Kariyar ƙasa

Hanyar waya mai kariya wacce sashin karfe na kayan lantarki (wato, sashin ginin karfe wanda aka sanya shi daga rayayyen bangaren) wanda za'a iya caji bayan kayan aikin rufin ya lalace ko kuma a wasu halaye ana samun tabbataccen haɗi ta hanyar mai gudanar da aikin. jiki. Tsarin kare ƙasa yana da matakai ne kawai da layin tsaka tsaki. Ana iya amfani da nauyin ƙarfin lokaci-lokaci ba tare da layin tsaka tsaki ba. Muddin kayan aikin suna da kyau, layin tsaka-tsaki a cikin tsarin dole ne ya sami haɗin ƙasa sai dai tsaka tsaki na samar da wutar lantarki. Tsarin kariyar haɗin sifiri yana buƙatar cewa an kiyaye layin tsaka tsaki a kowane hali. Idan ya cancanta, ana iya gina layin tsaka-tsaki na kariya da layin kariya ta sifiri daban. A lokaci guda, layin tsaka-tsaki na kariya a cikin tsarin dole ne ya maimaita ƙasa da yawa.

Gabatarwa / Tsarin Kariya

Matakan da za a shimfida murfin karfe na kayan lantarki. Zai iya hana ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wucewa cikin jikin mutum lokacin da aka cajin murfin ƙarfe a ƙarƙashin yanayin lalacewar ruɗi ko haɗari, don tabbatar da amincin mutum.

Wannan nau'in wayoyi ne na kariya wanda yake hada bangaren karfe na kayan lantarki (ma'ana, bangaren karfe ne wanda aka sanya shi daga rayayyen bangaren) wanda za'a iya caji bayan kayan aikin rufin sun lalace ko kuma a wasu yanayi, kuma mai gudanarwar shine amintacce yana da alaƙa da jikin ƙasa. Ana amfani da kariyar ƙasa gabaɗaya a cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki inda maɓallin tsaka-tsakin mai jujjuyawar rarrabawa ba shi da tushe kai tsaye (tsarin wayoyi uku-uku) don tabbatar da cewa wutar lantarki da ke ƙasa lokacin da kayan lantarki ke zubowa saboda lalacewar rufin bai wuce ba kewayon aminci Idan kayan aikin gida basu da kariya ta hanyar kasa, lokacin da rufin wani bangare ya lalace ko wani layi na zamani ya taba kwarjin na waje, za'ayi cajin waje na kayan aikin gidan, kuma idan jikin mutum ya taba farfajiyar waje ( firam) na kayan lantarki da rufin ya lalata, zaiyi Akwai haɗarin girgizar lantarki. Akasin haka, idan kayan aikin lantarki sun kasance a ƙasa, matakin ƙasa mai sau ɗaya gajeren gajere zai gudana ta ɓangarorin biyu masu daidaituwa na na'urar da ke jikin mutum. Gabaɗaya magana, juriyar jikin mutum ta fi 1000 ohms girma, kuma juriyar jikin ƙasa ba za ta iya wuce ohms 4 bisa ƙa'idodi ba, don haka halin da yake gudana a jikin ɗan adam ƙarami ne, kuma wanda yake gudana a cikin ƙasa. na'urar babba ce Wannan yana rage haɗarin girgizar lantarki ga jikin mutum bayan ɓataccen kayan lantarki.

Aikin ƙasa mai kariya da kiyayewa / Kariyar ƙasa

Aikin ya tabbatar da cewa yin amfani da filaye mai kariya shine matakin kariya mai inganci a cikin cibiyar sadarwar mai karfin karfin China. Tunda an raba filayen kariya zuwa kariyar ƙasa da kariya ta haɗin sifiri, yanayin haƙiƙa wanda hanyoyin kariya daban-daban suke amfani dashi ya bambanta. Sabili da haka, idan aka zaɓa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, ba kawai zai shafi aikin kariya na abokin ciniki ba amma kuma zai shafi amincin samar da wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki. Bayan haka, a matsayin abokin ciniki na wutar lantarki a cikin hanyar sadarwar jama'a, ta yaya zamu iya zaɓar da amfani da ƙasa mai kariya?

