA kufuneka ibhaliswe kunye Umqhubi wegridi, kwaye ade afune ukuvunywa kwangaphambili ukuba amandla alinganisiweyo ewonke ukuba afakelwe> ngu-12 kVA. I-IEC 60364-4-44 kufuneka ikhankanywe ngokukodwa apha njengesiseko sokumisela iimfuno zokhuselo lokuqhubela phambili oluza kubonelelwa. Ichaza "uKhuselo ngokuchasene nokudlula okwedlula ngenxa yeempembelelo zemozulu okanye imisebenzi yokutshintsha". Ukukhetha izinto eziza kufakwa apha, sibhekisa kwi-IEC 60364-5-53. Uncedo lokhetho olwenziwe yi-LSP luququzelela ukukhethwa kwababanjiweyo ekuthethwa ngabo. Nceda ujonge apha.
Imodi yokutshaja 4
Okokugqibela kodwa kungaphelelanga apho, imo yokutshaja 4 ichaza into ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ekhawulezayo yokutshaja nge> 22 kW, ubukhulu becala ngeDC ukuya kuthi ga ngoku ngokwesiqhelo i350kW (ngokwe-400kW nangaphezulu). Izikhululo zokutshaja ezinjalo zifumaneka ikakhulu kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke. Kulapho i-IEC 60364-7-722 "Iimfuno zoncedo olukhethekileyo, amagumbi kunye neenkqubo-Ukubonelelwa kwamandla kwezithuthi zombane" kusebenza. Ukukhuselwa kombane ngokuchaseneyo nokubaleka okwethutyana ngenxa yempembelelo yomoya okanye ngexesha lokutshintsha kwezinto kufunwa ngokucacileyo kwiindawo zokutshaja kwiindawo ezifikeleleka esidlangalaleni. Ukuba izitishi zokutshaja zifakwe ngaphandle kwesakhiwo ngendlela yeendawo zokutshaja, umbane ofunekayo kunye nokukhuselwa kokunyuka kukhethwe ngokwendawo ekhethiweyo yokufaka. Ukusetyenziswa kombono wokhuseleko lombane (LPZ) ngokungqinelana ne-IEC 62305-4: 2006 ibonelela ngolwazi olubalulekileyo ngakumbi kuyilo oluchanekileyo lombane kunye nokuvalelwa kwabaphangi.
Kwangelo xesha, ukukhuselwa konxibelelwano kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo, ngakumbi kwiibhokisi zodonga kunye nezikhululo zokutshaja. Olu manyano lubaluleke kakhulu akufuneki luqwalaselwe kuphela ngenxa yengcebiso ye-IEC 60364-4-44, njengoko ibonisa ikhonkco phakathi kwesithuthi, isiseko sokutshaja kunye nenkqubo yamandla. Nalapha, iimodyuli zokukhusela ezilungiselelwe usetyenziso ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo nokukhuselekileyo kokuhamba kombane.
Ukuzinza okuqhubekayo kokuchaphazeleka kwiinkqubo zokhuselo
Ukuhlawuliswa kwesithuthi sombane esisebenza ngokufanelekileyo nesikhuselekileyo, umyalelo othile ucacisiwe ngaphakathi kuMmiselo weVoltage ePhantsi yofakelo olucwangciselwe loo njongo: i-ITC-BT 52. Lo myalelo ugxininisa isidingo sokuba nezinto ezizodwa kukhuseleko olukhawulezileyo nolusisigxina. I-LSP ilungiselele izisombululo zokuthobela lo mgangatho.
Nangona okwangoku ingaphantsi kwe-1% kushishino lweemoto zaseSpain oluzinzileyo, kuqikelelwa ukuba ngo-2050 kuyakubakho malunga nezigidi ezingama-24 zeemoto zombane kwaye kwisithuba seminyaka elishumi isixa siyakonyuka siye kwi-2,4 yezigidi.
Olu tshintsho kwinani leemoto lucotha utshintsho lwemozulu. Nangona kunjalo, le nguqulelo ikwathetha ukulungelelaniswa kweziseko ezingundoqo eziza kubonelela ngobu buchwephesha bucocekileyo.
Ukukhuselwa kwe-overvoltages kulawulo lwezithuthi zombane
Ukuhlawulwa okusebenzayo nangokukhuselekileyo kweemoto zombane ngumba ophambili kuzinzo lwenkqubo entsha.
Le ntlawulo kufuneka yenziwe ngokukhuselekileyo, eqinisekisa isithuthi kunye nolondolozo lwenkqubo yombane, ngazo zonke izixhobo zokukhusela ezifunekayo, kubandakanya nezo zinxulumene neevolvingi.
Kule meko, ukutshaja ufakelo lwezithuthi zombane kufuneka kuthobele i-ITC-BT 52 ukukhusela zonke iisekethi kukhuseleko olukhawulezileyo nolusisigxina olunokonakalisa isithuthi ngexesha lenkqubo yokulayisha.
