Takaita na'urorin walƙiya da ƙaruwa

Tsarin Tsaro

Tsarin yankin walƙiya

An rarraba ginin zuwa yankuna daban-daban masu haɗari. Wadannan yankuna suna taimakawa wajen ayyana matakan kariya da suka wajaba, musamman kayan aikin walƙiya da ƙaruwar tashin wuta da kayan haɗi. Wani ɓangare na EMC mai dacewa (EMC: roarfin Magnetic Karfin lantarki) Tsarin yanki na kare walƙiya shine tsarin kariya ta walƙiya ta waje (gami da tsarin ƙarewar iska, tsarin mai tafiyar da ƙasa, tsarin ƙarewar ƙasa), haɗakar kayan aiki, garkuwar sararin samaniya da karuwar tashin hankali don samar da wutar lantarki da tsarin fasahar bayanai. Ma'anar tana aiki kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Tebur 1. Dangane da buƙatu da lodi da aka ɗora akan na'urorin kariya, ana sanya su azaman masu kama da walƙiya a yanzu, masu kama da ƙaruwa da kuma kama masu kamawa. An sanya mafi girman buƙatu akan damar fitarwa na waɗanda ke kama masu walƙiya a yanzu da kuma haɗuwa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a miƙa mulki daga yankin kariyar walƙiya 0_A zuwa 1 ko 0_A to 2. Waɗannan masu kamawa dole ne su iya gudanar da yanayin walƙiya mai saurin wucewa ta hanyar 10/350 severals sau da yawa ba tare da an lalata shi ba don hana shigowar ɓarnar walƙiyar ɓarnatar da ɓarnar cikin wutar lantarki ta gini. A wurin sauyawa daga LPZ 0_B zuwa 1 ko can ƙasan arrester na yanzu a wurin miƙa mulki daga LPZ 1 zuwa 2 kuma mafi girma, ana amfani da masu kama karuwa don kare kariya. Aikin su duka shine don rage ragowar makamashi na matakan kariya na gaba har ma da ƙari da iyakance hawan da aka haifar ko aka samu a shigarwar kanta.

Matakan kiyaye walƙiya da ƙaruwa a kan iyakokin yankuna masu kare walƙiya da aka bayyana a sama daidai suke amfani da wutar lantarki da tsarin fasahar bayanai. Duk matakan da aka bayyana a cikin EMC ya dace da yankin kariya ta walƙiya yana taimakawa cimma samfuran lantarki da kayan lantarki da girke-girke. Don ƙarin cikakkun bayanai na fasaha, don Allah ziyarci www.lsp-international.com.

IEC 62305-4: 2010

Yankunan waje:

LPZ 0: Yankin da barazanar ta kasance saboda filin walƙiya na lantarki wanda ba a tantance shi ba kuma inda tsarin cikin gida zai iya fuskantar cikakken walƙiya ko tsawan tsawa.

LPZ 0 ya kasu zuwa:

Bayanan LPZ0_A: Yankin da barazanar ta kasance saboda hasken walƙiya kai tsaye da kuma filin walƙiyar lantarki. Tsarin cikin gida na iya fuskantar cikakken ƙarfin walƙiya na yanzu.

Bayanan LPZ0_B: Yanki mai kariya daga walƙiya kai tsaye amma inda barazanar shine cikakken walƙiya filin lantarki. Tsarin cikin gida na iya fuskantar guguwa mai zuwa.

Yankunan ciki (kariya daga walƙiya kai tsaye):

LPZ 1: Yankin da aka haɓaka yawan karuwar halin ta hanyar raba musayar yanzu da keɓance hanyoyin da / ko ta SPDs a kan iyaka. Kariyar sararin samaniya na iya rage karfin wutan lantarki.

LPZ 2… n: Yankin da za a iya ƙara iyakancewar haɓakar hawan ta hanyar rabawa ta yanzu da keɓance hanyoyin da / ko ta ƙarin SPDs a iyakar. Mayarin garkuwar sararin samaniya na iya amfani da su don haɓaka haɓakar walƙiyar lantarki.

