Karuwar walƙiya a yanzu da kariyar wuce gona da iri

Karuwar walƙiya a yanzu da kariyar wuce gona da iri

Volarfafawar asalin yanayi
Bayani mai yawa

Volarfafawa (a cikin tsarin) kowane irin ƙarfin lantarki tsakanin mai jagorar lokaci ɗaya da ƙasa ko tsakanin masu jagorantar lokaci waɗanda suke da ƙimar da ta wuce daidai ƙarfin mafi girman ƙarfin lantarki don ma'anar kayan aiki daga Electasashen Lantarki na Electasa ta Duniya (IEV 604-03-09)

Iri-iri iri-iri

Volarfin ƙarfin lantarki shine ƙarfin bugun jini ko motsi wanda aka ɗora akan ƙarfin ƙarfin cibiyar sadarwar (duba Siffa J1)

Wannan nau'in juzu'in yana dauke da (duba siffa J2):

• lokacin tashin tf (a cikin μs);
• dan tudu S (a cikin kV / μs).

Overarfin wuce gona da iri yana dagula kayan aiki kuma yana samar da hasken lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon lokacin overvoltage (T) yana haifar da ƙwanƙwasa ƙarfi a cikin da'irorin lantarki wanda zai iya lalata kayan aiki.
Siffa J2 - Babban halayen haɓakawa

Nau'ikan juzu'i huɗu na iya ɓar da shigarwar lantarki da lodi:

• Sauya sheka: yawan rikice-rikice masu yawa ko rikicewa (duba Siffa J1) wanda ya haifar da canji a cikin yanayin dorewa a cikin cibiyar sadarwar lantarki (yayin aiki na sauyawa).
• Volarfin mita-ƙarfi: yawan juzu'i na mita iri ɗaya kamar cibiyar sadarwa (50, 60, ko 400 Hz) sanadiyyar canjin yanayi na dindindin a cikin hanyar sadarwar (biyo bayan lahani: kuskuren rufi, lalacewar mai gudanar da tsaka tsaki, da sauransu).
• Volarfin rikicewar da aka samu sakamakon fitowar lantarki: gajeren gajeren abu ne (aan nanoseconds) na mitar mitar ta hanyar fitowar kuɗin caji na lantarki (alal misali, mutumin da ke tafiya a kan kafet tare da takalmin ƙafafunsa ana cajin lantarki da ƙarfin lantarki kilogram da yawa).
• Volarfafawar asalin yanayi.

Hanyoyin wuce gona da iri na asalin yanayi

Shanyewar walƙiya a cikin wasu 'yan adadi: Hasken walƙiya yana samar da adadin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi da yawa (duba Hoto J4)

• na dubban amperes (da dubu da yawa volts)
• na babban mita (kamar 1 megahertz)
• na ɗan gajeren lokaci (daga microsecond zuwa millisecond)

Tsakanin hadari 2000 zuwa 5000 koyaushe suna fuskantar tsari a duk duniya. Wadannan guguwa suna tare da shanyewar walƙiya wanda ke wakiltar babban haɗari ga mutane da kayan aiki. Hasken walƙiya ya faɗi ƙasa a matsakaita na buguwa 30 zuwa 100 a cikin dakika ɗaya, watau bugun jini sau biliyan 3 kowace shekara.

Tebur a cikin Hoto J3 yana nuna wasu ƙimar faɗakarwar walƙiya tare da yiwuwar su. Kamar yadda ake gani, 50% na shanyewar walƙiya suna da ƙarfin yanzu wanda ya wuce 35 kA kuma 5% na yanzu ya wuce 100 kA. Energyarfin da walƙiyar walƙiya ta isar saboda haka yana da ƙarfi ƙwarai.

Siffa J3 - Misalan ƙimar fitowar walƙiya wanda ƙirar IEC 62305-1 ta bayar (2010 - Table A.3)

Siffa J4 - Misalin walƙiya a yanzu

Har ila yau walƙiya tana haifar da gobara mai yawa, galibi a yankunan noma (lalata gidaje ko sanya su rashin dacewar amfani). Gine-gine masu tsayi musamman suna fuskantar bugun jini.

Tasiri kan shigarwar lantarki

Walƙiya tana lalata tsarin lantarki da lantarki musamman: tiransifoma, mitoci na lantarki da kayan lantarki a harabar gidan zama da masana'antu.

Kudin gyaran barnar da walƙiya ta haifar yayi tsada sosai. Amma yana da matukar wahala a tantance sakamakon:

• hargitsin da ya haifar da kwamfutoci da hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa;
• kuskuren da aka haifar a cikin gudanar da shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen kula da hankali da tsarin sarrafawa.

Haka kuma, farashin asarar aiki yana iya zama sama da ƙimar kayan aikin da aka lalata.

Tasirin walƙiya

Walƙiya sanannen abu ne mai ɗauke da wutar lantarki wanda ke haifar da juzu'i a kan dukkan abubuwa masu ma'amala, musamman kan kebul da kayan aiki na lantarki.

Hasken walƙiya na iya shafar tsarin lantarki (da / ko lantarki) na gini ta hanyoyi biyu:

• ta tasirin tasirin walƙiya kai tsaye kan ginin (duba siffa J5 a);
• ta hanyar tasirin kai tsaye na tsawar walƙiya akan ginin:
• Harshen walƙiya na iya faɗuwa akan layin wutar lantarki na sama wanda ke kawo gini (duba siffa J5 b). Yawan wuce gona da iri na iya yada kilomita da yawa daga ma'anar tasiri.
• Ningarar walƙiya na iya faɗo kusa da layin wutar lantarki (duba Siffa J5 c). Hanyoyin lantarki ne na hasken walƙiya wanda ke samar da babban ƙarfi da kuma wuce haddi akan cibiyar sadarwar wutar lantarki. A cikin lamuran biyu na ƙarshe, ana watsa hanyoyin haɗari da haɗari ta hanyar sadarwar da ke ba da wutar lantarki.

Ningarar walƙiya na iya faɗuwa kusa da gini (duba siffa J5 d). Arfin duniyar da ke kusa da tasirin tasiri ya tashi da haɗari.

Siffa J5 - Iri daban-daban tasirin walƙiya

A kowane hali, sakamakon shigarwar lantarki da lodi na iya zama mai ban mamaki.

Hoto J6 - Sakamakon tasirin walƙiya

Walƙiya ta faɗo kan gini mara kariya.	Walƙiya ta faɗi kusa da layin sama.	Walƙiya ta faɗi kusa da gini.
Halin walƙiya yana gudana zuwa ƙasa ta hanyar tsarin ginin ko ƙari mai tasiri tare da tasirin lalata sosai: tasirin thermal: violentarfin zafi sosai na kayan, yana haifar da wuta tasirin inji: Lalacewar tsarin murfin wuta mai zafi: Lamari mai hatsarin gaske a gaban kayan wuta mai saurin kamawa da abubuwa masu fashewa (hydrocarbons, ƙura, da sauransu)	Halin walƙiya yana haifar da juzu'i ta hanyar shigar da lantarki a cikin tsarin rarrabawa. Wadannan juzu'i suna yaduwa tare da layi zuwa kayan lantarki a cikin gine-ginen.	Bugun walƙiya yana haifar da nau'in juzu'i iri ɗaya kamar waɗanda aka bayyana akasin su. Ari ga haka, yanayin walƙiya yana tashi daga ƙasa zuwa shigarwar lantarki, saboda haka yana haifar da raunin kayan aiki.
Ginin da kayan da aka sanya a cikin ginin gaba ɗaya sun lalace	Kafaffen lantarki a cikin ginin gabaɗaya ya lalace.

Hanyoyi daban-daban na yaduwa

Yanayin gama gari

Volididdigar yanayin-yanayi yana bayyana tsakanin masu jagoran rayuwa da ƙasa: lokaci-zuwa-duniya ko tsaka-tsaki zuwa ƙasa (duba Siffa J7). Suna da haɗari musamman ga kayan aikin da tsarin su ya haɗu da duniya saboda haɗarin lalacewar lantarki.

Siffa J7 - Yanayin gama gari

Yanayin bambanci

Canje-canjen yanayi daban-daban sun bayyana tsakanin masu jagoran rayuwa:

lokaci-zuwa-lokaci ko tsaka-tsaka-tsaka (duba Siffa J8). Suna da haɗari musamman ga kayan lantarki, kayan aiki masu mahimmanci kamar tsarin kwamfuta, da dai sauransu.

Siffa J8 - Yanayin bambanci

Halin hawan walƙiya

Tattaunawa game da al'amuran yana ba da damar ma'anar nau'ikan walƙiya na yanzu da raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi.

• Nau'ikan 2 na raƙuman ruwa na yanzu ana la'akari dasu da ƙimar IEC:
• 10/350 µs kala: don bayyana halayen raƙuman ruwa daga bugun walƙiya kai tsaye (duba Siffa J9);

Siffa J9 - 10/350 wave kalaman yanzu

• 8/20 waves kala: don bayyana halayen raƙuman ruwa daga bugun kai tsaye kai tsaye (duba Siffa J10).

