Yawancin batutuwa masu zafi a cikin kariyar kariyar SPD ta yanzu

Yawancin batutuwa masu zafi a cikin kariyar kariyar SPD ta yanzu

1. Rarrabuwa daga tsarin gwajin gwaji

Don gwajin kariyar kariyar SPD, akwai muhawara mai zafi a cikin gida da waje game da nau'ikan gwajin na Class I (Class B, Type 1), galibi akan hanyar simintin fitowar wutar lantarki kai tsaye, takaddama tsakanin kwamitocin IEC da IEEE :

(1) IEC 61643-1, a cikin Class I (Class B, Nau'in 1) ƙarin ƙarfin gwajin na yanzu na na'urar kariya, 10 / 350µs shine tsarin canzawar gwaji.

(2) IEEE C62.45 'IEEE devicesananan ƙarfafan ƙarfafan ƙarfe masu kariya - Sashe na 11 devicesarfafa na'urorin kariya masu haɗi da ƙananan ƙarfin wutar lantarki - Bukatu da hanyoyin gwaji' yana bayyana fasalin 8 / 20µs azaman fasalin gwajin.

Mai gabatarwa game da zango na 10/350 yayi imanin cewa don tabbatar da kariya ta 100% yayin tsawar walƙiya, dole ne ayi amfani da sigogin tsaurara masu tsanani don gwada kayan aikin walƙiya. Yi amfani da fasalin zango 10/350 don gano LPS (Tsarin Kariyar Walƙiya) don tabbatar da cewa walƙiya ba ta lalata shi ta jiki ba. Kuma masu goyon bayan tsarin 8/20 sun yi imanin cewa bayan fiye da shekaru 50 na amfani, raƙuman raƙuman yana nuna ƙimar nasara sosai.

A watan Oktoba 2006, wakilan IEC da IEEE masu dacewa sun tsara kuma sun jera batutuwa da yawa don bincike.

GB18802.1 mai ba da wutar lantarki SPD yana da fasalin gwajin fasalin Class I, II, da III, duba Table 1.

Tebur 1: Matakan I, II da III nau'ikan gwajin

(Asar Amirka ta yi la'akari da yanayi biyu, a wa) annan sababbin ka'idoji uku masu zuwa:
IEEE C62.41. 1 'Jagora na IEEE akan Yanayin Ruwa a -ananan Rage (1000V da Lessasa) cuarfin wutar AC', 2002
IEEE C62.41. 2 'IEEE akan Ingantaccen Ingantaccen Reabi'ar Hawan Ruwa a -ananan Rage (1000V da Lessasa) ACarfin Powerarfin AC', 2002
IEEE C62.41. 2 'IEEE akan Ingantaccen onabi'a akan Gwajin Gwaji don Kayan Kayan Haɗuwa da -ananan Rage (1000V da Lessasa) Cirarfin Powerarfin AC', 2002

Yanayi na 1: Walƙiya ba ta kai tsaye ga ginin ba.
Yanayi na 2: Wannan lamari ne da ba a cika faruwa ba: walƙiya ta faɗo kan gini kai tsaye ko kuma ƙasa da ke kusa da ginin ana yin walƙiya.

Tebur na 2 yana ba da shawarar sauƙin wakilcin wakilin, kuma Tebur na 3 yana ba da ƙimar ƙarfin da ya dace da kowane rukuni.
Tebur 2: Wurin AB C (Harka ta 1) Daidaitaccen Matsayi da Additionalarin Tasirin Gwajin Gwaji da Matsakaicin Siffar Mataki na 2.

Tebur 3: Halin SPD a ƙofar 2 Gwajin abun ciki ^{A, B}

lura:
A. Wannan gwajin an iyakance shi ne ga SPD wanda aka girka a ƙofar fita, wanda ya bambanta da ƙa'idodi da ƙarin matakan igiyar ruwa da aka ambata a cikin wannan shawarar, ban da SPD.
B. valuesa'idodin da ke sama suna amfani da kowane gwajin lokaci na SPD mai yawa.
C. Kwarewar kwarewar aiki na SPD tare da C ƙasa da matakin fallasa 1 yana nuna cewa za'a iya zaɓar ƙananan sigogi.