Sharuɗɗa da Ma'anar

Karye iya aiki, bi iya halin yanzu na kashe I_fi

Breakingarfin rushewa shine ƙimar rms mara tasiri (mai yiwuwa) na mains suna bi na yanzu wanda ƙarar na'urar kariya zata iya kashe shi ta atomatik lokacin haɗa U_C. Ana iya tabbatar dashi a cikin gwajin aikin aiki bisa ga EN 61643-11: 2012.

Ungiyoyi bisa ga IEC 61643-21: 2009

An bayyana yawancin ƙa'idodin motsi da motsawar ƙarfi a cikin IEC 61643-21: 2009 don gwada ƙarfin ɗaukar halin yanzu da iyakancewar ƙarfin lantarki na tsoma baki. Shafin 3 na wannan daidaitattun ya lissafa waɗannan cikin rukuni kuma yana ba da fifikon darajar. A cikin Jadawalin 2 na tsarin IEC 61643-22 an sanya asalin masu wucewa zuwa nau'ikan motsin rai daban-daban gwargwadon tsarin yanke hukunci. Nau'in C2 ya haɗa haɗuwa da haɓaka (haɓakawa), rukuni na D1 haɗin haɗi (walƙiyar walƙiya). An ƙayyade rukunin da ya dace a cikin bayanan fasaha. LSP masu haɓaka na'urorin kariya suna wuce ƙimomi a cikin ƙayyadaddun rukunoni. Sabili da haka, ana nuna ainihin ƙimar ƙarfin tasirin ɗaukar hoto ta halin ƙazantar fitarwa (8/20 μs) da walƙiyar motsi ta yanzu (10/350 μs).

Haduwar igiyar ruwa

Haɗin haɗuwa yana haifar da wani janareta mai ƙarfin gaske (1.2 / 50 ,s, 8/20 μs) tare da ƙagaggen ƙalubalen 2 of. Ana kiran ƙarfin lantarki na wannan janareto kamar U_OC. KO_OC shine alamar da aka fi so ga masu kama na 3 tunda kawai ana iya gwada waɗannan masu kama tare da kalaman haɗewa (a cewar EN 61643-11).

Yanke-yanke mita f_G

Mitar yankewa na nuna halin-dogaro da yanayin mai kwalliyar. Mitar yankewa yayi daidai da mitar wacce take haifar da asarar shigar (a_E) na 3 dB a ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗan gwaji (duba EN 61643-21: 2010). Sai dai in ba haka ba an nuna ba, wannan ƙimar tana nufin tsarin 50..

Degree na kariya

Matsayin IP na kariya ya dace da rukunin kariya

aka bayyana a cikin IEC 60529.

Cire haɗin lokaci t_a

Lokacin katsewa shine lokacin wucewa har zuwa yankewar atomatik daga wutan lantarki idan gazawar da'ira ko kayan aiki ya zama kariya. Lokacin katsewa ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikace ne wanda ya samo asali daga ƙarfin laifofin yanzu da halaye na na'urar kariya.

Haɗin makamashi na SPDs

Haɗin kuzari shine zaɓaɓɓe da haɗin kai na abubuwan kariya masu kariya (= SPDs) na batun walƙiya gabaɗaya da batun kariyar tashin hankali. Wannan yana nufin cewa jimillar nauyin walƙiya a halin yanzu ta kasu kashi tsakanin SPDs gwargwadon ƙarfin su na ɗaukar nauyi. Idan daidaitaccen makamashi ba zai yiwu ba, SPDs na ƙasa ba su isa ba

an sami kwanciyar hankali daga SPDs masu tasowa tun lokacin da samfuran SPDs ke aiki da latti, ba isa ko ba komai. Sakamakon haka, ana iya lalata SPDs da kayan masarufi don kiyayewa. DIN CLC / TS 61643-12: 2010 ta bayyana yadda za a tabbatar da daidaiton makamashi. Nau'in 1 SPDs na sihiri mai rarrabuwa yana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa saboda sauyawar ƙarfin lantarki

halayyar (duba WAVE BMAI KARATU FRIGIMA).

Frequency kewayon

Yanayin mitar yana wakiltar zangon watsawa ko yawan yankewar abu na arrester gwargwadon halaye na haɓaka.