Kariyar ƙasa da kariya ta sifiri

Don fahimta da fahimtar kariyar ƙasa da kariya ta haɗin sifiri, mallaki bambance-bambance da ƙimar amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin kariya guda biyu.

Ana kiran kariyar ƙasa da kariya ta haɗin sifiri a matsayin ƙasa mai kariya. Yana da mahimmin ma'aunin fasaha da aka ɗauka don hana girgiza wutar lantarki ta mutum da tabbatar da aikin kayan aikin yau da kullun. Bambanci tsakanin waɗannan kariyar guda biyu yafi bayyana a fannoni uku: Na farko, ƙa'idar kariya ta bambanta. Ainihin ka'idar kariyar kasa ita ce takaita kwararar ruwan na'urar dake kwarara zuwa kasa ta yadda ba zai wuce wani kewayon tsaro ba. Da zarar na'urar kariya ta zarce wani ƙayyadaddun ƙimar, ana iya yanke wutar lantarki ta atomatik. Ka'idar kariyar haɗin sifiri ita ce amfani da layin haɗa sifilin. Lokacin da na'urar ta lalace ta hanyar rufi kuma ta samar da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, ana amfani da gajeren gajeren gajere don faɗakar da na'urar kariya a kan layin don aiki da sauri. Na biyu, girman aikace-aikacen ya bambanta. Dangane da abubuwan da suka dace kamar rarraba kaya, nauyin nauyi, da yanayin ɗabi'a, Ka'idodin Fasaha na Lowarfin Lowarfin Rarara na Rural yana rarraba ikon yin amfani da tsarin aiki na grid ɗin wutar lantarki na sama. Tsarin TT gabaɗaya ana amfani dashi ga cibiyar sadarwar wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi, wanda ke cikin yanayin kariya ta ƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai kariya; Tsarin TN (ana iya raba tsarin TN zuwa TN-C, TN-CS, TN-S) yafi dacewa da ƙaramin ƙarfin jama'a na biranen sadarwar Aarfin wutar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi ga abokan cinikin wutar lantarki kamar grids da masana'antu da ma'adinai. Wannan tsarin hanya ce mai kariya ta sifiri a cikin kasa mai kariya. A halin yanzu, cibiyar sadarwar da ke samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin wutar lantarki ta kasar Sin ta kan dauki tsarin TT ko TN-C, kuma tana aiwatar da hanyoyin samar da lantarki mai kashi daya-da-uku. Wato, kashi huɗu mai amfani da waya huɗu 380 / 220V rarraba wuta yayin samar da wuta zuwa nauyin haske da ɗaukar wuta. Na uku, tsarin layi ya bambanta. Tsarin kare ƙasa yana da matakai ne kawai da layin tsaka tsaki. Ana iya amfani da nauyin ƙarfin lokaci-lokaci ba tare da layin tsaka tsaki ba. Muddin kayan aikin suna da kyau, layin tsaka-tsaki a cikin tsarin dole ne ya sami haɗin ƙasa sai dai tsaka tsaki na samar da wutar lantarki. Tsarin kariyar haɗin sifiri yana buƙatar cewa an kiyaye layin tsaka tsaki a kowane hali. Idan ya cancanta, ana iya gina layin tsaka-tsaki na kariya da layin kariya ta sifiri daban. A lokaci guda, layin tsaka-tsaki na kariya a cikin tsarin dole ne ya sami maimaita ƙasa da yawa.

Zaɓin hanyoyin kariya

Dangane da tsarin samar da wutar lantarki inda abokin ciniki yake, yakamata a zaɓi kariyar ƙasa da hanyar kariya ta haɗin sifiri.

Wace irin kariya ya kamata abokin ciniki mai iko ya ɗauka? Na farko, dole ne ya dogara da wane irin tsarin rarraba wutar lantarkin da tsarin samar da wutar yake ciki. Idan cibiyar sadarwar jama'a inda abokin ciniki yake to tsarin TT ne, abokin ciniki ya kamata ya karbi kariyar kasa ta hanyar da ta dace; idan cibiyar sadarwar jama'a inda abokin ciniki yake a cikin tsarin TN-C, ya kamata a karɓi kariyar haɗin sifiri iri ɗaya.