Siffa J10 - 8/20 wave kalaman yanzu

Ana amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa na walƙiya guda biyu don ayyana gwaji akan SPDs (IEC misali 61643-11) da rigakafin kayan aiki zuwa raƙuman ruwan walƙiya.

Peakimar ganiya ta yanzu tana nuna ƙarfin bugun walƙiya.

Abubuwan da aka halicce su ta hanyar shanyewar walƙiya suna da yanayin ƙarfin wuta na 1.2 / 50 (s (duba siffa J11).

Ana amfani da wannan nau'in igiyar wutar lantarki don tabbatar da kayan aiki da ke jurewa da rikicewar asalin yanayi (ƙarfin lantarki kamar yadda IEC 61000-4-5) yake.

Siffa J11 - 1.2 / 50 waves ƙarfin lantarki

Ka'idar kariyar walƙiya
Janar dokokin walƙiya kariya

Hanya don hana haɗarin yaƙin walƙiya
Tsarin kare gini daga tasirin walƙiya dole ne ya haɗa da:

• kariya ga tsari daga bugun kai tsaye;
• kariya daga shigarwar lantarki da bugun kai tsaye da kai tsaye.

Asalin ka'idar kariyar shigarwa akan hadarin walƙiya shine don hana ƙarfin damuwa daga isa kayan aiki masu mahimmanci. Don cimma wannan, ya zama dole:

• kama walƙiya a halin yanzu kuma sanya shi zuwa duniya ta hanyar mafi madaidaiciyar hanya (guje wa kusancin kayan aiki masu mahimmanci);
• yi haɗin kayan aiki na shigarwa; Ana aiwatar da wannan haɗin ƙwanƙwasawa ta mahaɗan mahaɗa, wanda aka haɓaka ta Na'urorin Kariya na Kariya (SPDs) ko ɓoye-ɓoye (misali, eriyar tsaftar wutar eriya).
• rage girman tasirin da kai tsaye ta hanyar shigar da SPDs da / ko filtata. Ana amfani da tsarin kariya guda biyu don kawarwa ko iyakance yawan juzu'i: an san su da tsarin kariyar gini (don bayan gine-gine) da kuma tsarin kariyar shigarwa na lantarki (na cikin cikin gine-gine).

Tsarin kariyar gini

Matsayin tsarin kare ginin shine kare shi daga bugun jini kai tsaye.
Tsarin ya ƙunshi:

• na'urar kamawa: tsarin kare walƙiya;
• masu sarrafa ƙasa da aka tsara don sadar da hasken walƙiya zuwa duniya;
• Dunkin “ƙafafun hankaka” yana haifar da haɗin kai;
• Hanyoyin haɗi tsakanin dukkan ginshiƙan ƙarfe (haɗa kayan aiki) da ƙasa suna kaiwa.

Lokacin da walƙiyar ruwan take gudana a cikin madugu, idan yiwuwar bambance-bambance ya bayyana tsakaninsa da firam ɗin da aka haɗa da ƙasa waɗanda suke kusa da yankin, na biyun zai iya haifar da ɓarna mai lalacewa.

Nau'ikan 3 na tsarin kare walƙiya
Ana amfani da nau'ikan kariya ta gida guda uku:

Sandar walƙiya (sanda mai sauƙi ko tare da tsarin jan hankali)

Sandar walƙiya ita ce ƙarfen kama ƙarfe da aka sanya a saman ginin. Mai ɗauka ɗaya ko sama da yawa (galibi maɗaura jan ƙarfe) ne yake narkewa (duba Siffa J12).

Siffa J12 - Sandar walƙiya (sanda mai sauƙi ko tare da tsarin jan hankali)

Sandar walƙiya tare da wayoyi taut

Wadannan wayoyi an shimfida su sama da tsarin da za'a kiyaye. Ana amfani dasu don kare sifofi na musamman: yankuna masu ƙaddamar da roka, aikace-aikacen sojoji da kariya daga layin saman wuta mai ƙarfi (duba Siffa J13).

Siffa J13 - Wayoyi masu waya

Jagorar walƙiya tare da keɓaɓɓiyar farfajiya (Faraday keji)

Wannan kariyar ta kunshi sanya madugun ruwa / kaset da yawa a kewaye da ginin. (duba hoto J14).

Ana amfani da wannan tsarin kariya ta walƙiya don gine-ginen da aka fallasa waɗanda ke ɗauke da kayan aiki masu matukar wahala kamar ɗakunan kwamfuta

Siffa J14 - Gidan Meshed (Kejin Faraday)

Sakamakon kariyar gini ga kayan aikin shigar da lantarki

50% na aikin walƙiya wanda aka cire ta tsarin kariya na gini ya sake komawa cikin cibiyoyin sadarwar ƙasa na shigarwar lantarki (duba Siffa. J15): yuwuwar ƙaruwar sigogin sosai sau da yawa ya wuce rufin juriya da ikon masu gudanarwa a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban ( LV, sadarwa, kebul na bidiyo, da sauransu).

Bugu da ƙari, gudanawar halin yanzu ta hanyar masu jan hankali yana haifar da ƙarin juzu'i a cikin shigarwar lantarki.

Sakamakon haka, tsarin kariyar gini baya kare shigarwar lantarki: saboda haka, tilas ne a samar da tsarin kariyar shigarwa na lantarki.

Siffa J15 - Hasken walƙiya ya dawo yanzu

Kariyar walƙiya - Tsarin kariyar shigarwa na lantarki

Babban maƙasudin tsarin kariyar shigarwa na lantarki shine iyakance cunkoson ababen hawa zuwa ƙimar da aka yarda da kayan aikin.

Tsarin kariyar shigarwa na lantarki ya ƙunshi:

• daya ko fiye SPDs dangane da tsarin ginin;
• equarfafawa mai haɗaɗɗen ƙarfe: ƙarfe mai ƙarfe na ɓangarorin gudanarwar da aka fallasa.

aiwatarwa

Hanyar kare tsarin lantarki da lantarki na gini kamar haka.

Bincika bayani

• Gano dukkan abubuwa masu nauyi da kuma inda suke a ginin.
• Gano tsarin lantarki da lantarki da wuraren da suka shiga ginin.
• Bincika ko akwai tsarin kariya daga walƙiya akan ginin ko kusa da wurin.
• Sanar da ƙa'idodin da suka shafi wurin ginin.
• Yi la'akari da haɗarin walƙiya gwargwadon yanayin ƙasa, nau'in samar da lantarki, yawan walƙiya, da dai sauransu.

Amfani da Magani

• Sanya jagororin da ke ɗaurawa a kan firam ta hanyar raga.
• Sanya SPD a cikin maɓallin canjin mai shigowa na LV.
• Sanya ƙarin SPD a cikin kowane rukunin ƙaramar hukuma wanda yake kusa da kayan aiki masu mahimmanci (duba Siffa J16).

Siffa J16 - Misali na kariya daga babban shigar lantarki

Na'urar Kariyar Karuwa (SPD)

Ana amfani da Na'urorin Kariyar Surge (SPD) don hanyoyin sadarwar wutar lantarki, hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, da sadarwa da bas na sarrafa kai tsaye.

Na'urar Kariyar Karuwa (SPD) wani ɓangare ne na tsarin kariyar shigar lantarki.

An haɗa wannan na'urar a layi ɗaya a kan da'irar samar da wutar lantarki na kayan aikin da za ta kiyaye (duba Siffa J17). Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi a duk matakan cibiyar sadarwar wutar lantarki.

Wannan shi ne mafi yawan amfani da kuma mafi inganci irin overvoltage kariya.

Siffa J17 - Ka'idar tsarin kariya a layi daya

SPD da aka haɗa a layi daya yana da babban tasiri. Da zarar ƙarfin wucewa na wucin gadi ya bayyana a cikin tsarin, ƙarancin na'urar zai ragu don haka karuwar halin yanzu yana gudana ta cikin SPD, ta hanyar keta kayan aiki masu mahimmanci.

{a'ida

An tsara SPD don iyakance juzu'in wucewa na asalin yanayi da juya raƙuman ruwa na yanzu zuwa ƙasa, don iyakance faɗin wannan wucewar zuwa ƙimar da ba ta da haɗari ga shigarwar lantarki da mai sauya wutar lantarki da mai sarrafa wuta.

SPD tana kawar da juzu'i

• a cikin yanayin gama gari, tsakanin lokaci da tsaka-tsaki ko ƙasa;
• a cikin yanayin bambanci, tsakanin lokaci da tsaka tsaki.

Idan ya wuce haddi ya wuce ƙimar aiki, SPD

• gudanar da makamashi zuwa duniya, a cikin yanayin gama gari;
• yana rarraba makamashi ga sauran masu gudanar da rayuwa, a cikin yanayin banbanci.

Nau'i uku na SPD

Rubuta 1 SPD
Nau'in 1 SPD an ba da shawarar a cikin takamaiman lamarin na ɓangaren sabis da gine-ginen masana'antu, ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar tsarin walƙiya ko keɓaɓɓen keji.
Yana kiyaye shigarwar lantarki daga shanyewar walƙiya kai tsaye. Zai iya fitar da baya-baya daga walƙiya yana yaɗuwa daga mai gudanar da duniya zuwa ga mahaɗan hanyar sadarwar.
Nau'in 1 SPD yana da nauyin 10/350 µs na yanzu.