Rashin sakawa

Tare da mitar da aka bayar, an bayyana asarar shigarwar na'urar kariya ta karuwa ta hanyar dangantakar darajar lantarki a wurin shigarwa kafin da bayan sanya na'urar kariya ta karuwa. Sai dai in ba haka ba an nuna ba, ƙimar tana nufin tsarin 50 Ω.

Hadakar madadin fis

Dangane da ƙirar samfur don SPDs, dole ne a yi amfani da na'urori masu kariya na yanzu / firs ɗin adanawa. Wannan, kodayake, yana buƙatar ƙarin sarari a cikin hukumar rarrabawa, ƙarin tsayin kebul, wanda yakamata ya zama gajarta kamar yadda zai yiwu bisa ga IEC 60364-5-53, ƙarin lokacin shigarwa (da farashi) da girman fis ɗin. Fus ɗin da aka haɗa a cikin arrester wanda ya dace sosai don tasirin motsawar da ke ciki ya kawar da duk waɗannan rashin nasarar. Fa'idar sararin samaniya, ƙaramin ƙoƙarin wayoyi, sa ido kan fiskar haɗi da haɓakar kariya saboda ƙananan igiyoyin haɗi sune bayyanannu fa'idodin wannan ra'ayi.

Hasken walƙiya halin yanzu I_imp

Hanyar walƙiya ta halin yanzu ƙirar ƙa'ida ce ta yau da kullun tare da nau'in 10/350 μs. Sigogin sa (darajar koli, caji, takamaiman makamashi) suna kwaikwayon nauyin da hasken walƙiya ya haifar. Yanayin walƙiya da waɗanda ke haɗe masu kame dole ne su iya sauke irin wannan walƙiya da igiyar ruwa sau da yawa ba tare da halakarwa ba.

Babban mahimmin-gefen kariya / arrester madadin fis

Na'urar kariya mai wucewa (misali fius ko kuma keɓaɓɓen maɓallin kewayawa) wanda yake a waje da arrester a gefen maƙerin don katse wutar-mitar bin halin yanzu da zaran ƙarfin karyewar na'urar kariya ta wuce. Babu ƙarin farin fis da ake buƙata tunda an riga an haɗa fuse ta madadin a cikin SPD.

Matsakaicin ci gaba da aiki irin ƙarfin lantarki U_C

Matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai aiki (matsakaicin izinin ƙarfin aiki) shine ƙimar rms na matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki wanda ƙila za a haɗa shi da tashoshin da suka dace na na'urar kariya yayin tashin hankali. Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki akan arrester a cikin

- ma'anar yanayin rashin gudanar da aiki, wanda ke sake dawo da yanayin zuwa wannan jihar bayan ta yi tuntuɓe kuma ta sauke. Darajar U_C ya dogara da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki na tsarin don kiyaye shi da ƙayyadaddun mai sakawar (IEC 60364-5-534).

Matsakaicin ci gaba da aiki irin ƙarfin lantarki U_CPV don tsarin hoto (PV)

Darajar matsakaicin dc ƙarfin lantarki wanda za'a iya amfani dashi har abada zuwa tashoshin SPD. Don tabbatar da cewa U_CPV ya fi ƙarfin ƙarfin bude-kewaye na tsarin PV idan duk tasirin tasirin waje yake (misali yanayin zafi, yanayin hasken rana), U_CPV dole ne ya kasance sama da wannan matsakaicin ƙarfin buɗe wutar lantarki ta hanyar ƙimar 1.2 (a cewar CLC / TS 50539-12). Wannan yanayin na 1.2 yana tabbatar da cewa SPDs ba su da girma daidai ba.

Matsakaicin fitarwa na yanzu I_max

Matsakaicin fitarwa na yanzu shine iyakar ƙimar ƙimar halin 8/20 whichs wanda na'urar zata iya fitarwa cikin aminci.

Matsakaicin damar watsawa

Matsakaicin ƙarfin watsawa yana bayyana matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfin-mita wanda za'a iya watsa shi ta hanyar na'urar kariya ta karuwar kwakwalwa ba tare da tsangwama ga ɓangaren kariya ba.

Maganin sallama na yanzu I_n

Matsakaicin fitarwa na halin yanzu shine ƙimar mafi girman halin motsa jiki na 8/20 which wanda aka ƙaddara na'urar kariya ta tashin hankali a cikin wani shirin gwaji kuma wanda na'urar kariya ta karuwa zata iya fitarwa sau da yawa.

