Volarfin wuce gona da iri na ƙananan matakan lantarki

Littafin 'Kariya akan karfin lantarki na' Low Voltage Systems 'Na Likita Mr. Peter Hasse

Ina tuna littafin 'Kariyar volarfafa Systemsananan Tsarin Ruwa' Daga Peter Hasse ya ba ni cikakken sani lokacin da nake saurayi wanda ke cikin harkar kariyar ƙaruwa a cikin Disamba 2006.

Dr. Peter Hasse, 'Mr. 10/350 'Godfather na 10/350 raƙuman ruwa.
A cikin duniyar kare walƙiya, Peter Hasse labari ne mai rai.

An haife shi a 1940, ya yi karatun injiniyan lantarki da wutar lantarki a Jami'ar fasaha ta Berlin, ya kammala a 1965. Sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin mai bincike a gidajan Adolf Attias na High Voltage Engineering har zuwa karbar digirin digirgir a can a 1972. Bayan 'yan watanni sai ya shiga sashen R&D na DEHN + Sohne. A can ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen haɓaka ratar iska mai girman gaske da sabuwar ka'ida don tabbatar da amfani da ita cikin kariyar walƙiya. An kira wannan a lokacin "sabon" 10/350 kalaman motsi. A 1981, Dakta Hasse ya zama Manajan Daraktan Dehn kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2004. Tun 2002 ya kasance a cikin Kwamitin Daraktocin dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwajin Jamus: GHMT AG Bexbach.

Jim kaɗan bayan ya yi ritaya daga Dehn, Dokta Hasse aka ba shi babbar lambar girmamawa ta Tarayyar Jamus.

A bikin ba da lambar yabo ta 2005 Hasse ya sami ɗaukaka saboda juya Dehn + Sohne (ƙaramin kamfani mallakar dangi da ke kera walƙiya) zuwa babban ɗan wasa na duniya a cikin kasuwar kariya ta walƙiya. A lokaci guda an yaba masa saboda "muhimmiyar rawa" da ya taka wajen tasiri a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu tsara ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke aiki da kariyar walƙiya.

Yabon bai wuce gona da iri ba. Duk wani bayani game da nasarorin da Hasse ya samu ya kunshi layi daya: "Ya taka rawar gani a kungiyoyin kasa da na kasa-da-kasa a bangaren kare walƙiya." Kamar dai yadda “mahimmin” ya kasance da wahalar tantancewa saboda har yanzu ba a gama bayyana cikakken abin da ya aikata a wannan fage ba.

Fiye da shekaru 20, yayin gudanar da Dehn, Hasse a lokaci guda yana tallata sabbin ka'idojinsa da na'urori ga marubuta masu daidaituwa da sanya su a cikin ƙa'idodi don yin amfani da tilas. A cikin 1975, ya zama memba na kafa VDE (Kungiyar daidaitattun Jamusanci) Kwamiti kan Kariyar Walƙiya (ABB) kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka yake gudanar da shi (a cewar Farfesa Dr. Kawamura, Shugaban IEIE na Japan) A cikin 1977 Hasse ya shiga DKE ( Wakilin Jamus ga IEC da CENELEC) suna ba shi tushen da ake buƙata don zama kakakin Jamusawa ga duka IEC / SC37A "Lowananan Kayayyakin Kariya da Kariya" da IEC / TC81 "Kariyar Walƙiya" (wanda ya haɗu a farkonta.)

Matsar ta shafukan Hasse da ke biye (ana samunsu ta hanyoyin da ke ƙasa) kuma za ku ga cewa ba Thor bane ko wani allah na walƙiya wanda ya ba da rai ga tsarin 10/350. Ba CIGRE ba har ma da mashahurin mai binciken Switzerland, Dr. Karl Berger.

Iftaga mayafin kuma ɗayan ya sami ainihin tushen 10/350 ba tare da kowa ba face namu Dakta Peter Hasse.

GASKIYAR GASKIYA 10/350 - Haihuwar 10/350 raƙuman ruwa

Dokta Hasse ya bayyana ra'ayinsa na "10/350" a shafi na 46 na fitowar Jamusanci na farko a littafinsa mai taken "Karfin Zafin Kare Kananan Tsarin Rage Kayayyaki: Yin amfani da kayan lantarki koda a yayin da aka yi walkiya kai tsaye" "Überspannungsschutz von Niederspannungsanlagen - Einsatz elektronischer Geräte auch bei direkten Blitzeinschlägen ”, (Verlag TOV Rheinland GmbH, Koblenz,) da aka buga a 1987. An nuna jadawalin a ƙasa.