“Babu wani takamaiman tsari na igiyar ruwa da zai iya wakiltar duk yanayin hawan yanayi, don haka rikitaccen ainihin-duniya yana buƙatar sauƙaƙa shi zuwa wasu sauye-sauye na yau da kullun na gwajin gwaji. Don cimma wannan, yanayin kewaya ana keɓance shi don samar da ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki da na yanzu Ana zaɓar yanayin raƙuman ruwa da fadada don dacewa da kimantawa da ƙarfin jimrewa na kayan aikin da ke haɗe da ƙarancin ƙarfin AC mai ƙarfin lantarki, da ƙarfin kayan aiki da yanayin karuwa yana bukatar hada kai yadda ya kamata. ”

“Manufar tantance takamaiman tsarin gwajin shine don samar da masu kera kayan aiki da masu amfani da daidaitaccen kari da kuma karin yanayin karfin gwajin da kuma yanayin yanayin hawan da ya dace. Valuesa'idodin da aka ba da shawarar don daidaitaccen tsarin raƙuman ruwa sune saukakakken sakamako da aka samo daga nazarin adadi mai yawa na bayanan aunawa. Sauƙaƙawar za ta ba da damar maimaitawa da tasiri dalla-dalla don haɓakar haɓakar kayan aikin da aka haɗa da ƙananan ƙarfin AC mai samar da wutar lantarki. ”

Ana nuna ƙarfin lantarki da raƙuman ruwa na yanzu waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don gwajin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin SPD na ƙarfin sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwar sigina a cikin Table 4.

Shafin 4: Voltage da tasirin tasirin tasirin yanzu (Table 3 na GB18802-1)

Lura: Ana amfani da Tasiri tsakanin tashar layin da tashar gama gari. Ko don gwadawa tsakanin tashoshin layi an ƙaddara gwargwadon dacewa. SPD don samar da wutar lantarki da SPD don sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwar sigina yakamata su ƙirƙira daidaitaccen tsarin gwajin gwaji wanda za'a iya daidaita shi da ƙarfin juriya na kayan aikin.

2.Voltage canzawa irin da irin ƙarfin lantarki iyakar

A cikin tarihin dogon lokaci, nau'in canzawar wutar lantarki da nau'in iyakancewar lantarki sune ci gaba, gasa, cikawa, kirkire-kirkire, da sake bunkasa su. An yi amfani da nau'in rata na iska na nau'in canza wutar lantarki a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, amma kuma yana fallasa lahani da yawa. Sune:

(1) Mataki na farko (matakin B) ta amfani da 10 / 350's SPT type spap type SPD ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na kayan aikin sadarwar tashar bayanan lalacewar walƙiya mai yawa.

(2) Dangane da dogon lokacin martani na walƙiyar tazarar SPD zuwa walƙiya, lokacin da tashar tushe kawai ke da tazarar SPD, kuma babu wani SPD da ake amfani da shi don matakin na biyu (matakin C) kariya, yanayin walƙiya na iya haifar da saurin walƙiya na'urori a cikin lalacewar na'urar.

(3) Lokacin da tashar tushe tayi amfani da kariyar matakin B da C, tozartar da ke tsakanin SDP lokacin jinkirin mayar da martani ga walƙiya na iya haifar da dukkan igiyoyin walƙiya su wuce ta cikin mai kare ƙarfin ƙarfin matakin C, yana sa mai matakin C ya zama lalacewar walƙiya

(4) Wataƙila akwai makafin tabo na fitowar wuta tsakanin haɗin makamashi tsakanin nau'in rata da nau'in iyakance matsin lamba (ma'anar makanta tana nufin cewa babu fitowar ƙyallen ruwa a cikin fitowar fitilar fitowar), wanda ke haifar da nau'ikan tazarar SPD ba aiki ba, kuma mai kariya na biyu (matakin C) yana buƙatar tsayayya mafi girma. Halin walƙiya ya sa walƙiya ta lalata mai matakin matakin C (wanda aka iyakance shi da yankin tashar tashar, tazarar tazarar da ke tsakanin sandunan biyu SPD yana buƙatar kimanin mita 15). Sabili da haka, ba shi yiwuwa matakin farko ya ɗauki nau'ikan SPD na tazara don haɗa kai da C matakin SPD.

(5) An haɗa shigarwar a cikin jerin tsakanin matakan kariya guda biyu don ƙirƙirar na'urar sauyawa don magance matsalar tazarar kariya tsakanin matakan biyu na SPD. Zai iya zama akwai makafi ko matsalar tunani tsakanin su biyun. Dangane da gabatarwar: “An yi amfani da lalata kamar ɓangaren raguwa da raƙuman ruwa Siffar tana da kyakkyawar dangantaka. Don dogon raƙuman raƙuman ruwa masu daraja (kamar 10/350 )s), sakamakon ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa ba shi da tasiri sosai (nau'in ratar walƙiya tare da mai haɓaka ba zai iya biyan bukatun kariya na bambance-bambancen walƙiya daban-daban lokacin da walƙiya ta faɗi). Lokacin cinye abubuwan da aka gyara, dole ne a yi la’akari da lokacin tashin da kuma karuwar darajar karfin wutar lantarki. ” Bugu da ƙari, koda an ƙara shigarwar, matsalar nau'in gibin SPD ƙarfin kusan 4kV ba za a iya warware shi ba, kuma aikin filin yana nuna cewa bayan nau'in SPD ɗin rata da nau'in haɗin rata SPD an haɗa su cikin jeri, C- matakin 40kA wanda aka girka a cikin wutar lantarki mai sauya sheka ya rasa SPD Akwai rikodin da yawa na lalata walƙiya.