Rubuta 2 SPD
Nau'in 2 SPD shine babban tsarin kariya don duk shigarwar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. An girka a cikin kowane maɓallin lantarki, yana hana yaduwar juzu'i a cikin shigarwar lantarki da kare lodi.
Nau'in 2 SPD yana da halin nishaɗin 8/20 current.

Rubuta 3 SPD
Wadannan SPDs suna da ƙarancin fitarwa. Don haka dole ne a shigar da su cikin tilas a matsayin kari ga Nau'in 2 SPD da kuma kusancin ɗoki masu nauyi.
Nau'in 3 SPD yana haɗuwa da haɗuwa da raƙuman ruwa (1.2 / 50 μs) da raƙuman ruwa na yanzu (8/20 μs).

Ma'anar ƙa'idar SPD

Hoto J18 - daidaitaccen sifa na SPD

Lura 1: Akwai T1 + T2 SPD (ko Nau'in 1 + 2 SPD) wanda yake haɗuwa da kariyar lodi daga bugun kai tsaye da kai tsaye.

Lura 2: wasu T2 SPD kuma ana iya ayyana su azaman T3

Halaye na SPD

Matsayin IEC na duniya 61643-11 Edition 1.0 (03/2011) ya bayyana halaye da gwaje-gwaje na SPD da aka haɗu da ƙananan tsarin rarraba ƙarfin lantarki (duba Siffa J19).

A cikin kore, zangon aiki mai tabbaci na SPD.
Siffa J19 - Halin lokaci / halin yanzu na SPD tare da varistor

Halaye na gama gari

• U_C: Matsakaicin ci gaba da ƙarfin lantarki. Wannan shine ƙarfin AC ko DC sama wanda SPD ke aiki. An zaɓi wannan ƙimar gwargwadon ƙarfin ƙarfin da aka tsara da tsarin tsarin ƙasa.
• U_P: Matakan kariyar lantarki (a I_n). Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki a ƙasan tashar SPD lokacin da yake aiki. Wannan ƙarfin lantarki ya isa lokacin da mai gudana a cikin SPD yayi daidai da In. Matsayin kariya na ƙarfin lantarki da aka zaɓa dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ɗaukar lodi. Idan walƙiya ta faɗo, wutar lantarki a cikin tashoshin SPD gabaɗaya ta kasance ƙasa da U_P.
• A cikin: Maganar sallama ta halin yanzu. Wannan shine ƙimar kima ta halin yanzu na 8/20 µs igiyar ruwa wanda SPD ke iya sauke aƙalla sau 19.

Me yasa yake da mahimmanci?
A cikin yayi daidai da halin fitarwa na yanzu wanda SPD zata iya tsayayya aƙalla sau 19: ƙimar mafi girma ta In tana nufin tsawon rai ga SPD, saboda haka ana ba da shawarar da a zaɓi ƙimomi mafi girma fiye da ƙaramar ƙimar 5 kA.

Rubuta 1 SPD

• I_imp: Tasirin halin yanzu. Wannan shine ƙimar ƙimar halin yanzu na 10/350 µs igiyar ruwa wanda SPD ke da ikon sauke fitarwa aƙalla lokaci ɗaya.

Me yasa ni_imp muhimmanci?
Matsakaicin IEC 62305 yana buƙatar matsakaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu na 25 kA a kowane iyakoki don tsarin fasali uku. Wannan yana nufin cewa don hanyar sadarwar 3P + N SPD yakamata ya iya tsayayya da matsakaicin ƙarfin halin yanzu na 100kA yana zuwa daga haɗin duniya.

• I_fi: Autoextinguish bi na yanzu. Ana zartar kawai da fasahar tazara ta walƙiya. Wannan shine na yanzu (50 Hz) wanda SPD ke da ikon katsewa da kanta bayan walƙiya. Wannan halin yanzu dole ne koyaushe ya kasance mafi girma fiye da mai yiwuwa na gajeren gajeren gajere a wurin shigarwa.

Rubuta 2 SPD

• Imax: Matsakaicin fitarwa na yanzu. Wannan shine ƙimar kima ta halin yanzu na 8/20 waves igiyar ruwa wacce SPD ke da ikon sauke sau ɗaya.

Me yasa Imax yake da mahimmanci?
Idan ka kwatanta 2 SPDs iri ɗaya da In, amma tare da Imax daban-daban: SPD tare da ƙimar Imax mafi girma tana da “gefen aminci” mafi girma kuma zai iya tsayayya da haɓakar haɓaka mafi girma ba tare da lalacewa ba.

Rubuta 3 SPD

• U_OC.

Babban aikace-aikace

• Volananan ƙarfin SPD. Bambancin na'urori, daga duka fasaha da ra'ayi na amfani, an tsara su ta wannan kalmar. Voltageananan wutar lantarki SPDs masu daidaitaccen yanayi ne waɗanda za'a iya sanya su cikin sauƙi a cikin maɓallan sauyawa na LV. Hakanan akwai SPDs masu dacewa da kwandon wuta, amma waɗannan na'urori suna da ƙarancin fitarwa.

• SPD don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa. Waɗannan na'urori suna kare cibiyoyin sadarwar tarho, cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka sauya da kuma hanyoyin sadarwa ta atomatik (bas) daga yawan haɗuwa da ke zuwa daga waje (walƙiya) da waɗanda ke cikin cibiyar sadarwar wutar lantarki (kayan aikin gurɓata, aikin sauyawa, da sauransu). Irin waɗannan SPDs an girka su a cikin RJ11, RJ45,… masu haɗawa ko haɗawa cikin lodi.

Notes

1. Jerin gwaji bisa ga daidaitaccen IEC 61643-11 don SPD dangane da MOV (varistor). Jimlar motsawar 19 a I_n:

• Aya daga cikin kyakkyawar motsawa
• Aya daga cikin mummunan ra'ayi
• 15 motsi yayi aiki tare a kowane 30 ° akan ƙarfin 50 Hz
• Aya daga cikin kyakkyawar motsawa
• Aya daga cikin mummunan ra'ayi

2. don nau'in 1 SPD, bayan zuga 15 a I_n (duba bayanin da ya gabata):

• Impaya daga cikin motsa jiki a 0.1 x I_imp
• Impaya daga cikin motsa jiki a 0.25 x I_imp
• Impaya daga cikin motsa jiki a 0.5 x I_imp
• Impaya daga cikin motsa jiki a 0.75 x I_imp
• Aya daga cikin motsawa a Ni_imp

Tsara tsarin kariya ta shigarwa lantarki
Dokokin zane na tsarin kariyar shigar lantarki

Don kare shigarwar lantarki a cikin gini, ana amfani da dokoki masu sauƙi don zaɓar

• SPD (s);
• tsarin kariyar ta.

Don tsarin rarraba wuta, manyan halayen da ake amfani dasu don ayyana tsarin kariyar walƙiya kuma zaɓi SPD don kare shigarwar lantarki a cikin gini sune:

• SPD
• yawa na SPD
• type
• matakin fallasawa don ayyana iyakar fitowar ta SPD ta Imax.
• A takaice kewaye kariya na'urar
• matsakaicin fitarwa na yanzu Imax;
• gajeren zango na yanzu Isc a wurin girkawa.

Taswirar hankali a cikin hoto J20 da ke ƙasa yana nuna wannan ƙa'idar tsarin.

Siffa J20 - zane mai ma'ana don zaɓar tsarin kariya

Sauran halaye don zaɓin SPD an riga an ƙayyade su don shigarwar lantarki.

• yawan sanduna a cikin SPD;
• matakin kariyar lantarki U_P;
• U_C: Matsakaicin ci gaba da ƙarfin lantarki.

Wannan ƙaramin sashin Zane na tsarin kariyar shigarwa na lantarki ya ba da cikakken bayani game da ƙa'idodin zaɓin tsarin kariyar gwargwadon halaye na shigarwar, kayan aikin da za a kiyaye da yanayin.

Abubuwan tsarin kariya

Dole ne a sanya SPD koyaushe a asalin asalin shigar wutar lantarki.

Matsayi da nau'in SPD

Nau'in SPD da za'a girka a asalin shigarwar ya dogara da ko akwai tsarin kariyar walƙiya ko babu. Idan ginin an saka shi da tsarin kariya ta walƙiya (kamar yadda yake a cikin IEC 62305), ya kamata a shigar da Type 1 SPD.