Nada linzamin linzamin kwamfuta a saman ginshiƙi don kunna haɗin haɗin bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan da suka dace. Dubawa na farko yana nuna fasalin dukkanin 5 na sigogin 62305/10 na IEC 350 (haske). Kallo na biyu da ke nuna Hasse yana danganta waɗannan sigogin ga mizanin Jamusanci “VG 96901.” Bincike tare da DIN (Cibiyar Ka'idodi ta Jamusanci) ta bayyana cewa VG96901 bai taɓa kasancewa madaidaicin mizani ba. Ya kasance “wanda ba shi da tabbas” ba tare da iko ko fifiko ba.

Amma wannan ba shi da ɗan shigowa tunda Hasse ya faɗi a cikin rubutun da yake gabatar da wannan jadawalin da kansa ya ƙirƙira shi. Kuma, hakika, abin da aka ambata kawai (wanda aka nuna a ƙasan ginshiƙi kamar yadda / 42 /) yana nufin “jagorar” wanda Hasse ya rubuta a 1982.

Rubutun da ke biye yana ba da sanarwa a fili (mai yiwuwa a karon farko) cewa wannan jadawalin ya wakilci sigogin harbin walƙiya kai tsaye, kuma ana buƙatar masu ba da kariya daga gibi "ba tare da togiya ba" don amfani da su don kare wutar lantarki da kuma musamman tsarin fasahar bayanai na lantarki. (shafi na 46-47)

Watanni kadan bayan fitowar littafinsa Dr. Hasse ya kawo jadawalinsa na 10/350 a taron IEC TC 81 a Japan (Yuni 1988) don bayar da tsari ga laccar da zai gabatar game da “gaskiyar yanayin hasken walƙiya kai tsaye.” Anan indoctrination din ya hada da sigogi daga jadawalin Hasse 10/350 (200kA, 100 C, 10 MJ da ohm) kuma ya nuna hotuna da yawa na wadanda suka kama Dehn spark. Anan ne silar Hasse 10/350 Chart wanda aka ciro daga wannan gabatarwar. Kuna iya ganin yana alfahari da ambaton kansa (da littafinsa na 1987) azaman asalin ginshiƙi.

A waccan lokacin Hasse bai riga ya fara ɗora alhakin nauyin 10/350 ba a ƙofar Berger & CIGRE. Wannan zai zo daga baya.

Littafinsa na 1987 (inda jadawalin ya fara bayyana) ya ƙunshi nassoshi 83 da ambato amma ba a ambaci Berger ko CIGRE ba.

Wannan saboda, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin bayanan da ke sama, 10/350 raƙuman ruwa ya fito ne daga Dr. Peter Hasse.

IEC 62305 KARANTA KARANTA HANKALIN IEC (kayan aikin kimiyya masu tasiri ko alaƙar jama'a?)
LPZ - Tsarin Yankin Kariyar Walƙiya: Menene shi?

Yankunan Kariyar walƙiya (ko LPZs) sune tsakiyar hanyar IEC 62305 don kare walƙiya. Manufar ita ce ta iyakance yanayin wutar lantarki da ke shigowa cikin tsari ta hanyar rarraba tsarin zuwa jerin yankunan hadari (wadanda suke da juna a ciki.) Ta hanyar amfani da dabarun kariya da kuma SPD sakamakon walkiya da ya buge yankin na waje ana nufin don ragewa kafin su isa yankuna na ciki. Akalla wannan shine ka'idar. Dangane da IEC 62305-4 (Sect. 4.1) wannan tunanin na LPZ shine asalin dukkan kariyar walƙiya.

Yaya ingancin tunanin IEC 62305 na Yankin Kariyar Walƙiya?

Tunanin LPZ mai alamar IEC ya kasance yana cikin ci gaba da amfani da shi cikin shekaru 20. Amma duk da haka lokacin da Rakov da Uman suka bincika, sun kasa samun wani binciken guda daya wanda ke dauke da shaidun kididdiga da ke tabbatar da ingancin sa ("Walƙiya, Lissafi da Illolinsa, Jami'ar Cambridge University Press" shafi na 591). Wani binciken da aka yi a cikin 2013 kuma ya zama ba komai. A bayyane babu wani binciken da ya taba bayar da damar aiwatar da tsarin LECZ na IEC 62305.

Ta fuskar fuskarsa, tsarin LPZ alama ce mai ma'ana don kariyar ƙaruwa. Don haka me ya sa, a cikin shekaru 20, ba a sami wani karatun da ke tattara nasarar ta ba? Wannan tambayar ta haifar da zurfin bincike game da halittarta da kuma aiki da ita.