(6) diimar di / dt da du / dt na nau'ikan nau'ikan rarar SPD suna da girma ƙwarai. Tasiri akan abubuwan semiconductor a cikin kayan aikin kariya a bayan matakin farko na SPD shine sananne musamman.

(7) Spark gap SPD ba tare da aikin nuna alamar lalacewa ba

(8) Nau'in gibin SPD ba zai iya fahimtar ayyukan ƙararrawar lalacewa da sigina mai nisa ba (a halin yanzu ana iya gane shi ta hanyar LED don nuna matsayin aiki na kewayarsa ta mataimaka, kuma baya nuna lalacewa da lalacewar tashin walƙiya mai karewa), saboda haka yana Don tashoshin tushe marasa tsaro, SPD na tsaka-tsalle ba za a iya amfani dashi da kyau ba.

A taƙaice: daga mahangar sigogi, alamomi, da abubuwan aiki kamar matsi na saura, tazarar tazara, iskar gas, lokacin amsawa, babu ƙararrawa mai lalacewa, da kuma rashin kuskuren sigina mai nisa, amfani da tazarar SPD a tashar tushe yana barazanar amintaccen aiki na tsarin sadarwa Batutuwa.

Koyaya, tare da ci gaba da ci gaba da fasaha, nau'in SPD mai cike da walƙiya yana ci gaba da shawo kan gazawarsa, amfani da wannan nau'in SPD shima yana nuna fa'idodi mafi girma. A cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, an gudanar da bincike mai yawa da ci gaba akan nau'in ratar iska (duba Table 5):

Dangane da aiki, sabon ƙarni na samfuran yana da fa'idodi na ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin saura, ƙarfin kwarara, da ƙarami. Ta hanyar amfani da fasahar haifar da ƙananan rata, zai iya fahimtar daidaiton tazarar "0" tare da iyakancewar SPD da haɗuwa da iyakancewar SPD. Hakanan yana biyan diyya saboda rashin karbarsa kuma yana inganta ingantattun tsarin kariyar walƙiya. Dangane da aiki, sabon ƙarni na samfuran na iya ba da tabbacin amincin aiki na ɗaukacin samfurin ta hanyar sa ido kan aikin kewayawa. An sanya na'urar cire zafin jiki a cikin samfurin don kaucewa konewar harsashin waje; ana amfani da babbar fasahar nesa ta nesa a cikin saitin lantarki don kauce wa ci gaba da gudana bayan tsallakar sifili. A lokaci guda, kuma zai iya samar da aikin ƙararrawar sigina mai nisa don zaɓar daidai girman bugun walƙiya, da tsawaita rayuwar sabis.

Shafin 5: Ci gaban al'ada na ratar walƙiya

S / N	years	Main fasali	jawabinsa
1	1993	Kafa rata mai siffar “V” wanda ke canzawa daga ƙarami zuwa babba, kuma saita insulator na fitarwa tare da ƙarshen kwarin azaman keɓewa don taimakawa samun voltagearfin ƙarfin aiki da fitarwa har zuwa rata, ta amfani da wayoyi da tsarin sararin samaniya da kayan abu a cikin 1993 - cauki baka zuwa waje, sanya yanayin tsagaitawa da kashe baka. Masu cire nau'ikan rata na farko suna da babban fashewar lantarki da watsawa mai yawa.
2	1998	Amfani da kewayawar faɗakarwar lantarki, musamman amfani da tiran wuta, yana fahimtar aikin faɗakarwa ta taimako. Na mallakar rarar fitowar mai aiki ne, wanda shine haɓaka haɓaka ratar wucewa wanda aka haifar. Ingantaccen yana rage fashewar ƙarfin lantarki. Na mallakar bugun jini ne kuma ba shi da daidaito.
3	1999	Fitar rata yana motsawa ta hanyar walƙiya (mai canzawa ta hanyar kunnawa), an tsara tsarin azaman tsari mai rufewa, kuma an canza madauwari mai kama da ƙaho ko mai siffar baka daga ƙarami zuwa babba, kuma jagorar iska An bayar da tsagi a gefe don sauƙaƙa zane da zama mai tsawo ararjin wutar lantarki ya mutu kuma tsarin da aka rufe zai iya cika da baka mai kashe gas. Yana da ci gaban farkon fitarwa rata lantarki. Idan aka kwatanta da tazarar ruwar fitowar gargajiyar, mai-baka ko madauwari tsagi yana inganta sararin samaniya da lantarki, wanda ke dacewa da ƙarami. Tsakanin wutan lantarki karami ne, ikon tsakaitawa bai isa ba,
4	2004	Yi aiki tare da fasahar da ke haifar da ƙananan rata, ɗauki saitin wutar lantarki mai nisa da kuma fasahar kashe wutar baka mai karkacewa, Improvewarai inganta fasahar faɗakarwa da iyawa na lokaci-lokaci, amfani da fasahar jawo kuzari ya fi karko kuma amintacce.
5	2004	Inganta na'urar kariya ta walƙiya don ƙirƙirar haɗin keɓaɓɓiyar na'urar kariya wacce ke biyan bukatun Class B da kariya ta Class C. Ulesananan kayayyaki waɗanda aka yi su da gibin fitarwa, an haɗa su da ƙananan abubuwa masu iyakance ƙarfin lantarki, tushe da na'urorin lalacewa ta hanyoyi daban-daban don ƙirƙirar na'urorin kariya ta wuce gona da iri