Don SPD da aka girka a ƙarshen shigarwa mai shigowa, ƙa'idodin shigarwa na IEC 60364 sun shimfiɗa ƙananan ƙa'idodi don halaye 2 masu zuwa:

• Maganin sallama na yanzu I_n = 5 kA (8/20) ;s;
• Matakan kariyar lantarki U_P(a Ni_n) <2.5 kV

Adadin ƙarin SPDs da za'a girka an ƙaddara ta:

• girman shafin da wahalar girka mahada. A kan manyan shafuka, yana da mahimmanci a girka SPD a ƙarshen shigowa kowane ƙofar gida.
• nisan da ke raba kaya masu matukar muhimmanci don kiyayewa daga na'urar kariya mai shigowa. Lokacin da lodi suke sama da mita 10 daga na'urar kariya mai shigowa, ya zama dole a samar da ƙarin kariya mai kyau daidai gwargwadon yiwuwar ɗaukar nauyi. Abubuwan al'ajabi game da tunanin kalaman suna ta ƙaruwa daga mita 10 duba Yaduwar igiyar walƙiya
• hadarin fallasawa. Game da shafin da aka fallasa shi, SPD mai shigowa ba zai iya tabbatar da duka kwararar walƙiya ta yanzu da kuma matakin ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki ba. Musamman, Nau'in 1 SPD gabaɗaya yana tare da Type 2 SPD.

Tebur a cikin Hoto J21 da ke ƙasa yana nuna adadi da nau'in SPD da za a kafa kan abubuwan biyu da aka bayyana a sama.

Siffa J21 - Abubuwa 4 na aiwatar da SPD

Kariyar matakan rarraba

Yawancin matakan kariya na SPD suna ba da damar rarraba makamashi tsakanin SPDs da yawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto J22 wanda aka ba da nau'ikan SPD guda uku don:

• Nau'i na 1: lokacin da aka sanya ginin da tsarin kare walƙiya kuma yana a ƙarshen shigowar shigarwa, yana karɓar kuzari mai yawa sosai;
• Nau'in 2: yana jan ragowar juzu'i;
• Nau'i na 3: yana ba da kariya ta “lafiya” idan ya zama dole don kayan aiki masu mahimmanci waɗanda suke kusa da lodi.

Lura: Nau'in 1 da 2 SPD za'a iya haɗa su a cikin SPD ɗaya
Siffa J22 - Tsarin kariya mai kyau

Halayen gama gari na SPDs gwargwadon halayen shigarwa
Matsakaicin ci gaba da aiki ƙarfin lantarki Uc

Dogaro da tsarin tsarin duniya, matsakaicin ci gaba mai aiki da wutar lantarki U_C na SPD dole ne ya zama daidai ko girma daga ƙimar da aka nuna a cikin tebur a cikin Hoto J23.

Siffa J23 - minimumididdigar ƙaramar ƙimar U_C don SPDs ya danganta da tsarin tsarin ƙasa (dangane da Table 534.2 na tsarin IEC 60364-5-53)

N / A: bai dace ba
U: layin layi-zuwa-layi na ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki
a. waɗannan dabi'un suna da alaƙa da mummunan lahani, saboda haka ba a la'akari da haƙurin 10%.

Commonananan sanannun ƙimar UC waɗanda aka zaba bisa ga tsarin tsarin ƙasa.
TT, TN: 260, 320, 340, 350 V
IT: 440, 460 V

Matakan kariyar lantarki U_P (a Ni_n)

Tsarin IEC 60364-4-44 yana taimakawa tare da zaɓin matakin kariya Sama don SPD a cikin aikin lodi da za'a kiyaye. Tebur na Hoto J24 yana nuna ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin kowane nau'in kayan aiki.

Hoto J24 - voltagearfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin kayan aiki Uw (tebur 443.2 na IEC 60364-4-44)

a. A cewar IEC 60038: 2009.
b. Ana amfani da wannan ƙarfin ƙarfin motsawar da aka ƙididdige tsakanin masu jagoran rayuwa da PE.
c. A cikin Kanada da Amurka, don ƙwanƙwasawa zuwa ƙasa sama da 300 V, ƙarfin ƙarfin da ya dace wanda ya dace da ƙarfin ƙarfin gaba na gaba a cikin wannan shafi ya shafi.
d. Don ayyukan tsarin IT a 220-240 V, za a yi amfani da jere 230/400, saboda ƙarfin lantarki zuwa ƙasa a layin ƙasa a kan layi ɗaya.

Siffa J25 - categoryaukar nauyin kayan aiki

	Kayan aiki na rukunin wuce gona da iri Na dace kawai don amfani a cikin tsayayyen shigarwa na gine-gine inda ake amfani da hanyoyin kariya a wajen kayan aikin - don iyakance yawan wuce gona da iri zuwa matakin da aka ayyana. Misalan irin waɗannan kayan aikin sune waɗanda ke ƙunshe da da'irorin lantarki kamar kwamfuta, kayan aiki tare da shirye-shiryen lantarki, da dai sauransu.
	Kayan aiki na rukuni mai juzu'i na II ya dace don haɗuwa da kafaffiyar wutar lantarki, yana ba da matsakaicin ɗimbin samuwan da ake buƙata kullum don kayan aikin-yanzu. Misalan irin waɗannan kayan aikin sune kayan aikin gida da makamantansu.
	Kayan aiki na nau'ikan wuce haddi na III don amfani ne a tsayayyen shigarwa daga tushe, kuma gami da babban kwamitin rarrabawa, yana samar da babban wadatar samu. Misalan irin wadannan kayan aikin sune allon rarrabawa, masu kewayo-layi, tsarin wayoyi da suka hada da igiyoyi, sanduna-bas, akwatunan mahada, masu sauyawa, wuraren hada-siket) a cikin tsayayyen kafuwa, da kayan aikin masana'antu da kuma wasu kayan aiki, misali injina masu aiki tare da haɗin dindindin ga kafaffiyar kafuwa.
	Kayan aiki na nau'ikan juzu'i na IV ya dace don amfani a, ko kuma kusancin, asalin shigarwar, misali daga saman babban hukumar rarrabawa. Misalan irin waɗannan kayan aikin sune mitar wutar lantarki, na'urorin kariya na farko da suka wuce gona da iri, da kuma raƙuman sarrafa abubuwa.

"Shigar" U_P yi yakamata a gwada shi tare da ƙarfin juriya na lodi.

SPD tana da matakin kare ƙarfin lantarki U_P wancan na ainihi ne, watau ayyana shi kuma an gwada shi da kansa daga girkawarsa. A aikace, don zaɓin U_P aiwatar da SPD, dole ne a ɗauki gefen aminci don ba da izinin abubuwan da ke cikin shigar SPD (duba Hoto J26 da Haɗin Na'urar Kariyar Karuwa).

Hoto J26 - An girka U_P

Matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki “an girka” U_P gabaɗaya wanda aka karɓa don kare kayan aiki masu mahimmanci a cikin shigarwar wutar lantarki 230/400 V shine 2.5 kV (nau'in juzu'i na II, duba Siffa J27).

lura:
Idan matakin kariya na lantarki da aka ayyana baza'a iya samun nasara ta SPD mai zuwa ba ko kuma idan kayan aiki masu mahimmanci suna nesa (duba Abubuwan tsarin kariya # Wuri da nau'in SPD Location da nau'in SPD, dole ne a sanya ƙarin haɗin SPD don cimma nasarar matakin kariya da ake buƙata.

Yawan dogayen sanda

• Dogaro da tsarin tsarin ƙasa, ya zama dole don samar da tsarin SPD wanda zai tabbatar da kariya a cikin yanayin gama gari (CM) da yanayin banbanci (DM).

Siffa J27 - Kariyar buƙata bisa ga tsarin tsarin ƙasa

a. Kariyar tsakanin lokaci da tsaka-tsaki ana iya haɗawa a cikin SPD da aka sanya a asalin asalin shigarwa ko a nisantar da shi kusa da kayan aikin don kiyayewa
b. Idan tsaka tsaki rarraba

lura:

Yanayin wuce gona da iri
Wani nau'i na kariya shine girka SPD a yanayin gama gari tsakanin fasali da mai gudanar da PE (ko PEN), komai nau'in tsarin tsarin duniya da aka yi amfani dashi.

Bambanci-yanayin overvoltage
A cikin tsarin TT da TN-S, samar da sakamako na tsaka tsaki a cikin rashin daidaito saboda lamuran ƙasa wanda ke haifar da bayyanar yanayin yanayi daban-daban, duk da cewa yawan zafin da tsawar walƙiya ta haifar shi ne yanayin gama gari.

2P, 3P da 4P SPDs
(duba hoto J28)
Wadannan an daidaita su zuwa tsarin IT, TN-C, TN-CS.
Suna ba da kariya kawai game da juzu'in yanayin-gama gari

Siffa J28 - 1P, 2P, 3P, 4P SPDs

1P + N, 3P + N SPDs
(duba hoto J29)
Wadannan an daidaita su zuwa tsarin TT da TN-S.
Suna ba da kariya game da yanayin yanayin yau da kullun da kuma bambancin yanayin-juzu'i

Siffa J29 - 1P + N, 3P + N SPDs

Zaɓin nau'in 1 SPD
Iimp na yanzu

• Inda babu wasu ka'idoji na ƙasa ko takamaiman ƙa'idodi don nau'in ginin da za'a kare: motsin Iimp na yanzu zai kasance aƙalla 12.5 kA (10/350 µs kalaman) kowane reshe daidai da IEC 60364-5-534.
• Inda ƙa'idodi suke: daidaitaccen IEC 62305-2 yana bayyana matakan 4: I, II, III da IV

Tebur a cikin Hoto J31 yana nuna matakan I_imp a cikin batun ka'ida.