EF Vance: Mahaliccin Zonea'idar Yankin Yankin Walƙiya

Asalin asalin LPZ wani Ba'amurke ne ya kirkira shi, EF Vance, na Cibiyar Nazarin Stanford a Menlo Park, California. Vance ya gabatar da shi a cikin 1977 a cikin wata takarda mai suna "Garkuwa da Gasa Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Tsoma baki." A gefen hagu akwai zane wanda aka ciro daga waccan takarda da ke nuna yankuna masu haɗarin Vance. Ta hanyar "grounding" a waje da kowace garkuwar zuwa cikin garkuwar dake makwabtaka da ita, Vance ya nemi sarrafa tasirin hauhawar waje daga shigar wani kayan aiki. Ya kuma fahimci buƙatar iyakance tashin hankali akan wutar lantarki da layukan bayanan shiga tsarin.

Yankin 0 shi ne abin birgewa mai suna Vance wanda aka ba wa yanayin waje wanda ya shafi fuskantar walƙiya. Yankuna 1 & 2 ya sanya su zuwa yankunan cikin ginin.

Vance LPZ tsarin haɗin gwiwa tare da Dr. Peter Hasse

 Dr. Hasse ya dace da ra'ayin Vance kuma ya canza shi zuwa littafin da ya sanya wa suna: "EMC-Lightning Zone Concept" (wanda Peter Hasse & Johannes Wiesinger suka wallafa kuma Pflaum Verlag suka buga shi a 1993.)

A hannun dama zaka iya ganin zane na Vance's LPZ kamar yadda ya bayyana, ba'a canzawa ba (ban da ƙari na fassarar Jamusanci) akan p. 52 na littafin Hasse. An riƙe asalin tsarin Vance da kalmomin aiki a cikin daidaitawar Hasse: Yankin Zero ya ci gaba da wakiltar yankin a wajen tsarin; Yankuna 1 & 2, yankunan da ke cikin tsarin.

Abun takaici Dakta Hasse yayi amfani da tsarin LPZ don tura ra'ayinsa na 10/350 ta hanyar fadada ra'ayin cewa ya kamata duk wata walƙiya a yankin Zero ta kasance ta 10/350. Latsa nan don ganin yadda littafin Hasse's 1993 LPZ ya yi allurar 10/350 a cikin tsarin LPZ.

A yin haka, ya rushe nasarar da ake iya samu na abin da zai iya zama wata hanya mai matukar amfani ga kariyar walƙiya. Matsalolin da tsarin 10/350 ya haifar da tsarin LPZ ta hanyar igiyar ruwa ta XNUMX/XNUMX sun haɗa da lahani na gibin tartsatsin wuta, gami da maƙerin “SPD coordination” duka biyu ana ma'amala da su a wannan gidan yanar gizon.

Ana iya samun asusun wasu ɓarnar da aka yi wa kayan aiki da shigarwa ana “kiyaye su” bisa ga wannan tsarin 10/350-LPZ a wani wuri akan wannan rukunin yanar gizon.

Hijira na LPZ - Daga littafin Hasse zuwa ka'idojin kariyar walƙiya ta IEC

A lokacin da aka buga littafinsa na LPZ a cikin 1993, Dakta Hasse ya kasance babban baƙon a cikin kwamitin kare walƙiya na IEC, TC 81. Ya ɗauki shi ƙasa da shekara biyu daga buga wannan littafin don a shigo da tunaninsa na LPZ gaba ɗayansa a cikin tsarin IEC 61312-1.

A gefen hagu akwai hoton LPZ daga IEC 61312-1. Tsarin 10/350 ya zama ɓangaren shi. Latsa nan don ganin matakan Hasken 10/350 na walƙiya kamar yadda suka bayyana a cikin mizanin 61312-1.

Don haka ana iya gani, cewa a cikin walƙiya guda ɗaya, Dakta Hasse yayi nasarar samun duka 10/350 na igiyar ruwa da kuma tunaninsa na LPZ an shigo dashi cikin tsarin kare walƙiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta IEC.

Mataki na gaba shine ƙaurarsu zuwa daidaitattun IEC 62305. Ana iya samun labarin yadda ya gudanar da hakan.

Don taƙaitawa, Dr. Peter Hasse ba kawai za a yaba da haihuwar 10/350 ba, amma kuma don ƙirƙirar tsarin LPZ da ake amfani da shi a yau a duk ƙa'idodin kariyar walƙiya na IEC.