Taswirar ci gaba

3. Kamance da bambance-bambance tsakanin SPD na sadarwa da SPD mai ba da wuta

Shafin 6: Kamance da bambance-bambance tsakanin SPD na sadarwa da samar da wutar lantarki SPD

Tebur 7: voltagearfin aiki na yau da kullun na SPD

4. Haɗin kai tsakanin kariya ta waje da yanzu da SPD

Abubuwan da ake buƙata don kariya ta yanzu (mai ƙwanƙwasawa ko fis) a cikin haɗin haɗin:

(1) Yi biyayya da GB / T18802.12: 2006 "Na'urar Kariyar Kariya (SPD) Kashi na 12: Zaɓi da Amfani da Jagororin Tsarin Rarraba Volananan Rage", "Lokacin da SPD da na'urar kariya ta yanzu suke aiki tare, mai ƙarancin Underarƙashin fitowar mai gudana A, ana ba da shawarar cewa mai-kariya a yanzu ba ya aiki; lokacin da na yanzu ya fi na In, mai wucewa na yanzu zai iya aiki. Don mai sake sake saita wurin da yake wuce gona da iri, kamar mai amfani da da'ira, bai kamata wannan lalacewar ta lalata shi ba. "

(2) shouldimar da aka ƙayyade ta yanzu ta kayan aikin kariya ya kamata a zaɓa bisa ga matsakaicin matsakaiciyar halin yanzu wanda za'a iya samarwa a shigarwar SPD da ƙarfin gajeren gajeren gajere na SPD (wanda aka samar ta SPD ), ma'ana, “SPD da kariyar da ta wuce yanzu ta haɗa shi. Tsarin gajeren gajere (wanda aka samar lokacinda SPD ta gaza) na na'urar yayi daidai ko ya fi matsakaicin matsakaiciyar da'irorin da ake tsammanin shigarwa. ”

(3) Abubuwan da aka zaɓa dole ne a gamsu tsakanin na'urar kariya ta yanzu-yanzu F1 da SPD mai cire haɗin waje F2 a mashigar wutar. Hoton wayoyin jarabawar kamar haka:

Sakamakon binciken sune kamar haka:
(a) Yanayin wutar lantarki akan masu fasa wuta da fis
U (maƙerin kewayawa) ≥ 1.1U (fis)
U (SPD + mai-kariya a halin yanzu) shine adadin vector na U1 (mai-kariya a halin yanzu) da U2 (SPD).

(b) surarfin ƙarfin halin yanzu wanda fis ko mai kewaya zai iya tsayayya

A karkashin sharadin cewa mai kare kariya a halin yanzu baya aiki, nemo matsakaicin matsakaicin karfin wutar lantarki wanda fis din da mai kewayawar kewayawa tare da igiyoyin ruwa daban daban zasu iya jurewa. Yanayin gwajin kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoton da ke sama. Hanyar gwajin ita ce kamar haka: wanda ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu shine Ni, kuma fis ɗin ko kuma maɓallin kewaya baya aiki. Lokacin da sau 1.1 na inrush current nake shafawa, yana aiki. Ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje, mun sami mafi ƙarancin ƙimomin halin yanzu da ake buƙata don masu kariya na yanzu don kada suyi aiki a ƙarƙashin halin yanzu (8 / 20µs wave current ko 10 / 350µs current). Duba tebur:

Tebur na 8: minimumimar mafi ƙarancin fis ɗin da mai kewayawa ta ƙarƙashin halin yanzu tare da igiyar ruwa ta 8 / 20µs

Tebur na 9: Theimar mafi ƙarancin fis ɗin da mai kewayewa ba ta aiki a ƙarƙashin haɓakar ƙarfin 10 / 350µs