Tsarin TT da tsarin TN-C tsari ne guda biyu tare da halaye masu zaman kansu. Kodayake duka tsarin suna iya samarwa da kwastomomi abubuwan karfin 220 / 380V guda ɗaya da uku masu ƙarfi, ba za su iya maye gurbin juna kawai ba amma su kare su. Abubuwan da ake buƙata a sama sun bambanta. Wannan saboda, a cikin tsarin rarraba wutar iri ɗaya, idan hanyoyin kariya guda biyu sun wanzu a lokaci guda, ƙarfin lantarki na lokaci-zuwa-ƙasa na layin tsaka tsaki zai tashi zuwa rabi ko mafi girma na ƙarfin lantarki a cikin yanayin ƙasa- kariyar na'urar A wannan lokacin, duk na'urori akan kariya ta sifiri (saboda murfin ƙarfe na na'urar yana haɗuwa kai tsaye zuwa layin tsaka tsaki) zai ɗauki babban ƙarfin guda, don haka sassan ƙarfe kamar na'urar casing na na'urar suna nuna babban ƙarfin lantarki ga ƙasa, game da shi mai amfani da haɗari. Tsaro. Sabili da haka, tsarin rarraba iri ɗaya kawai zai iya amfani da hanyar kariya iri ɗaya, kuma ba za a haɗa hanyoyin kariya biyu ba. Abu na biyu, dole ne abokin ciniki ya fahimci abin da ake kira grounding mai karewa, kuma ya bambance daidai tsakanin ƙasa da ba da kariya. Groundasa mai kariya tana nufin gaskiyar cewa kayan aikin gida, kayan lantarki, da dai sauransu na iya zama cajin ƙarfe saboda lalacewar rufi. Ingasa da aka bayar don hana irin wannan ƙarfin lantarki daga haɗarin amincin mutum ana kiransa ƙasa mai kariya. Kariyar shimfidar karfe tare da waya mai dauke da kasa (PEE) kai tsaye wanda aka hada shi da girar kasa ana kiransa kariya ta kasa. Lokacin da aka haɗa casing ɗin ƙarfe da madugu mai kariya (PE) da kuma madugu mai tsaka tsaki mai kariya (PEN), ana kiransa kariya ta haɗin sifiri.

Tsarin misali, daidaitaccen tsari

Dangane da buƙatun saiti daban-daban na hanyoyin kariya biyu, ƙirar ƙira da tsarin aikin gini.

Daidaita tsarin tsari da tsarin gine-gine da bukatun layin rarrabawa cikin karfin karbar abokin ciniki, da kuma maye gurbin bangaren rarraba wutar cikin gida na sabbin gine-ginen kwastomomi da aka gyara tare da tsarin waya mai kashi uku-uku ko kuma lokaci daya. tsarin waya uku. Hanyoyi uku-hudu masu amfani da waya hudu ko kuma masu amfani da wayoyi guda biyu a cikin tsarin TT ko TN-C na iya aiwatar da yadda za a samu kariyar abokin huldar. Abinda ake kira "tsarin gida mai kashi uku-biyar ko kuma mai wayoyi guda uku" yana nufin cewa bayan layin low-voltage yana hade da abokin ciniki, dole ne abokin huldar ya canza yanayin wayoyi na asali, bisa tsarin asali uku-lokaci hudu-waya tsarin da single-lokaci biyu-waya tsarin tsarin wayoyi. A saman, kowane nau'in layin kariya yana haɗe da kowane tashar waya ta ƙasa da ke buƙatar aiwatar da soket ɗin kariya ta ƙasa. Don sauƙaƙa kulawa da gudanarwa, mahaɗan hanyar fitar gida da ƙarshen ƙarshen layin kariya za a sanya a kan kwamatin rarraba wutar da aka gabatar da samar da wutar, sannan kuma hanyar samun kariya ta kariya za a raba layi daban bisa tsarin rarraba wuta inda abokin ciniki yake.