LPZ A cikin amfanin yau da kullun: rage walƙiya ko gasar taƙaitawa?

Hoton LPZ na kwanan nan daga IEC 62305 an nuna shi a dama. Dalilin sa shine don rage tasirin walƙiya mai shigowa. Amma wasu sun yi imanin aikin IEC LPZ yana da alaƙa da ƙayyade abin da na'urorin kariya da haɓaka za a ɗauka a matsayin "masu dacewa" don haka ke tsara yadda ake amfani da su. Misali, IEC 62305 ya nace cewa dole ne a nuna halin walƙiya kai tsaye ta hanyar gwajin gwaji 10/350, sabili da haka kawai za a iya amfani da ratar walƙiya “masu kama da walƙiya” a Yankin Zero. Sauran nau'ikan SPDs an hana su.

Akwai manyan matsaloli guda uku tare da wannan hanyar. Na biyun farko na fasaha ne kuma an adana su a cikin wannan gidan yanar gizon duka duka, su ne: 1) 10/350 ɗin raƙuman ruwa ba ya wakiltar walƙiya ta gaskiya, kuma 2) tazarar fitilar “masu kama da walƙiya” suna da kurakurai da yawa.

Babbar matsala ta uku na iya zama ta doka. Hanyar da aka aiwatar da tsarin LPZ a cikin mizani na iya haifar da keta Lawungiyar Gasar Tarayyar Turai. (Duba shafin FAQ.)

Jaruntakan

Idan har wani yana ɗaukar wannan "da kaina" don Allah ya yarda da gaskiyar cewa wannan rukunin yanar gizon ba yana nufin ya zama mai tsaurin ra'ayi akan kowane mutum, kamfani, ko kwamiti ba. Dukan abinsa shine inganta yanayin walƙiya. Kuma kodayake yana bukatar ƙarfin gwiwa don tashi tsaye don yin magana, yana bukatar irin ƙarfin gwiwar da za a iya zauna a saurara.

GASKIYA 10/350 GASKIYA - Kogin littattafai, labarai, da gabatarwa: 10km faɗi / 350km tsayi

A lokacin 80s da 90s (a cewar wani gidan yanar gizo na Dehn) Hasse, abokin aikin sa J. Wiesinger, da sauran ma'aikatan Dehn da masu haɗin gwiwa sun rubuta ko shiga cikin ɗaruruwan takardu, littattafai, gabatarwa ga taron duniya, nune-nunen, da kuma taron karawa juna sani. “Aya daga cikin “tsofaffi” ya kiyasta cewa an kashe sama da dala miliyan goma a wannan kamfen. Sakon da ke tushe a galibin wadannan batutuwa da gabatarwa ya yi daidai da littafin Hasse na 1987: “walƙiya kai tsaye ana wakiltar ta 10/350; yakamata a yi amfani da masu kariya daga gibin da zai iya wuce gwajin gwaji 10/350 don kare kariya daga walƙiya kai tsaye. ”

Za'a iya samun jerin m nan.

Hasse ya inganta Chart 10/350 zuwa TC-81 a cikin 1988 na "Tarihin Kariyar Walƙiya" a gabatarwar IEC TC-81 Tattaunawa a Japan. Har ila yau, jadawalin ya bayyana a cikin fitowar littafinsa na 1987. Ana iya samun sa a cikin labarai kamar su “Neues aus der Blitzschutztechnik,” etz, Vol. 108, shafi na 612-618, wanda kuma aka buga shi a 1987 da EMV-Blitz-Schutzzonen-Konzept, tare suka rubuta tare da J. Wiesinger kuma VDE Verlag suka buga shi a 1994. An fito da shi a littafin Hasse na 1998 “Kariyar volarfafa ofananan Tsarin Rage ”Da kuma bugunta na gaba.