Hoto J30 - Misali na asali na daidaita I_imp rarrabawa a halin yanzu a cikin tsarin zamani na 3

Siffa J31 - Tebur na I_imp dabi'u daidai da matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki na ginin (dangane da IEC / EN 62305-2)

Autoextinguish bi na yanzu na_fi

Wannan halayyar tana aiki ne kawai don SPDs tare da fasahar ratar walƙiya. A autoextinguish bi na yanzu I_fi Dole ne koyaushe ya kasance mafi girma fiye da mai gajeren gajeren lokaci na yanzu_sc a wurin girkawa.

Zaɓin nau'in 2 SPD
Yawan fitarwa na yanzu Imax

Matsakaicin fitarwa na halin yanzu Imax an ayyana shi gwargwadon kimar matakin ɗaukar hotuna dangane da wurin ginin.
Ofimar iyakar fitarwa ta yanzu (Imax) ta ƙaddara ta hanyar nazarin haɗari (duba tebur a cikin Hoto J32).

Siffa J32 - An ba da shawarar matsakaicin fitowar Imax ta halin gwargwadon matakin fallasawa

Zaɓin Na'urar Kariyar Yanki na Shortari na waje (SCPD)

Dole ne na'urorin haɗin (thermal da short circuit) su kasance tare da SPD don tabbatar da amintaccen aiki, watau
tabbatar da ci gaba da sabis:

• tsayayya da raƙuman ruwan sama na yanzu
• ba samar da ƙarfin wuce gona da iri ba.

tabbatar da kariya mai inganci daga dukkan nau'ikan abubuwa masu yawa:

• obalodi bayan bin saurin gudu na varistor;
• gajeren gajere na ƙananan ƙarfi (impedant);
• gajeren gajere na babban ƙarfi.

Ya kamata a guje wa haɗarin a ƙarshen rayuwar SPDs
Saboda tsufa

Game da ƙarshen rayuwa ta hanyar tsufa, kariya daga nau'ikan yanayi ne. SPD tare da masu rarrashi dole ne su sami haɗin haɗin ciki wanda ke dakatar da SPD.
Lura: Endarshen rayuwa ta hanyar guduwa mai ɗumi ba damuwa SPD tare da bututun iskar gas ko ƙarancin walƙiya.

Saboda wani kuskure

Sanadin ƙarshen rayuwa saboda matsalar gajeriyar hanya shine:

• Edarfin fitarwa ya wuce. Wannan kuskuren yana haifar da gajeren gajeren hanya.
• Kuskure saboda tsarin rarrabawa (sauyawa / tsaka-tsakin canji, cire haɗin tsaka tsaki).
• Ci gaba da lalacewar sannu a hankali.
  Laifuka biyu na ƙarshe suna haifar da gajeren gajeren hanya.
  Dole ne a kiyaye shigarwa daga lalacewar sakamakon waɗannan nau'ikan laifofi: haɗin haɗin (na thermal) wanda aka bayyana a sama bashi da lokacin ɗumi, don haka aiki.
  Na'ura ta musamman da ake kira "Na'urar Short Short Circuit Kariya (ta waje SCPD)", wanda zai iya kawar da gajeren hanyar, ya kamata a girka. Ana iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyar maɓallin kewayawa ko na'urar fis.

Halaye na SCPD na waje

Ya kamata SCPD ta waje ta kasance tare da SPD. An tsara shi don saduwa da ƙuntatawa biyu masu zuwa:

Hasken walƙiya yana jurewa

Tsayayyar walƙiya hali ne mai mahimmancin Na'urar Kariyar Yanki na Shortari na SPD.
Dole ne SCPD ta waje tayi tafiya akan guguwar ruwa 15 mai zuwa a In.

Short-kewaye halin yanzu jure

• Determinedarfin rushewa yana ƙaddara ta dokokin shigarwa (daidaitaccen IEC 60364):
  SCPD na waje yakamata ya sami ikon warwarewa kwatankwacin ko mafi girma fiye da mai yiwuwa na ɗan gajeren gajeren zango na yanzu a wurin shigarwa (daidai da ƙimar IEC 60364).
• Kariyar shigarwa akan gajerun da'irori
  Musamman, gajeren gajeren gajere yana ba da ƙarfi sosai kuma yakamata a kawar da shi da sauri don hana lalacewar shigarwa da zuwa SPD.
  Mustungiyar da ta dace tsakanin SPD da SCPD ta waje dole ne masana'anta su bayar da ita.

Yanayin shigarwa don SCPD na waje
Na'ura “a jere”

An bayyana SCPD a matsayin "a jere" (duba Siffa J33) lokacin da kariya ta yi ta babban kayan kariya na cibiyar sadarwar don kiyayewa (misali, mai haɗa mahaɗan hanyar haɗi zuwa sama na shigarwa).

Siffa J33 - SCPD “a cikin tsari”

Na'ura “a layi daya”

An bayyana SCPD a matsayin "a layi ɗaya" (duba siffa J34) lokacin da aka yi kariya ta musamman ta na'urar kariya da ke da alaƙa da SPD.

• SCPD ta waje ana kiranta “disconnecting circuit breaker” idan aikin yana yin ta maɓallin kewayawa.
• Mai haɗa haɗin mai haɗa mahaɗin na iya ko ba a haɗa shi cikin SPD ba.

Siffa J34 - SCPD “a layi daya”

lura:
Dangane da SPD tare da bututun iskar gas ko ratayar tartsatsin wuta, SCPD yana ba da izinin yanke halin yanzu kai tsaye bayan amfani.

Garanti na kariya

Ya kamata SCPD ta waje ta kasance tare da SPD kuma a gwada ta kuma a tabbatar ta masana'antar SPD daidai da shawarwarin ƙa'idar IEC 61643-11. Hakanan yakamata a girka shi daidai da shawarwarin masana'antun. A matsayin misali, duba teburin daidaitawa na Electric SCPD + SPD.

Lokacin da aka haɗa wannan na'urar, daidaito da samfurin IEC 61643-11 na asali yana tabbatar da kariya.

Siffa J35 - SPDs tare da SCPD na waje, waɗanda ba a haɗe ba (iC60N + iPRD 40r) da hadedde (iQuick PRD 40r)

Takaita abubuwan SCPDs na waje

An ba da cikakken bayani game da halaye a cikin sigogin Cikakken halaye na SCPD na waje.
Tebur a cikin Hoto J36 yana nuna, a kan misali, taƙaitaccen halaye gwargwadon nau'ikan SCPD na waje.

Siffa J36 - Halaye na kare ƙarshen rayuwa na Type 2 SPD bisa ga SCPDs na waje

Yanayin shigarwa don SCPD na waje	A cikin jerin	A layi daya
		Fuse kariya-hade	Hannun kare hutu kariya-hade	Cuitungiyar kariya ta hutu ta haɗu
Karuwar kariyar kayan aiki	=	=	=	=
	SPDs suna kare kayan aikin gamsasshe kowane nau'in haɗin SCPD na waje
Kariyar shigarwa a ƙarshen rayuwa	-	=	+	+ +
	Babu tabbacin kariya mai yiwuwa	Garanti na masana'anta		Cikakken garanti
		Kariya daga gajeren layin da ba shi da tabbas	Kariya daga gajerun da'ira daidai an tabbatar
Ci gaba da sabis a ƙarshen rayuwa	- -	+	+	+
	Cikakken kafaffen yana rufe	Kewayen SPD kawai aka rufe
Kulawa a ƙarshen rayuwa	- -	=	+	+
	Ana buƙatar kashewar shigarwa	Canza fis	Sake farawa sakewa

SPD da teburin daidaitawar kayan kariya

Tebur a cikin Hoto J37 da ke ƙasa yana nuna daidaituwa na cire haɗin masu yanke keɓaɓɓen (waje SCPD) don Nau'in 1 da 2 SPDs na alamar wutar lantarki na XXX don duk matakan matakan igiyar gajere.

Daidaitawa tsakanin SPD da katsewar masu kewaya, wanda lantarki ya nuna kuma ya tabbatar dashi, yana tabbatar da kariyar da za a iya dogara da ita (tsawar walƙiya ta jure, ƙarfafa kariyar impedance gajerun hanyoyin kewaye, da sauransu)

Hoto J37 - Misali na teburin daidaitawa tsakanin SPDs da cire haɗin masu yanke hanyar sadarwa. Koyaushe koma zuwa ga sababbin teburi waɗanda masana'antun ke samarwa.

Gudanarwa tare da na'urorin kariya na sama

Gudanarwa tare da na'urori masu kariya na yau da kullun
A cikin shigarwar lantarki, SCPD na waje kayan aiki ne iri ɗaya da na kayan kariya: wannan yana ba da damar amfani da zaɓaɓɓu da dabarun cascading don haɓaka fasaha da tattalin arziƙi na shirin kariya.

Gudanarwa tare da ragaggen na'urorin yanzu
Idan an shigar da SPD zuwa ƙasa ta na'urar kariya ta ɓoye na duniya, na ƙarshen ya kasance na "si" ko nau'in zaɓaɓɓu tare da rigakafin bugun jini na aƙalla 3 kA (8/20 μs na yanzu).