Ummiselo wapapashwa ngummiselo wasebukhosini kwi-Bulletin esemthethweni yaseSpain (I-Real Decreto 1053/2014, IBOE), apho kwamkelwa uQeqesho olutsha oluNcedisayo lwezoBuchule i-ITC-BT 52: «Izixhobo zenjongo ezinxulumene noko. Izibonelelo zokutshaja izithuthi zombane ».
Umyalelo we-ITC-BT 52 woMmiselo oMbane weVolthi ePhantsi
Lo myalelo ufuna ukuba nezixhobo ezitsha zokubonelela ngezikhululo zokutshaja kunye nokulungiswa kwezixhobo ezikhoyo ezibonelelwa ukusuka kwinethiwekhi yokuhambisa umbane iye kwezi ndawo zilandelayo:
- Kwizakhiwo ezitsha okanye kwiindawo zokupaka kufuneka kufakelwe indawo yombane yokuhlawulisa izithuthi zombane, ezenziwa ngokungqinelana ne-ITC-BT 52 ekubhekiselwe kuyo:
- a) kwiindawo zokupaka izakhiwo ezinolawulo lwepropathi ethe tye, kufuneka kuqhutyekwe ngokuqhutywa kwemimandla yoluntu (ngeetyhubhu, amajelo, iitreyi, njl. njl.) ukwenzela ukuba kube nakho ukuba namasebe aqhagamshelwe kwizikhululo zokutshaja ezikwiindawo zokupaka , njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo 3.2 le-ITC-BT 52.
- b) kwiindawo zokupaka zabucala kwimibutho yabasebenzi, amashishini okanye iiofisi, zabasebenzi okanye abo usebenza nabo, okanye iindawo zokugcina izithuthi zasekuhlaleni, izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kufuneka zibonelele ngesikhululo esinye sokutshaja kuzo zonke iindawo zokupaka ezingama-40.
- c) kwiindawo zokupaka zikawonke-wonke ezisisigxina, izibonelelo eziyimfuneko zokubonelela ngesikhululo sokutshaja kuzo zonke izihlalo ezingama-40 ziya kuqinisekiswa.
Kucatshangelwa ukuba isakhiwo okanye indawo yokupaka isandul 'ukwakhiwa xa iprojekthi yolwakhiwo inikezelwa kuLawulo loLuntu oluhambelanayo ukuze ilungiswe ngomhla olandelayo emva kokungena kweRoyal Decree 1053/2014.
Izakhiwo okanye iindawo zokupaka ngaphambi kokupapashwa kommiselo wasebukhosini zazinexesha leminyaka emithathu ukuziqhelanisa nemigaqo emitsha.
- Esitalatweni, izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo ukubonelela ngonikezelo kwizikhululo zokutshaja ezikwiindawo zezithuthi zombane ezicwangciswe kwiziCwangciso zokuHamba ezizinzileyo zengingqi.
Zithini izikimu ezinokubakho zokufakwa kweendawo zokubiza?
Imizobo yofakelo yokuhlawulwa kwezithuthi zombane eziye zabonwa kwangaphambili kulo myalelo zezi zilandelayo:
Inkqubo yokudibanisa okanye yesebe ene-counter ephambili kwimvelaphi yofakelo.
Iskimu somntu ngamnye esinekhawuntari eqhelekileyo yendlu kunye nesikhululo sokutshaja.
Iskim somntu ngamnye nekhawuntari yesitishi ngasinye sokutshaja.
Isikimu esineesekethe okanye ezongezelelweyo iisekethe zokutshaja izithuthi zombane.
Izixhobo zokukhusela izixhobo ze-ITC-BT 52
Zonke iisekethe mazikhuselwe okwexeshana (okusisigxina) kunye nokugqitha kwexeshana.
Izixhobo zokhuselo lwethutyana kufuneka zifakelwe kufutshane nemvelaphi yeziko, okanye kwibhodi ephambili.
Ngo-Novemba ngo-2017, isikhokelo sobuchwephesha besicelo se-ITC-BT 52 sapapashwa, apho kucetyiswa oku kulandelayo:
-Ukufaka uhlobo loku-1 lwethutyana lokukhusela ukhuseleko kwikhawuntara ephambili okanye ecaleni kwesitshixo esiphambili, esisekungeneni kwendawo yokubala.
-Ukuba umgama phakathi kwesikhululo sokutshaja kunye nesixhobo esikhawulezayo sokukhusela esixhonyiweyo sinyuke ngaphezulu okanye silingana neemitha ezili-10, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kufakelwe isixhobo sokhuselo sokudlula esongezelelekileyo, uhlobo 2, ecaleni kwesikhululo sokutshaja okanye ngaphakathi kuso.
Isisombululo ngokuchasene nokudlula okwethutyana kunye nokusisigxina
Kwi-LSP sinesisombululo esifanelekileyo sokhuseleko olusebenzayo ngokuchasene nokunyuka okwethutyana kunye nokusisigxina:
Ukukhusela ngokuchasene nohlobo 1 lokudlula okwethutyana, i-LSP ine-FLP25 uthotho. Eli ziko liqinisekisa ukukhuselwa okuphezulu ngokuchasene nokuhamba okungaphezulu kwethutyana kweentambo zombane ekungeneni kwesakhiwo, kubandakanya nezo ziveliswe kukukhululwa kombane ngokuthe ngqo.