Abubuwan da suka dace

 A cikin 1999, Dr. Hasse ya je wurin Kwamitin Kariya na Kariyar Karfi na IEEE kuma ya nemi, a matsayin fitaccen wakilin TC 81, da a gayyace shi zuwa taron na IEEE na SPD na bazarar 2000 don ba da gabatarwa game da “asalin, muhimmancin da inganci na 10/350 waves waveform. ” A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 1999 kwamitin SPD ya amince da tayin nasa, kuma a watan Mayu mai zuwa an gudanar da taron a St. Petersberg, Florida. Dokta Hasse ya nuna yana fatan nunawa mahalarta IEEE mahimmancin amfani da 10/350 mai faɗakarwa don maimaita bugun farko na walƙiya kai tsaye. Lokacin wucewa sai ya ambaci wani abu 10: 1 wanda zai iya canza tsarin 10/350 zuwa 8/20, amma ya dankara masa damuwa. Hasse bai sami nasara ba a wannan taron kuma shekara mai zuwa ya aika da Dehn VP (Richard Chadwick) don sake gwadawa. Wa'azin wannan saƙo iri ɗaya, ta yin amfani da jadalai iri ɗaya da kuma maganganu iri ɗaya game da yanayin walƙiya mai kyau, wannan gabatarwar ya ba da fifiko ga yanayin haɓaka: "Shin ba za a sami wani ma'auni wanda za a iya kwatanta Spark Gaps da MOV SPDs ba?"

A matsayin shawarar farko Chadwick ya fitar da wani abu na "30." Wannan yana nufin don gwada MOV SPD tare da zango 8/20 wanda za'a yi la'akari dashi a cikin aji ɗaya kamar Spark Gap da aka gwada tare da tasirin 25kA 10/350, MOV SPD zai buƙaci a kimanta shi a 750kA. Dokta Chadwick ya fahimci cikakkiyar fahimtar cewa hakan ba gaskiya bane kuma a ƙarshen bayanin nasa ya ƙarasa da cewa "ba za a yi amfani da abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a duniya ba" amma masu ba da kariya ne kawai suka dace da shigarwa a hanyoyin shiga sabis.

Baƙon abu ya isa, duk da ainihin saƙon na Chadwick, ya fara wasu IEEE masu goyon baya suna tunanin wannan hanyar na iya zama wata hanya ta cimma sulhu da IEC akan wannan batun. An buga batutuwa daban-daban kuma daga ƙarshe “10” an karɓi taƙaice ta IEEE.

Hasse ya tsaya kyam. Gabatarwa ta Chadwick daga baya a waccan shekarar ta dage akan adadin wanda zai yi daidai da 25. Duba wannan nunin a nan.

Duk wannan zancen na "kwatankwacinsa" ya sa Francois Martzloff, na kwamitin IEEE SPD, ya ƙaddamar da wani bincike don tantance ko za a iya cimma “daidaiton da aka samu na daidaitawa 'daidaito' na matakan biyu” “ta hanyar sauƙaƙan abubuwa masu yawa.” Duba lissafi da kuma la'akari da abubuwa daban-daban da suka ƙunsa ya nuna ƙoƙarin “ba zai yiwu ba.” Kuna iya karanta dukkanin takaddun nan. Zuwa 2006 duk wata magana mai mahimmanci game da abubuwan daidaitawa sun ƙare. An tabbatar da wannan a cikin IEEE Std C62.62 (2010) inda ba a ba da izini na 10/350 ba.

A cikin labaran Hasse da gabatarwa wanda zai iya yin tunanin gwagwarmayar rikice-rikice masu rikice-rikice: A gefe guda, buƙatar sa ta gaske don shiga cikin lamuran fasaha kuma a ɗaya bangaren, tilas ne na kasuwanci ya inganta samfuran sa na gibin. Ba wanda zai iya taimaka wajan yin sharhi cewa a cikin bayanansa na fasaha da litattafansa da kyar zai iya hana nuna hotunan masu kare haskakawa na Dehn da kuma yin alfahari da irin kariya da suka samu daga "walƙiyar kai tsaye."

Hakanan ana iya ganin wannan azaman amfani da ƙa'idar amfani da dokar samarwa da buƙata: Hasse yana da wadatar na'urorin ratar walƙiya. Abin da kawai ake buƙata shi ne don IEC ta samar da “buƙatar”. A matsayin shirin kasuwanci, ya kasance mai haske.

DR. HASSE, TC81 & THE IEC 62305 SERIES - satar wani mizani
10/350 Milestones da Zenith: IEC 62305 jerin kariyar walƙiya

A cikin 1993 fitowar IEC 61024-1-1 ya nuna babban ci gaba a fagen duniya don Hasse10 / 350 mai ɗaukar hoto. Sigogin walƙiyarta don saurin motsawa, caji, da takamaiman makamashi an ɗaga kai tsaye daga jadawalin Hasse. Amma a cikin 1995 Hasse daga ƙarshe ya ga aikinsa ya sami nasara yayin da TC 81 ya fitar da sunan IEC 61312-1 suna, halattawa da kuma ba da izini ga Hasse10 / 350. Tun daga nan kowa zai san cewa walƙiya kai tsaye ana iya fasalta shi da fasalin 10/350. Partyungiyar da aka yi a Neumarkt a wannan daren dole ne ta kasance mai fara'a.