Shigar da Na'urar Kariya
Haɗin Na'urar Kariyar Karuwa

Haɗin SPD zuwa kayan ya kamata ya zama gajarta yadda zai yiwu don rage ƙimar matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki (wanda aka girka sama) a kan tashoshin kayan aikin kariya.

Jimlar jimlar haɗin SPD zuwa cibiyar sadarwar da maɓallin tashar ƙasa ba zai wuce 50 cm ba.

Ofaya daga cikin mahimman halaye don kariyar kayan aiki shine matsakaicin matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki (wanda aka sanya Up) wanda kayan aikin zasu iya jurewa a tashoshinsa. Dangane da haka, yakamata a zaɓi SPD tare da matakin kariya ta ƙarfin lantarki Haɓakawa don kariyar kayan aiki (duba Siffar J38). Jimlar masu haɗin haɗin shine

L = L1-L2 + L3

Don ƙananan igiyar ruwa, ƙarancin kowane tsayi na wannan haɗin kusan 1 µH / m.

Saboda haka, zartar da dokar Lenz ga wannan haɗin: ΔU = L di / dt

Matsakaicin 8/20 norms na yanzu, tare da ƙarfin yanzu na 8 kA, saboda haka ya haifar da haɓakar lantarki na 1000 V a kowace mita na USB.

ΔU = 1 x 10-6 x 8 x 103/8 x 10-6 = 1000 V

Siffa J38 - Haɗin SPD L <50 cm

Sakamakon wutar lantarki a kan tashoshin kayan aiki, kayan aikin U, sune:
U kayan aiki = Up + U1 + U2
Idan L1 + L2 + L3 = 50 cm, kuma kalaman yana 8/20 withs tare da ƙarfin 8 kA, ƙarfin lantarki a ƙasan mashin ɗin zai zama Sama + 500 V.

Haɗi a cikin yadin filastik

Hoto J39 da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda ake haɗa SPD a cikin keɓaɓɓen filastik.

Siffa J39 - Misalin haɗi a cikin keɓaɓɓen filastik

Haɗa a cikin ƙarfe ƙarfe

Dangane da taron sauya sheka a cikin ƙaramin ƙarfe, zai iya zama mai hikima a haɗa SPD kai tsaye zuwa ga ƙarfe na ƙarfe, tare da yin amfani da katanga a matsayin mai kula da kariya (duba Siffa J40).
Wannan tsarin ya bi tsarin IEC 61439-2 na yau da kullun kuma masana'antar Majalisar dole ne su tabbatar da halaye na yadin ya ba da wannan damar.

Siffa J40 - Misalin haɗi a cikin ƙarfe yadi

Mai gudanarwa giciye sashe

Mafi ƙarancin mai ba da gudummawar sashin giciye yana la'akari:

• Sabis na yau da kullun da za'a bayar: Gudun igiyar ruwan walƙiya a ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙwasawar ƙarfin lantarki (dokar cm 50).
  Lura: Ba kamar aikace-aikace a 50 Hz ba, abin mamakin walƙiya yana kasancewa-mitar, ƙaruwa a ɓangaren ɓangaren mai gudanar da aikin ba ya rage ƙarancin ƙarfinsa.
• Masu jagorantar 'tsayayya da igiyoyin-gajeren hanya: Mai gudanarwar dole ne ya tsayayya da ɗan gajeren lokacin yayin matsakaicin tsarin kariya.
  IEC 60364 yana ba da shawarar a shigarwa shigarwa ƙarshen ƙaramin ɓangare na:
• 4 mm2 (Cu) don haɗin Nau'in 2 SPD;
• 16 mm2 (Cu) don haɗin Nau'in 1 SPD (kasancewar tsarin kare walƙiya).

Misalan shigarwar SPD mai kyau da mara kyau

Hoto J41 - Misalan shigarwa na SPD mai kyau da mara kyau

Ya kamata a yi ƙirar shigarwa ta kayan aiki daidai da dokokin shigarwa: tsawon igiyoyi zai zama ƙasa da 50 cm.

Dokokin cabling na Kariyar Kariya
Mulkin 1

Dokar farko da za ayi aiki da ita shine cewa tsawon haɗin SPD tsakanin cibiyar sadarwa (ta hanyar SCPD ta waje) da kuma toshewar tashar ƙasa bai kamata ya wuce 50 cm ba.
Hoto J42 yana nuna hanyoyi biyu don haɗin SPD.
Siffa J42 - SPD tare da keɓaɓɓiyar ko haɗaɗɗiyar SCPD ta waje

Mulkin 2

Masu jagorantar masu ciyarwar masu kariya:

• ya kamata a haɗa ta da tashoshin SCPD na waje ko SPD;
• ya kamata a raba shi da jiki daga ƙazantar masu shigowa masu shigowa.

Suna tsaye daga hannun dama na tashoshin SPD da SCPD (duba Hoto J43).

Siffa J43 - Haɗin haɗin masu ciyarwa masu kariya suna hannun dama na tashar SPD

Mulkin 3

Yanayin mai ciyarwa mai shigowa, tsaka tsaki, da kariya (PE) masu gudanar da ayyukan yakamata suyi gudu ɗaya kusa da wani don rage girman madauki (duba Siffa J44).

Mulkin 4

Masu jagorantar masu shigowa na SPD yakamata suyi nesa da masu jagorantar masu shigowa masu kariya don kiyaye ƙazantar dasu ta hanyar haɗawa (duba Siffa J44)

Mulkin 5

Ya kamata a haɗa igiyoyi a kan ƙananan ƙarfe na yadin (idan akwai) don rage girman madaurin ƙirar kuma don haka fa'ida daga tasirin kariya daga rikicewar EM.

A cikin kowane hali, dole ne a bincika cewa ginshiƙan maɓallan allo da na katange suna cikin ƙasa ta hanyar gajeren hanyoyin haɗi.

A ƙarshe, idan ana amfani da igiyoyi masu kariya, ya kamata a guji manyan tsayi, saboda suna rage ingancin garkuwar (duba siffa J44).

Siffa J44 - Misali na ci gaban EMC ta hanyar raguwa a saman madauki da mawuyacin yanayi a cikin kewayen lantarki

Misalan Aikace-aikacen Kariya

Misalin aikace-aikacen SPD a cikin Babban kanti

Siffa J46 - Hanyar sadarwa

Magani da tsarin zane

• Jagoran zabin mai sanya kayan kwalliya ya bada damar tantance hakikanin darajar mahaukacin tashin gogewa a karshen shigowar shigarwa da kuma wanda ke hade da katsewar mahada.
• Kamar yadda na'urori masu mahimmanci (U_imp <1.5 kV) suna nesa da fiye da 10m daga na'urar kariya mai shigowa, dole ne a girka masu kamala masu ƙaruwa ta kariya kusa da yadda za'a iya ɗaukar kayan.
• Don tabbatar da kyakkyawan ci gaba na sabis don yankunan daki masu sanyi: za a yi amfani da nau'in "si" nau'in ragowar masu zagaye na yanzu don kauce wa tuntuɓar tashin hankali da haɓakar tasirin duniya ya haifar yayin da igiyar walƙiya ta ratsa.
• Don kariya daga abubuwan da suka shafi sararin samaniya: 1, shigar da abin da zai iya tayar da hankali a cikin babbar allon sauyawa. 2, shigar da kariyar kariya mai kyau a cikin kowane juzu'i (1 da 2) wanda ke samar da na'urori masu mahimmanci wadanda suke fiye da 10m daga mai shigowa da karuwa. 3, girka abun hawa akan hanyar sadarwar don kare na'urorin da aka kawo, misali, kararrawar wuta, modem, wayoyi, faks.

Bayar da shawarwari

• Tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan ƙarewar ƙasa na ginin.
• Rage yankunan kebul na samar da wutar lantarki.

Shawarwarin shigarwa

• Sanya kayan kwalliya, I_max = 40 kA (8/20 )s), da kuma maɓallin kewayawa na iC60 wanda aka ƙaddara a 40 A.
• Sanya masu kamala masu kariyar kariya, I_max = 8 kA (8/20 )s) da haɗin haɗin iC60 masu haɗin haɗin kewaya waɗanda aka ƙaddara a 10 A

Siffa J46 - Hanyar sadarwa

SPD don aikace-aikacen photovoltaic

Volarfin zafin rai na iya faruwa a shigarwar lantarki saboda dalilai daban-daban. Yana iya faruwa ta hanyar:

• Hanyar sadarwar rarraba sakamakon walƙiya ko duk wani aikin da aka aiwatar.
• Harshen walƙiya (a kusa ko kan gine-gine da shigar PV, ko kan masu ba da walƙiya).
• Bambanci a filin lantarki saboda walƙiya.

Kamar kowane tsari na waje, shigarwar PV tana fuskantar haɗarin walƙiya wanda ya bambanta daga yanki zuwa yanki. Ya kamata tsarin kariya da kamawa da na'urori su kasance a wuri.