1, Kafa abubuwan da ake buƙata don layin kariya na tsarin TT (PEE)

Lokacin da tsarin rarraba wutar abokin ciniki tsarin TT ne, tsarin na bukatar kwastomomi ya dauki hanyar kariya ta kasa. Sabili da haka, don haɗuwa da ƙimar ƙarancin ƙasa na kariyar ƙasa, abokin ciniki ya kamata ya binne na'urar da aka ƙera a cikin waje kamar yadda ake buƙata na "Dokokin Fasaha don Lowarfin Lowarfin Ruwa na Karkara". Yakamata juriya ya kamata ya cika waɗannan buƙatun:

Re≤Ulom / Iop

Re grounding juriya (Ω)

Ana kiran Ulom iyakar ƙarfin lantarki (V). A ƙarƙashin al'amuran yau da kullun, ana iya ɗaukar shi azaman ƙimar AC RMS na 50V.

Aikin aiki na saura na yanzu (kwararar ruwa) mai kariya wanda ke kusa da Iop (I)

Ga matsakaiciyar kwastoma, muddin aka yi amfani da karfe 40 × 40 × 4 × 2500 mm, ana iya tura shi zuwa cikin ɓoyayyiyar 0.6 m ta tsaye ta hanyar tuki na inji, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatar juriya na juriya ta ƙasa. Bayan haka, an yi masa walda tare da zagaye na karfe tare da diamita ≥ led8 sannan a fito da shi zuwa ƙasa tsawon mita 0.6, sannan a haɗa shi da waya ta kariya (PEE) na maɓallin sauyawa tare da irin kayan da nau'in waya kamar wanda aka shigo da su lokacin samar da wuta.

2, Kafa abubuwan da ake buƙata don layin kare sifili (PE) na tsarin TN-C

Tunda tsarin yana bukatar kwastomomi suyi amfani da yanayin kariya ta haɗin sifiri, ya zama dole a ƙara layin kariya na musamman (PE) bisa asalin tsarin wayoyi huɗu-uku masu wayoyi huɗu ko tsarin wayoyi guda biyu, wanda ana kiyaye shi ta ƙarshen karɓar ikon abokin ciniki. An fitar da layin tsaka-tsaki mai kariya (PEN) na allon sauyawa kuma an haɗa shi da asalin tsarin wayoyi huɗu na asali huɗu ko tsarin wayoyi guda biyu. Don tabbatar da aminci da amincin dukkanin tsarin, yakamata a biya kulawa ta musamman don amfani. Bayan an fitar da layin kariya (PE) daga layin tsaka-tsaki na kariya (PEN), layin tsaka-tsaki N da layin kariya (PE) an kafa su a gefen abokin ciniki. Ba za a iya haɗa wayoyi biyu zuwa layin (PEN) yayin amfani da su ba. Don tabbatar da amincin sake sake layin layin tsaka-tsaki (PEN), na farko da karshen tsarin tsarin TN-C, duk sandunan tashar T reshen reshen, sandunan karshen reshe, da sauransu ya kamata a wadata su da maimaita layin da ke ƙasa, da kuma matakai uku Tsarin waya mai wayoyi huɗu ya kamata a sake yin ƙasa akai-akai a ƙofar sashin layin masu biyan kuɗi, kafin layin (PEN) ya kasu zuwa layi na tsaka tsaki (N) da layin kariya (PE). Sashin giciyen waya na tsaka tsaki mai kariya (PEN), tsaka tsaki (N) ko waya mai kariya (PE) ana zaɓa koyaushe bisa ga nau'in waya da daidaitaccen sashin layin lokaci.

Kariyar ƙasa da garkuwar ƙasa / Kariyar ƙasa

Protectiveasa mai kariya

1, Yankin kariya:

Kabet din duk suna ciki. Misali, yawanci babu wuri a cikin majami'a inda babu fenti, sannan kuma an haɗa wayoyi. Wannan shine tushen ginin majalisar ministocin. Wayar ƙasa da ke cikin wutar lantarki (ma'ana, lokacin rawaya-kore) shima rawa ne. Manufarta ita ce don hana cajin majalisar zartarwa.

2, yankin kariya gabaɗaya ana yin shi ne ta kayan lantarki

3 groundarfin ƙasa:

Wannan layin, yawanci ta hanyar samarda wutan lantarki, yana dawowa zuwa layin cibiyar tiransifoma sannan ya shiga cikin ƙasa. A wasu wuraren, wannan da yankin da aka kiyaye duk daya ne, kuma wasu wuraren ba daya bane.