Mataki na biyu shine samun 10/350 wanda aka sanya shi cikin IEC 61643-1.

Amma zenith ɗin ta babu shakka ranar da aka saka Hasse 10/350 (a gaba ɗayanta) cikin jerin kariyar walƙiya ta IEC 62305. Kuma akwai labari mai ban sha'awa hade da hakan.

Mecece hujjar Hasse wacce ta fi dacewa kuma mafi firgitarwa ta dabarun turawa 10/350 zaninta an bayyana shi da kyau Ernst Landers a cikin IEC Document 81/195 / INF kwanan nan 2002.07.05 mai taken TC 81 WG 3 Convenor's Report? Ernst U. Landers, daga lokacin kuma mai haɗin Hasse na lokaci mai tsawo, shine ainihin TC81 WG3 Convenor a 2002. Amma Dr. Hasse shima yana nan a taron TC81 da ake tattaunawa (a Firenze, Italiya 17 ga Oktoba, 2001) kuma yana tsammanin rawar “Wakiltar Mai Haduwa.” Ba mu san takamaiman abin da “mai wakiltar taro” yake ba, amma takaddar ta bayyana karara cewa Hasse ita ce take gudanar da taron wanda ke magana kan batun yadda za a hada “bukatun SPD” da “Jagorar Aikace-aikace” daga IEC 61312-1 zuwa cikin jerin ci gaba na ci gaban IEC 62305 na mizanai. Wannan zai iya, ipso facto, sun hada da tsarin Hasse 10/350 na sigogi & ra'ayin LPZ.

A karkashin kulawar Hasse, TC 81 WG3 ya rigaya ya yanke shawarar hada IEC 61312-1 Hasse data cikin 62305. An kawo wannan daga rahoton wanda ya kira taron, saboda an riga an “tattauna kuma an yarda da kayan fasaha na 61312-1 gaba daya a WG3, an gabatar da masu hadahadar, don hade wadannan bangarorin guda biyar (na IEC 61312-1) cikin shirin IEC 62305… ”Ba shakka an yarda da tayin nasa cikin sauki. Dole ne mu yarda wannan kyakkyawar tafiya ce daga ra'ayin Dr. Hasse - samun Hasse 10/350 da tsarin LPZ da aka rubuta a cikin sabon jeri na 62305 a cikin sigar da ba a daidaita ba yana da matukar muhimmanci aiki ne da za a bar wa ɓatancin “kwamiti aiki. " A cewar rahoton, "aikin gyara" an kammala kuma an aika da takaddun sakamakon zuwa ga dukkan mambobin WG 3 ana ba su wata 1 su amsa. Lokacin da, bayan wata ɗaya, Babu ɗayansu da ya ba da amsa, ainihin mai tattarawar, Dr. Landers, a zahiri, ya bayyana cewa an cimma “yarjejeniya” kuma ya aika da takaddar ga Dokta Lo Piparo (Sakataren TC 81) wanda ya buga shi a matsayin sabon Shafin Abun Aiki. Wannan ya tura shi kan hanyarta zuwa ƙarshe ya zama cikakken mizani.

Gabatar da IEC 62305 ga duniya

Tun da daɗewa kafin kammala 62305 Standard, Hasse ya ɗauki nauyin gabatarwa da samun karɓuwa gare shi. Shine na farko da ya kawo shi ga hankalin duniya tare da takardarsa mai suna "Sabbin Ka'idoji don Kariya akan Walƙiya – Sabon Series 62305" wanda aka gabatar a VII SIPDA a Curitiba, Brazil a 2003.

Yaɗa ra'ayinsa da kuma yarda da su ayyuka ne da Hasse ya ɗauka da mahimmanci. A shekarar 1994 a taron kasa da kasa karo na 22 kan kariyar walƙiya a Budapest labarinsa mai taken "fora'ida don Cigaba da Cigaba da Surarfafa Kayayyakin Kariya a Tsarin Volananan Kayayyakin Ruwa" a karo na farko ya yi amfani da kalmomin kamala: "barazanar farko daga walƙiya ita ce ta 10/350. Tabbatarwar don jan hankali, daga baya aka sanya shi cikin Jerin 62305. Labarinsa "Ka'idar da za a daidaita nan gaba don daidaitawar masu kamawa a cikin tsarin ƙananan lantarki" (etz. Mujallar Fitowa ta 1, shafi na 20-23, 1995) an ambace ta daidai. Hasashen hangen nesa na Dr. Hasse ya bashi damar yin tsinkayen matakan IEC 62305 na 10/350 sigogin kariya daga walƙiya sama da shekaru 10 kafin gaskiyar.