Kariya ta hanyar haɗin kayan aiki

Abu na farko da za'a fara sanyawa a wurin shine matsakaici (madugu) wanda ke tabbatar da haɗaɗɗiyar kayan aiki tsakanin dukkan sassan gudanarwa na shigarwar PV.

Manufar ita ce a ɗaure dukkan kwastomomi da ƙananan ƙarfe don haka ƙirƙirar daidaito iri ɗaya a kowane matsayi a cikin tsarin da aka sanya.

Kariya ta na'urorin kariyar karuwa (SPDs)

SPDs suna da mahimmanci musamman don kare kayan lantarki masu mahimmanci kamar AC / DC Inverter, na'urorin sa ido da kuma PV modules, amma har da wasu kayan aiki masu mahimmanci waɗanda aka samar da su ta hanyar 230 VAC cibiyar sadarwar lantarki. Hanyar da ke biye don kimanta haɗari ya dogara ne akan kimantawa na Lcrit mai tsayi mai mahimmanci kuma kwatancen shi da L jimlar adadin layin dc.
Ana buƙatar kariyar SPD idan L ≥ Lcrit.
Lcrit ya dogara da nau'in shigarwar PV kuma ana lasafta shi kamar yadda tebur mai zuwa (Siffa J47) ya bayyana:

Hoto J47 - zaɓi na SPD DC

L shine jimlar:

• jimlar tazara tsakanin masu juyawa da akwatin mahaɗan (es), la'akari da cewa ana lasafta tsayin kebul ɗin da ke cikin wannan hanyar sau ɗaya kawai, kuma
• jimlar tazara tsakanin akwatin mahaɗar da wuraren haɗin abubuwan da aka sanya su ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto, la'akari da cewa ana lasafta tsayin kebul ɗin da ke cikin wannan hanyar sau ɗaya kawai.

Ng shine ƙarfin walƙiya (adadin bugawa / km2 / shekara).

Siffa J48 - zaɓi na SPD

Kariyar SPD
location	PV modules ko akwatunan Array		Inverter DC gefe	Inverter AC gefe		Babban jirgi
	LDC			LAC		Sandar walƙiya
sharudda	<10 m	> 10 m		<10 m	> 10 m	A	A'a
Nau'in SPD	Babu buƙata	"SPD 1" Rubuta 2 [a]	"SPD 2" Rubuta 2 [a]	Babu buƙata	"SPD 3" Rubuta 2 [a]	"SPD 4" Rubuta 1 [a]	"SPD 4" Rubuta 2 idan Ng> 2.5 & layin sama

[a]. 1 2 3 4 Buga nesa nesa ba 1 gwargwadon EN 62305 ba a kiyaye ba.

Girka SPD

Lambar da wurin da SPDs ke gefen DC ya dogara da tsawon igiyoyi tsakanin bangarorin hasken rana da inverter. Ya kamata a shigar da SPD a cikin kusancin inverter idan tsayin sa bai wuce mita 10 ba. Idan ya fi mita 10 girma, SPD na biyu ya zama dole kuma yakamata ya kasance a cikin akwatin kusa da hasken rana, na farko yana cikin yankin masu juyawa.

Don zama mai inganci, igiyoyin haɗin SPD zuwa layin L + / L- kuma tsakanin tashar tashar SPD ta ƙasa da sandar ƙasa dole ne su zama gajeru-wuri - ƙasa da mita 2.5 (d1 + d2 <50 cm).

Tsaro kuma abin dogara ƙarni na ƙarni mai ƙarfi

Dogaro da tazara tsakanin ɓangaren “janareta” da ɓangaren “juyawa,” yana iya zama dole a girka masu kama mutane biyu ko sama da haka, don tabbatar da kariya ga kowane ɓangarorin biyu.

Siffa J49 - Wurin SPD

Kariyar kariyar kariya

Matakan kare walƙiya

Tsarin daidaitattun IEC 62305 na 1 zuwa 4 (NF EN 62305 sassan 1 zuwa 4) sun sake tsarawa da sabunta daidaitattun wallafe-wallafe IEC 61024 (jerin), IEC 61312 (jerin), da IEC 61663 (jerin) akan tsarin kare walƙiya.

Kashi na 1 - Ka'idoji na gaba daya

Wannan bangare yana gabatar da cikakkun bayanai kan walƙiya da halayenta da bayanan gabaɗaya kuma yana gabatar da sauran takardu.

Sashe na 2 - Gudanar da Hadarin

Wannan ɓangaren yana gabatar da bincike yana ba da damar lissafin haɗarin haɗari da ƙayyade hanyoyin kariya daban-daban don ba da damar haɓaka fasaha da tattalin arziki.

Sashe na 3 - Lalacewa ta jiki ga tsari da haɗarin rayuwa

Wannan bangare yana bayanin kariya daga shanyewar walƙiya kai tsaye, gami da tsarin kariya ta walƙiya, madugun ƙasa, gubar ƙasa, daidaitaccen ƙarfi kuma don haka SPD tare da haɗin mai haɗawa (Nau'in 1 SPD).

Sashe na 4 - Tsarin lantarki da lantarki a cikin tsari

Wannan bangare yana bayanin kariya daga tasirin walƙiya, gami da tsarin kariya ta SPD (Nau'in 2 da 3), garkuwar kebul, ƙa'idodin shigar SPD, da sauransu.

Wannan jerin ƙa'idodin suna haɓaka ta:

• jerin ka'idoji na IEC 61643 don ma'anar samfuran kariyar karuwa (duba Abubuwan da ke cikin SPD);
• jerin ka'idoji na IEC 60364-4 da -5 na ƙa'idodi don aikace-aikacen samfuran a cikin shigarwar lantarki na LV (duba alamun ƙarshen rayuwa na SPD).

Abubuwan haɗin SPD

SPD ta ƙunshi musamman (duba Siffa J50):

1. daya ko fiye wadanda ba a layi ba: rayayyen bangare (varistor, bututun iskar gas [GDT], da sauransu);
2. na'urar kariya ta zafin jiki (disconnector na ciki) wanda ke kiyaye shi daga saurin gudu a ƙarshen rayuwa (SPD tare da varistor);
3. mai nuna alama wanda ke nuna ƙarshen rayuwar SPD; Wasu SPDs suna ba da rahoton rahoton nesa na wannan nuni;
4. SCPD ta waje wacce ke ba da kariya daga gajerun da'irori (ana iya haɗa wannan na'urar cikin SPD).

Siffa J50 - zane na SPD

Fasaha na rayayyen bangare

Akwai fasahohi da yawa don aiwatar da ɓangaren rayuwa. Kowannensu yana da fa'ida da rashin amfani:

• Zener diodes;
• Bututun iskar gas (mai sarrafawa ko ba a sarrafa shi);
• Bambancin (zinc oxide varistor [ZOV]).

Tebur da ke ƙasa yana nuna halaye da tsare-tsaren fasahohin 3 da aka saba amfani da su.

Hoto J51 - Takaitaccen wasan kwaikwayon

bangaren	Gas Discharge Tube (GDT)	Gapunƙwasa tazarar wuta	Zinc iri daban-daban	GDT da varistor a cikin jerin	Gapunƙwasa da walƙiya a cikin layi ɗaya
halaye
Yanayin sarrafawa	Canjin awon wuta	Canjin awon wuta	Volayyade ƙarfin lantarki	Canjin awon karfin wuta da kuma-ragewa a cikin jerin	Canjin awon-karfin wuta da-ragewa a layi daya
Hanyoyin aiki
Aikace-aikace	Hanyar sadarwa LV cibiyar sadarwa (mai alaƙa da varistor)	LV cibiyar sadarwa	LV cibiyar sadarwa	LV cibiyar sadarwa	LV cibiyar sadarwa
Nau'in SPD	rubuta 2	rubuta 1	Rubuta 1 ko Rubuta 2	Rubuta 1 + Rubuta 2	Rubuta 1 + Rubuta 2

Alamar ƙarshen rayuwa ta SPD

Alamar ƙarshen rayuwa tana haɗuwa da haɗin haɗin ciki da SCPD na waje na SPD don sanar da mai amfani cewa kayan aikin ba su da kariya daga rikice-rikice na asalin yanayi.

Nunin gida

Wannan aikin gabaɗaya ana buƙata ta lambobin shigarwa. Ana nuna alamar ƙarshen rayuwa ta mai nuna alama (mai haske ko na inji) zuwa ga cire haɗin ciki da / ko SCPD na waje.

Lokacin da aka aiwatar da SCPD ta waje ta na'urar fiɗa, ya zama dole a samar da fiyu tare da dan wasan gaba da tushe wanda ke da tsari na tarko don tabbatar da wannan aikin.

Haɗa haɗin haɗin mai kewaye

Mai nuna alama ta injiniya da matsayin abin sarrafawar suna ba da izinin ƙarshen rayuwa.

Nunin gida da rahoto mai nisa

iQuick PRD SPD na nau'ikan XXX Electric shine na nau'in "a shirye zuwa waya" tare da haɗin haɗin haɗin keɓaɓɓen mahaɗa.