Garkuwar ƙasa

1, Har ila yau ana kiran shi da kayan ƙasa:

Ya kamata a lura cewa ya kamata a hana wayar ƙasa kayan aiki tuntuɓar ƙasa ta lantarki / kariya yayin aikin haɗi, in ba haka ba zai rasa ma'anarsa.

2, Garkuwa da hankali:

Lokacin amfani da kebul mai kariya, yi amfani da ƙasa mai ƙarewa ɗaya. Karkashe wayar da aka killace a cikin filin. Kula da tsaftacewa. A cikin babban dakin sarrafawa, sanya wayoyin garkuwar na wayoyi da yawa kuma hada su zuwa tashar rufe garkuwar majalissar. (Kyakkyawan ɗakuna suna da ƙasa na jan ƙarfe kuma an sanya su daga gidan hukuma)

3, Musamman bincike

Gidan haɗin garkuwar garkuwar yana kunshe da kayan aikin ƙasa. Wannan yana ba da damar haɗa ƙasa da kayan aiki gaba ɗaya. Yana da filin analog, ƙasa na dijital, ƙasa mai ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki, ƙarfin wutan lantarki mai ƙarfi (220v), da nau'ikan kariya da yawa. A cikin cibiyar sarrafawa, ana aiwatar da shimfidar wuri, juriya mai karko ita ce 1 ohm, kuma idan ba 4 ohms ba, ana fara tattara wayoyi masu shimfida layuka daban-daban zuwa wani wuri na musamman. Bayan haka sai a haɗa dukkan wuraren da ake yin ƙasa da wurin taƙaitaccen bayani, da ka'idojin shimfidawa ga kowane rukunin yanar gizo, analog ɗin analog, wayoyin ƙasa masu ƙananan lantarki suna amfani da wayoyin bi da bi, sannan kuma an haɗa su da alamar alamar ƙasa, kuma a ƙarshe an haɗa su da garkuwar kebul, ƙasa mai ƙarfin lantarki mai ƙarfi da kariya Bayan haɗin ƙasa, ƙarfin juriya yana da 4 ohms, kuma wuraren filayen filayen biyu suna da insulated. Yakamata a ayyana juriya ta ruɗin gwargwadon bukatun firikwensin, amma dole ne ya fi megohms 0.5. Wato, madaidaitan siginar an kafa shi ne daga gefe guda, kuma filin kariyar filin yana da kariyar shimfidar kasa ta gaba a matsayin alamar alama don hana karyewar kasa saboda karfin wutar lantarki. Idan an kafa iyakar biyu, za a sami madauki mara motsi, wanda zai haifar da siginar kutse kuma ya zama mai cin kashin kansa. Idan kun ji rashin kwanciyar hankali, zaku iya amfani da zinc oxide varistor karuwa a kai a kai a shafin da kariya ta shafin. Matsayin ƙarfin lantarki ƙasa da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki da firikwensin zai iya jurewa. Gabaɗaya, karka wuce ƙarfin wutan lantarki na 24 volts. Garkuwa yana da ma’anoni guda biyu, garkuwar lantarki, da kuma garkuwar zafin lantarki, wadanda suke ishara zuwa garkuwar da maganadisu da kewayensu, bi da bi. Wayar da aka saba da kariya ta raga ba ta da tasiri a kan da'irar maganadisu, don haka kariya ce ta tsangwama ta lantarki, ma'ana, garkuwar lantarki. A wannan lokacin, dole ne a kafa layin garkuwar (ana kiyaye garkuwar maganadisu ba tare da yin kasa ba). Ka'idar dai iri daya ce: asalin tsangwama da ƙarshen karɓa sun yi daidai da sanduna biyu na ƙarfin. Daya bangaren canjin karfin wutan lantarki zai hango wani karshen ta hanyar karfin wuta. Matsakaicin matsakaici (watau garkuwar) da aka saka a cikin ƙasa yana lalata wannan ƙarfin ƙarfinsa, don haka yana yanke hanyar tsangwama. Yi hankali don haɗawa zuwa ƙasa na siginar da kake son kiyayewa lokacin yin ƙasa, kuma kawai haɗa a ƙarshen ƙarshen garkuwar. In ba haka ba, za a sami babban halin yanzu (madaurin ƙasa na yanzu) wanda ke haifar da lalacewa lokacin da damar a ɓangarorin biyu ba su daidaita.