KAMFANAR 10/350 TA CIGABA - tare da sabon juyi
Gangamin ya ci gaba - tare da Sabon Twist

Yakin neman zaben Dr Hasse na 10/350 bai cika ba. A shekarar 2010 ya rubuta Fasali na 7 na wani littafi mai suna "Walƙiya" wanda Cibiyar Injiniya da Fasaha, London, UK ta buga. A cikin rubutun Hasse ya buga ƙara 10/350 sau ɗaya: “A iyakokin LPZ 0… SPDs dole ne a yi amfani da su, waɗanda ke da ikon fitar da igiyar ruwa mai yawa par Waɗannan SPDs ana kiransu masu walƙiya na yanzu (SPDs class I) kuma ana gwada su tare da hanzari, ya nuna 10 / 350μs. ” Kamar yadda ya saba ya hada hotuna da yawa na masu kare gibin kariya.

Amma wannan karon sai ya kara gaba. Ya "fahimci" ikon mai karuwar tashin wuta na MOV don tsayawa a maimakon tazara mai cike da tartsatsin wuta "idan takamaiman fitowar fitowar halin yanzu 8 / 20s ta kasance aƙalla 25 sau sau 10 da aka ƙayyade fitarwa ta yanzu." Misali, don MOV SPD ta wuce gwajin da aka ƙayyade don 350kA 25 / 10μs, dole ne a sanya shi cikin halin motsa jiki na “aƙalla” 350kA 625 / 8μs. Shin akwai wanda yake da ra'ayin inda Dr. Hasse ya fito da wannan kayan?

Halin daidaitaccen daidaitaccen siyasa a yanzu ya tafi daga 10 zuwa 30 zuwa sifili. Sannan har zuwa 25 kuma yanzu zuwa "aƙalla 25." (duba shafin farko a cikin wannan jerin.) Muna iya cewa zaku iya cewa Dr. Hasse ya goyi bayan daidaito a gabanin da kuma bayan ya nuna adawa da shi… Har ma ya kirkiro wani sabon jadawalin zane don hadawa a cikin littafin 2010. Kuna iya ganin shi anan dama. Wane ne ya sani, idan wani bai yi wani abu da sauri ba, mai yiwuwa lokaci na gaba da za ka gan shi zai kasance a cikin sake sake rubuta jerin IEC 62305.

Kamfen na Kamfani Na Ci gaba

Gangamin kamfani na Dehn da Sohne na shekaru 30 don haɓaka tsarin 10/350 ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Bayani mai zuwa daga gidan yanar gizon Dehn a watan Agusta 2013 ya ƙi kowane ra'ayi game da abin da ya dace. Ya ce: "DEHN ya yi imanin cewa ya zama dole a gwada tare da ainihin 10/350 waves waveform… kawai gwajin tare da 10/350 waves waveform ne da gaske wakilin yi don kariya daga kai tsaye walƙiya buga."

Jaruntakan

Idan har wani yana ɗaukar wannan "da kaina" don Allah ya yarda da gaskiyar cewa wannan rukunin yanar gizon ba yana nufin ya zama mai tsaurin ra'ayi akan kowane mutum ko kamfani ba. Dukan abinsa shine inganta yanayin walƙiya. Kuma kodayake yana bukatar ƙarfin gwiwa don tashi tsaye don yin magana, yana bukatar irin ƙarfin halin da za a iya zaunawa don saurara.

KARATUN 10/350 -Da sauran labarin
Akwai ƙari zuwa 10/350 fiye da 10 da 350

A cikin “Hasse 10/350 waveform Chart” wanda aka nuna a wani wuri zaka iya ganin sigogi biyu na sa hannun 10/350 wanda aka haska a ruwan hoda: T1 = 10μs da T2 = 350μs. Amma “10/350 raƙuman ruwa” ya kasance ba daidai ba ne. Sake dubawa akan Chase na Hasse kuma zaka ganshi ya haɗa da wasu sigogi guda uku (wanda aka haskaka a rawaya): Peak current = 200 kA; Cajin (Q) = Coulombs 100; da W / R = 10MJ / Ω.