Mara amfani load halin yanzu (maras muhimmanci halin yanzu) I_L

Matsayi na halin yanzu shine matsakaicin izinin aiki wanda zai iya gudana har abada ta hanyar tashoshin da suka dace.

Maras ƙarfi ƙarfin lantarki U_N

Voltagearfin wutar lantarki yana tsaye don ƙarfin ƙarfin tsarin don kiyaye shi. Ofimar ƙarfin lantarki mara amfani sau da yawa yana aiki azaman nau'in keɓaɓɓu don na'urorin kariya masu ƙarfi don tsarin fasahar bayanai. An nuna shi azaman ƙimar rms don tsarin ac.

N-PE mai zane

Devicesara na'urorin kariya na musamman wanda aka tsara don shigarwa tsakanin mai gudanar da N da PE.

Yanayin zafin jiki mai aiki T_U

Yanayin zafin jiki na aiki yana nuna zangon da za'a iya amfani da na'urori. Don na'urorin da ba na dumama kansu ba, daidai yake da kewayon yanayin zafi. Hawan zafin jiki don na'urori masu ɗumama kansu dole ne ya wuce ƙimar da aka nuna.

Kewaya mai kariya

Da'irori masu kariya sune matakai daban-daban, na'urorin kariya masu kariya. Matakan kariya na mutum na iya ƙunsar gibin walƙiya, rarrabuwar kawuna, abubuwan semiconductor da bututun fitar iskar gas (duba daidaiton makamashi).

Mai jagorar kariya na yanzu_PE

Mai jagorar mai karewa shine halin yanzu wanda yake gudana ta hanyar haɗin PE lokacin da na'urar haɗin ke ƙaruwa ta haɗu da matsakaicin ƙarfin wutar lantarki mai aiki U_C, bisa ga umarnin shigarwa kuma ba tare da masu amfani da kaya ba.

Nesa lamba sigina

Lambar sigina mai nisa tana ba da sauƙin saka idanu daga nesa da nuni na yanayin aiki na na'urar. Yana fasalta da tashar tashar jirgin ruwa guda uku a cikin hanyar tuntuɓar canji. Ana iya amfani da wannan tuntuɓar azaman fashewa da / ko yin tuntuɓar kuma ta haka za'a iya haɗuwa da shi cikin tsarin sarrafa ginin, mai kula da gidan sauyawa, da sauransu

Lokacin amsawa t_A

Lokacin amsawa yafi fasalin aikin amsawa na abubuwan kariya na mutum waɗanda aka yi amfani dasu a cikin waɗanda aka kama. Dogaro da ƙimar tashi du / dt na ƙarfin motsi ko di / dt na halin motsawar yanzu, lokutan amsawa na iya bambanta tsakanin wasu iyakoki.

Dawowar asara

A cikin aikace-aikacen-mitar-mita, asarar dawowar tana nufin yadda sassa da yawa na “jagorancin” kalaman ke bayyana a cikin na'urar kariya (ƙarin hawan sama). Wannan ma'auni ne kai tsaye na yadda na'urar kariya take dacewa da halayen halayen tsarin.

Jerin juriya

Juriya a cikin kwatancen siginar yana gudana tsakanin shigarwar da fitowar arrester.

Attaukaka Garkuwa

Dangantakar wutar da aka ciyar da ita a cikin kebul na coaxial zuwa wutar da kebul din ya haskaka ta hanyar madugun lokaci.

Devicesara na'urorin kariya (SPDs)

Devicesananan na'urori masu kariya suna ƙunshe da masu tsayayyar ƙarfin lantarki (varistors, suppressor diodes) da / ko gibin haske (hanyoyin fitarwa). Ana amfani da na'urori masu kare kariya don kare wasu kayan wuta da girke-girke daga karuwar hawan igiyar wuta da / ko don samar da kayan aiki. An rarraba na'urori masu kariya

1. a) bisa ga amfani da su zuwa:

• Devicesara na'urori masu kariya don shigarwar wutar lantarki da na'urori

don wutar lantarki mara iyaka zuwa 1000 V

- gwargwadon EN 61643-11: 2012 zuwa nau'in 1/2/3 SPDs

- bisa ga IEC 61643-11: 2011 cikin aji I / II / III SPDs

Canjin Jan / Layi. dangin dangi zuwa sabuwar EN 61643-11: 2012 da IEC 61643-11: 2011 misali za'a kammala su a shekarar 2014.