Nunin gida

iQuick PRD SPD (duba siffa J53) an sanye shi da alamun manunin cikin gida:

• da (ja) mai nuna alama ta injiniya da matsayin abin cire haɗin keɓaɓɓen maɓallin kewayawa yana nuna kashewar SPD;
• Alamar (ja) mai nuna alama akan kowane harsashi tana nuna ƙarshen rayuwar.

Siffa J53 - iQuick PRD 3P + N SPD na alamar XXX Electric

Rahoton nesa

(duba hoto J54)

iQuick PRD SPD an saka shi tare da alamar nuna alama wacce ke ba da rahoton nesa na:

• harsashi ƙarshen rayuwa;
• kwandon da ya ɓace, kuma idan aka sake sanya shi a wurin;
• Laifi akan hanyar sadarwar (gajeren hanya, cire haɗin tsaka tsaki, juyawa / juyawa / tsaka tsaki);
• sauyawa ta hanyar gida.

A sakamakon haka, sanya ido daga nesa game da yanayin aiki na SPDs da aka sanya yana ba da damar tabbatar da cewa waɗannan na'urori masu kariya a cikin jihar jiran aiki koyaushe suna shirye don aiki.

Hoto J54 - Girkawar hasken mai nuna alama tare da iQuick PRD SPD

Siffa J55 - Nunin nunin matsayin SPD ta amfani da Smartlink

Kulawa a ƙarshen rayuwa

Lokacin da alamar ƙarshen rayuwa ta nuna kashewa, dole ne a maye gurbin SPD (ko harsashin da ake tambaya).

Dangane da iQuick PRD SPD, ana sauƙaƙe kiyayewa:

• Kwandon a ƙarshen rayuwa (wanda za'a maye gurbinsa) Ma'aikatar Kulawa ce ta gano saukinsa.
• Za'a iya maye gurbin harsashi a ƙarshen rayuwa cikin cikakkiyar aminci saboda na'urar aminci tana hana rufe mai cire haɗin mahaɗan idan harsashi ya ɓace.

Cikakkun halaye na SCPD na waje

Igiyar yanzu

Ruwa na yanzu yana tsayayya da gwaje-gwaje akan SCPDs na waje yana nuna kamar haka:

• Don ƙimar da aka bayar da fasaha (NH ko filastin fiuse), ƙarfin igiyar yanzu yana da kyau tare da nau'in fis na aM (kariyar mota) fiye da nau'in fis na gG (amfani na gaba ɗaya).
• Don ƙimar da aka bayar, igiyar yanzu tana tsayayya da damar ta fi kyau tare da maƙerin kewaya fiye da na'urar fiɗa. Hoto J56 da ke ƙasa yana nuna sakamakon tasirin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin juriya:
• don kare SPD da aka ayyana don Imax = 20 kA, SCPD ta waje da za a zaɓa ita ce ko dai MCB 16 A ko Fuse aM 63 A, Lura: a wannan yanayin, Fuse gG 63 A bai dace ba.
• don kare SPD da aka bayyana don Imax = 40 kA, SCPD ta waje da za a zaɓa ko dai MCB 40 A ko Fuse aM 125 A,

Siffa J56 - Kwatanta yanayin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin SCPDs na ƙarfin I_max = 20 kA da ni_max = 40 ka

An girka matakin kare wutar lantarki

Gaba ɗaya:

• Droparfin wutar lantarki a cikin tashoshi na maƙallan kewaya ya fi na wancan ƙetaren na'urar fis. Wannan saboda ƙarancin abubuwan kewayo-maƙerin keɓaɓɓu (na'urorin zafin jiki da na maganadisu) sun fi na fis.

Duk da haka:

• Bambanci tsakanin saukad da wutar lantarki ya kasance kaɗan don raƙuman ruwa na yanzu ba su wuce 10 kA ba (95% na shari'oi);
• Matsakaicin kariyar wutar lantarki wanda aka sanya shima yayi la'akari da mahimmancin cabling. Wannan na iya zama babba a yanayin fasahar fis (na'urar kariya daga nesa da SPD) kuma mara ƙasa game da fasahar keɓaɓɓiyar hanya (maɓallin kewaya kusa, har ma an haɗa shi cikin SPD)

Lura: Matakan kariyar wutar lantarki da aka girka shine jimlar ƙarfin lantarki:

• a cikin SPD;
• a cikin SCPD na waje;
• a cikin kayan aikin kayan aiki

Kariya daga gajeren gajeren bala'i

Wani ɗan gajeren gajeren bala'i yana watsar da kuzari da yawa kuma yakamata a kawar dashi da sauri don hana lalacewar shigarwa da zuwa SPD.

Hoto J57 yana kwatankwacin lokacin amsawa da iyakancewar makamashi na tsarin kariya ta fis din A AM 63 da kuma 25 A break break.

Wadannan tsarin kariyar guda biyu suna da karfin igiyar ruwa 8/20 current a halin yanzu (27 kA da 30 kA bi da bi).

Siffa J57 - Kwatanta lokaci / halin yanzu da iyakancewar kuzari masu lanƙwasa ga mahaɗan kewaya da fis wanda yake da igiyar ruwa ta 8/20 na yanzu.

Yaduwar walƙiya

Hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki ba su da ƙarfi kuma, sakamakon haka, yaduwar wutar lantarki yana da alaƙa da saurin abin da ya faru: a kowane wuri na mai gudanarwa, ƙarfin wutar lantarki iri ɗaya ne.

Ruwan walƙiya babban abu ne mai saurin mita (da yawa ɗari kHz zuwa MHz):

• Ana yada igiyar walƙiya tare da mai gudanarwa a wani saurin gudu dangane da yawan abin da ya faru. A sakamakon haka, a kowane lokaci, ƙarfin lantarki ba shi da daraja ɗaya a duk maki a kan matsakaici (duba Siffa J58).

Hoto J58 - Yaduwar igiyar walƙiya a cikin madugu

• Canjin matsakaici yana haifar da sabon abu na yaduwa da / ko hangen nesa kamar yadda:

1. bambancin impedance tsakanin kafofin watsa labarai biyu;
2. yawan igiyar ci gaba (yanayin tashin lokaci a yanayin bugun jini);
3. tsawon matsakaici.

Game da jimlar tunani, musamman, ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki na iya ninka.

Misali: batun kariya daga SPD

Misali na abin da aka yi amfani da shi ga walƙiyar walƙiya da gwaje-gwaje a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya nuna cewa nauyin da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar 30 m na kebul wanda aka killace shi daga sama ta hanyar SPD a ƙarfin lantarki Haɓaka, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa, abubuwan da ke da ƙarfin 2 x U_P (duba hoto J59). Wannan karfin wutar lantarki ba shi da kuzari.

Hoto J59 - Nunawa da walƙiyar aradu a ƙarshen kebul

Gyara gyara

Daga cikin abubuwa uku (bambancin rashin ƙarfi, mita, nesa), kawai wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi da gaske shine tsawon kebul tsakanin SPD da nauyin da za'a kiyaye. Mafi girman wannan tsayin, mafi girman tunani.

Gabaɗaya, saboda fuskokin wuce gona da iri da aka fuskanta a cikin gini, abubuwan mamaki suna da mahimmanci daga 10 m kuma zasu iya ninka wutar lantarki daga 30 m (duba Siffa J60).

Wajibi ne don girka SPD na biyu cikin kariya mai kyau idan tsayin kebul ya wuce 10 m tsakanin SPD mai zuwa da kayan aikin da za'a kiyaye.

Siffa J60 - Matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki a ƙarshen kebul ɗin gwargwadon tsayinsa zuwa gaban ƙarfin wutar lantarki = 4kV / mu

Misalin walƙiya mai gudana a cikin tsarin TT

Yanayin gama gari SPD tsakanin lokaci da PE ko lokaci da PEN an shigar da kowane irin tsarin tsarin ƙasa (duba Siffa J61).

R1 mai tsayayyar ƙasa wanda aka yi amfani dashi don pylons yana da ƙarancin juriya fiye da maƙerin R2 wanda aka yi amfani dashi don shigarwa.

Hasken walƙiya zai gudana ta cikin zagaye ABCD zuwa duniya ta hanya mafi sauƙi. Zai wuce ta cikin masu rarrafe V1 da V2 a jeri, yana haifar da wutar lantarki daban da ta ninka sau biyu na ƙarfin SPD (U_P1 + ku_P2) don bayyana a tashoshin A da C a ƙofar shigarwa a cikin mawuyacin hali.

Siffa J61 - Kariyar gama gari kawai

Don kare lodi tsakanin Ph da N yadda yakamata, dole ne a rage ƙarfin yanayin banbanci (tsakanin A da C).

Don haka ana amfani da wani ginin SPD (duba Siffa J62)

Harshen walƙiya yana gudana ta hanyar ABH wanda yake da ƙarancin matsala fiye da kewaye ABCD, kamar yadda ƙarancin abin da aka yi amfani da shi tsakanin B da H ya zama fanko (iskar mai cike da iskar gas). A wannan yanayin, wutar lantarki ta banbanta daidai take da ragowar ƙarfin SPD (U_P2).

Siffa J62 - Kariyar gama gari da banbanci