Fiye da shekaru 30 “/arfin 10/350” ya kasance koyaushe yarjejeniyar ce. A koyaushe ya haɗa da waɗannan sigogi 5. Kuma ƙimar farashin yanzu (kA) ya ninka darajar cajin (coulombs) koyaushe. Me ya sa? Wataƙila saboda ana buƙatar duk waɗannan waɗannan sigogi guda 5 don kulle-cikin amfani da masu kariyar tazarar gibin? Mai karatu na iya yanke shawara. A halin yanzu, rahoton CIGRE 2013 ba ya ba da tabbaci ga waɗannan sigogin ko kowane irin wannan alaƙar tsakanin sigogin.

A ƙasa kuna da Tebur daga Tsarin IEC na Walƙiyar Kasa da Kasa na kwanan nan (IEC 62305-1). Wannan shine ginshikin da aka gina dukkan ingancin tsarin walƙiya na IEC. Shin wani abu yayi kama? (Mirgine linzamin linzamin kan sa don ganin inda sigogin madannai suka samo asali.)

Rago da kerkeci.

Shafin Fasaha na 2013 na CIGRE 549 ya bayyana a sarari cewa CIGRE ba za a ƙara ɗora masa laifi ba game da sigogin da aka zana a cikin jadawalin da ke sama, gami da fasalin 10/350 da kansa. Shin, ba ka tuna da tatsuniya na ɗan rago da kerkolfci? A karkashin ulu na ka'idojin kariyar walƙiya na IEC 62305 zaka sami ɓoyayyun ƙafafun Dr. Peter Hasse ne kawai.

Lokaci ya yi da al'ummar kare walƙiyar ƙasa da ƙasa za su tunkari wannan gaskiyar kuma su share wajibcin amfani da waɗancan sigogi daga mizani.

Rikice-rikicen Sha'awa da Amincewa

Ba mu yi zargin rashin dacewa ba. Ba mu bukata. Muna bayyana abin da ya faru ne kawai. Ko da kuwa akwai kuskure, da an daɗe da gafartawa ta ƙa'idodin iyakance. Nan gaba ne mai mahimmanci, ba baya ba.

Rikici na sha'awa

Yana da wahala kada ayi zato game da yuwuwar rikicin maslaha a cikin wannan yanayin. Shin ya yi kyau Manajan Darakta na kamfanin kasuwanci kamar Dehn da Sohne, don ƙirƙirar na'urori da rana yayin, da daddare, suna ɗaukar irin wannan tasirin a kan kwamitocin ƙasashen duniya har za su iya tantance amfani da waɗancan na'urorin?

Kwamitin Kasa na CIGRE na Amurka yana amfani da Shirye-Shirye na Etha'a tare da rashin ma'ana game da irin wannan ɗabi'ar: “Manufofin Kwamitin USasa na Amurka ya buƙaci dukkan membobin su guji ainihin rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa. Rikici na gaske sha'awa ce ta kashin kai wanda wataƙila zai iya sa mai sa ido mai zaman kansa ya yanke hukunci cewa mutumin da ke gudanar da kasuwancin Kwamitin Nationalasa na Amurka ba zai iya yanke shawara ba tare da son zuciya ba, ba da shawara ba tare da son zuciya ba, zartar da hukunci mai zaman kansa, ko kuma ya zama mai manufa game da sakamakon fasaha . Wani rikice-rikice na ban sha'awa na faruwa ne yayin da bukatun mutum zai iya sa mai sa ido mai zaman kansa ya yi tambaya ko mutumin da ke gudanar da kasuwanci a madadin Kwamitin USasa na Amurka zai iya yin hakan daidai. ”

Yayin da aka fahimci cewa kwamitocin kwaskwarima dole ne su dogara da goyon bayan kamfanonin kasuwanci don yin aikinsu, da alama wasu irin ayyukan sa ido ko aikin sa ido sun ɓace da babbar murya a wannan yanayin.

Adalci,

Idan kun taɓa karanta ƙa'idar IEC nan da nan zaku ga aiki wanda zai iya ba da tabbaci don inganta rashin ɗaukar nauyi da rashin ba da lissafi a ɓangaren marubutan. Muna komawa ga gaskiyar cewa ƙa'idodin IEC ba su taɓa nuna wanda ya ƙirƙira su ba.

Duk wanda ya rubuta mizani, sunayensu ya fi kyau a kansa don haka za a iya yi musu hisabi idan matsala ta juyo a wani wuri a kan hanya. Kuma ba wai kawai suna ba. Don wannan dole ne a haɗa alaƙar mutum da wanda ke biyansa don halartar tarurruka. Duk wani haɗin ɓoye da aka ɓoye ya kamata ya sanya babban marubuci ya zama abin dogaro ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a da / ko aikata laifi.