• Devicesara na'urori masu kariya don shigarwar kayan fasahar bayanai da na'urori

don kare kayan aikin lantarki na zamani a cikin sadarwa da hanyoyin sadarwar sigina tare da ƙananan ƙa'idodi har zuwa 1000 V ac (ƙimar tasiri) da 1500 V dc kan kai tsaye da tasirin kai tsaye na tsawar walƙiya da sauran masu wucewa.

- a cewar IEC 61643-21: 2009 da EN 61643-21: 2010.

• Keɓe gibin da ke haifar da tsarin ƙarewar ƙasa ko kuma haɗa kayan aiki
• Geara na'urorin kariya don amfani a cikin tsarin hoto

don wutar lantarki mara iyaka zuwa 1500 V

- bisa ga EN 50539-11: 2013 zuwa nau'in 1/2 SPDs

1. b) gwargwadon ƙarfin tasirinsu na yanzu da tasirin kariya cikin:

• Masu kama da walƙiya a halin yanzu / waɗanda ake kama da walƙiya a halin yanzu

don kare kayan aiki da kayan aiki game da tsangwama sakamakon fitina kai tsaye ko kusa (an girka a kan iyakokin tsakanin LPZ 0_A da 1).

• Masu kama karuwai

don kare kayan shigarwa, kayan aiki da na'uran gama gari game da yaɗuwar walƙiya mai nisa, sauya juzu'i da kuma fitowar lantarki (wanda aka girka a kan iyakar LPZ 0)_B).

• Hada kamasu

don kare kayan shigarwa, kayan aiki da naúrar tashar jiragen ruwa daga tsangwama sakamakon kai tsaye ko tsawan walƙiya na kusa (an girka a kan iyakokin tsakanin LPZ 0_A da 1 harma da 0_A da 2).

Bayanan fasaha na na'urorin kariya masu karuwa

Bayanan fasaha na na'urorin kariya masu karuwa suna hada bayanai kan yanayin amfani dasu gwargwadon:

• Aikace-aikace (misali shigarwa, mains yanayin, zazzabi)
• Aiki dangane da tsangwama (misali ƙarfin fitarwa na yanzu, bi iya kashewa a yanzu, matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki, lokacin amsawa)
• Aiki yayin aiki (misali maras muhimmanci yanzu, haɓakawa, juriya mai rufi)
• Aiki idan aka gaza (misali fiyu madadin, cire haɗin, rashin nasara, zabin siginar nesa)

Short-kewaye juriya damar

Thearfin gajeren gajere shine ƙimar ƙarfin gajeren gajeren wutar lantarki mai saurin aiki wanda ake amfani da shi ta hanyar kariyar haɗari lokacin da aka haɗa madaidaicin madaidaitan fiyu.

Ratingimar gajeren zango Na_{Farashin SCPV} na SPD a cikin tsarin hoto (PV)

Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar yanayin rashin ƙarfi wanda SPD, shi kaɗai ko a haɗa tare da na'urorin cirewar sa, ke iya jurewa.

Overara ƙarfin ɗan lokaci (TOV)

Volarfin zafin lokaci na ɗan lokaci na iya kasancewa a cikin na'urar kariya ta tashin hankali na ɗan gajeren lokaci saboda lahani a cikin babban ƙarfin lantarki. Dole ne a rarrabe wannan a sarari daga ɗan lokaci mai zuwa wanda ya faru sakamakon walƙiya ko aikin sauyawa, wanda ba zai wuce kusan 1 ms ba. The amplitude U_T kuma an ƙayyade tsawon wannan juzu'in na ɗan lokaci a cikin EN 61643-11 (200 ms, 5 s ko 120 min.) Kuma ana gwada su daban-daban don SPDs masu dacewa bisa ga tsarin tsarin (TN, TT, da sauransu). SPD na iya ko dai a) tabbatacce ya gaza (TOV aminci) ko b) zama mai juriya TOV (tsayayyar TOV), ma'ana cewa yana aiki gaba ɗaya yayin biye da

wucin gadi over-voltages.