Luhlobo 1 kunye no-2 umkhuseli ngokwe-IEC / EN 61643-11 esemgangathweni. Iimpawu zayo eziphambili zezi:
- Impembelelo yangoku kwipali nganye (i-limp) ye-25 kA kunye nenqanaba lokhuseleko le-1,5 kV.
- Yenziwe zizixhobo ezikhupha irhasi.
- Inemiqondiso yokhuseleko.
Ukukhuselwa kuhlobo 2 lokudlula okwexeshana kunye nokugcwala okungapheliyo, i-LSP icebisa uthotho lwe-SLP40.
Khusela isithuthi sakho sombane
Isithuthi sombane sinokumelana ne-voltage ye-2.500V. Kwimeko yesaqhwithi sombane, umbane onokudluliselwa kwisithuthi ungaphezulu kwamaxesha angama-20 kunombane onokumelana nawo, obangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka kuyo yonke inkqubo (isilawuli, ikhawuntari, iinkqubo zonxibelelwano, isithuthi), nokuba impembelelo umqadi kwenzeka kumgama othile.
I-LSP ibeka ezandleni zakho iimveliso eziyimfuneko ukukhusela iindawo zokutshaja kwi-surges ezidlulayo nezisisigxina, uqinisekisa ulondolozo lwesithuthi. Kwimeko apho unomdla wokufumana ukhuseleko ngokuchasene nokuchasana ngokweqile, unokuxhomekeka kuncedo lwabasebenzi bethu abaziingcali kulo mbandela. Apha.
isishwankathelo
Imeko ezikhethekileyo azinakugutyungelwa ngokupheleleyo ngezisombululo jikelele -njengeSwitzerland Army Knife ayinakho ukubuyisela isixhobo esimiselwe kakuhle. Oku kuyasebenza nakwimeko yokusingathwa kwezikhululo ze-EV kunye neemoto zombane, ngakumbi kuba izixhobo zokulinganisa ezifanelekileyo, ulawulo kunye nolawulo kufuneka zibandakanyiwe kwisisombululo sokhuselo. Kubalulekile ukuba nezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokwenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko. Ukuba uyakuthathela ingqalelo oku, uyakufumana icandelo lezorhwebo elinokuthenjwa okuphezulu ekuhambeni kwe-electro- kunye neqabane elifanelekileyo kwi-LSP.
I-Electromobility sisihloko esishushu samaxesha akhoyo nakwixesha elizayo. Uphuhliso lwayo oluthe xhaxhe luxhomekeke kulwakhiwo lwangexesha lwezikhululo ezifanelekileyo zokutshaja zenethiwekhi ekufuneka zikhuselekile kwaye zingabinazimpazamo ekusebenzeni. Oku kunokufezekiswa ngokusebenzisa ii-LSP SPDs ezifakwe kumbane kunye nasekuhloleni imigca apho bakhusela khona izinto zombane zezitishi zokutshaja.
Ukukhuselwa kombane omkhulu
Ukugqitha ngaphezulu kunokutsalwa kungeniswe kwitekhnoloji yesikhululo sokutshaja ngeendlela ezininzi ngeendlela zokuhambisa umbane. Iingxaki ngenxa yeevolvingi zokufika kuthungelwano lokuhambisa zinokuncitshiswa ngokuthembekileyo ngokusebenzisa i-LSP ephezulu yokusebenza kombane wokubanjwa okwangoku kunye nee-SPD zothotho lwe-FLP.
Ukukhuselwa kweenkqubo zokulinganisa kunye nolawulo
Ukuba sifuna ukusebenzisa ezi nkqubo zilapha ngasentla ngokufanelekileyo, kufuneka sithintele ukubakho kokulungiswa okanye ukucinywa kwedatha equlethwe kulawulo okanye kwiisekethe zedatha. Inkohliso yedatha ekhankanywe apha ngasentla inokubangelwa kukugcwala okungaphezulu.
Malunga ne-LSP
I-LSP ngumlandeli wetekhnoloji kwizixhobo ze-AC & DC zokukhusela izixhobo (SPDs). Inkampani ikhule ngokuzinzileyo ukusukela oko yaqalwa ngo-2010. Ngaphezulu kwabasebenzi abangama-25, iilebhu zayo zovavanyo, umgangatho wemveliso ye-LSP, ukuthembeka kunye nokuyila kuqinisekisiwe. Uninzi lweemveliso zokukhusela iimvavanyo ziyavavanywa kwaye ziqinisekiswe ngokuzimeleyo kwimigangatho yamanye amazwe (Uhlobo 1 ukuya ku-3) ngokwe-IEC kunye ne-EN. Abathengi bavela kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini, kubandakanya ukwakha / ukwakha, ukunxibelelana ngomnxeba, amandla (photovoltaic, umoya, ukuveliswa kwamandla ngokubanzi kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla), ukuhamba kwe-e kunye nomgaqo kaloliwe. Olunye ulwazi luyafumaneka kwi https://www.LSP-international.com.com.