Mai cirewa na asali

Devicesarin na'urori masu kariya don amfani a cikin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki sanye take da masu tsayayyar wutar lantarki (varistors) galibi suna haɗe da haɗin haɗi na zafin jiki wanda zai katse na'urar kariya daga wutar lantarki idan aka cika aiki kuma ya nuna wannan yanayin aiki. Mai cire haɗin yana amsawa ga “zafi na yanzu” wanda aka sanya shi ta hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna kuma yana cire haɗin na'urar kariya daga wutar lantarki idan wani yanayin zafi ya wuce. An tsara haɗin haɗin don cire haɗin na'urar kariya ta caji da yawa a kan lokaci don hana wuta. Ba ana nufin tabbatar da kariya daga tuntuɓar kai tsaye ba. Aikin

ana iya gwada waɗannan masu cire haɗin na thermal ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyi / tsufa na waɗanda suka kama su.

Jimlar yawan fitarwa na yanzu_Total

A halin yanzu wanda ke gudana ta cikin PE, PEN ko haɗin duniya na SPD mai yawa yayin duka gwajin fitarwa na yanzu. Ana amfani da wannan gwajin don ƙayyade nauyin duka idan halin yanzu yana gudana ta hanyoyi da yawa na kariya na SPD mai yawa. Wannan ma'aunin yana yanke hukunci don ƙarfin fitarwar wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar adadin mutum

hanyoyin SPD.

Matakan kariyar lantarki U_p

Matakan kariyar ƙarfin lantarki na na'urar kariya mai ƙarfi shine matsakaicin ƙimar ƙarfin lantarki a cikin tashoshin na'urar kariya mai ƙarfi, wanda aka ƙaddara daga daidaitattun gwajin mutum:

- voltagearfin wutar walƙiya mai saurin haske 1.2 / 50 (s (100%)

- voltagearfin wutar lantarki tare da haɓakar 1kV / μs

- voltagearfin wutar lantarki mai ƙayyadadden ƙarfin fitarwa na yanzu_n

Matakin kariyar lantarki yana nuna karfin naurar kariya ta karuwa don iyakance tashin hankali zuwa matakin saura. Matakan kariyar lantarki ya bayyana wurin shigarwa dangane da rukunin yawan zafin jiki bisa ga IEC 60664-1 a tsarin samar da wutar lantarki. Don amfani da na'urorin kariya masu ƙarfi a cikin tsarin fasahar bayanai, dole ne a daidaita matakin kare ƙarfin lantarki zuwa matakin rigakafin kayan aikin da za'a kiyaye (IEC 61000-4-5: 2001).

Shirye-shiryen kariyar walƙiya na ciki da karuwar tashin hankali

Abubuwan buƙata don Protectionangarorin Kariyar Walƙiya Na .asashen waje

Abubuwan da aka yi amfani dasu don girka tsarin kariyar walƙiya na waje zasu haɗu da wasu buƙatun injina da lantarki, waɗanda aka ƙayyade a cikin jerin daidaitattun EN 62561-x. An rarraba abubuwan kariya ta walƙiya gwargwadon aikinsu, misali abubuwan haɗin haɗi (EN 62561-1), masu jagora da wayoyin ƙasa (EN 62561-2).

Gwajin abubuwan kariya na walƙiya na al'ada

Abubuwan da ke dauke da kariyar walƙiya (clamps, conductors, sandunan dakatar da iska, wayoyin ƙasa) da aka fallasa ga yanayin yanayi dole ne a sanya su cikin tsufa / yanayin wucin gadi kafin gwaji don tabbatar da dacewarsu ga aikace-aikacen da aka yi niyya. Dangane da EN 60068-2-52 da EN ISO 6988 kayan haɗin ƙarfe suna fuskantar tsufa mai wucin gadi kuma an gwada su a matakai biyu.

Yanayi na yau da kullun da kuma yin tasiri ga lalata abubuwan kariya na walƙiya

Mataki na 1: Maganin hawan gishiri

Wannan gwajin an yi niyya ne don abubuwa ko na'urori waɗanda aka tsara don tsayayya da tasirin yanayi. Kayan gwajin sun kunshi dakin hazo na gishiri inda ake gwajin samfuran tare da matakin gwaji na 2 fiye da kwana uku. Matakin gwaji na 2 ya haɗa da matakai uku na fesawa 2 5 kowane ɗayansu, ta amfani da maganin sodium chloride 15% (NaCl) a zazzabi tsakanin 35 ° C da 93 ° C sai kuma ajiyar danshi a yanayin zafi na 40% da kuma zafin jiki na 2 ± 20 ° C na awanni 22 zuwa 60068 daidai da EN 2-52-XNUMX.

Mataki na 2: Kulawar yanayi mai danshi

Wannan gwajin shine don kimanta juriya na kayan aiki ko abubuwa masu laushi mai laushi wanda ya ƙunshi sulfur dioxide daidai da EN ISO 6988.

Kayan gwajin (Hoto na 2) ya kunshi dakin gwajin inda samfurin

ana bi da su tare da narkar da sanadarin sulphur a cikin juzu'i na 667 x 10-6 (± 24 x 10-6) a cikin zagayowar gwaji bakwai. Kowane zagaye wanda yake da tsawon 24 h an hada shi da lokacin dumama na 8 h a zazzabin 40 ± 3 ° C a cikin danshi, cikakken yanayi wanda ke biye da lokacin hutu na 16 h. Bayan wannan, an maye gurbin danshi mai laushi.

Dukansu abubuwan amfani na waje da abubuwan da aka binne a cikin ƙasa suna fuskantar tsufa / kwalliya. Don abubuwanda aka binne a cikin ƙasa ƙarin buƙatu da matakan dole ne a yi la'akari dasu. Babu matattarar aluminium ko mahaɗan da za a binne a cikin ƙasa. Idan za a binne baƙin ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa, za a iya amfani da baƙin ƙarfe mai ƙarfe mai ƙarfi kawai, misali StSt (V4A). Dangane da ƙimar DIN VDE 0151 ta Jamusanci, ba a ba da izinin StSt (V2A) ba. Abubuwan haɗin don amfani na cikin gida kamar sandunan haɗin kayan aiki ba lallai bane a sanya su cikin tsufa / sanyi. Hakanan ya shafi abubuwan haɗin da aka saka

a kankare. Don haka waɗannan abubuwan da aka haɗa galibi ana yinsu ne da ƙarfe baƙi (baƙi).

Tsarin ƙarewar iska / sandunan ƙarewar iska

Ana amfani da sandunan ƙarshe na iska azaman tsarin ƙarewar iska. Akwai su a cikin zane daban-daban daban, misali tare da tsayin 1 m don girkawa tare da tushe kankare akan rufin lebur, har zuwa masts na kare walƙiyar telescopic tare da tsayin 25 m don shuke-shuke. EN 62561-2 yana ƙayyade ƙananan sassan giciye da kayan da aka halatta tare da kayan haɗin lantarki da na injina masu dacewa don sandunan ƙarewar iska. Game da sandunan ƙarewar iska tare da tsayi mafi girma, dole ne a tabbatar da ƙarfin juriya na sandar ƙarewar iska da kwanciyar hankali na cikakkun tsarin (sandar ƙare iska a cikin tafiya) ta hanyar lissafin tsaye. Dole ne a zaɓi sassan giciye da kayan da ake buƙata bisa tushen

akan wannan lissafin. Hakanan dole ne a yi la'akari da saurin iska na yankin da ya dace da shigar da iska don wannan lissafin.

Gwajin abubuwan haɗin haɗi

Abubuwan haɗin haɗi, ko galibi waɗanda ake kira clamps, ana amfani da su azaman abubuwan kariya na walƙiya don haɗa masu jan layi (madugu ƙasa, mai gudanar da ƙarancin iska, shigar ƙasa) ga juna ko zuwa shigarwa.

Dogaro da nau'in kayan ɗamara da matattarar abubuwa, ana iya samun haɗaɗɗun matattun abubuwa da yawa. Hanyar mai ba da gudummawa da abubuwan haɗin haɗi masu yuwuwa sun yanke hukunci a wannan. Nau'in mai ba da hanya ta hanyar kwalliya yana bayanin yadda matattara ke haɗa mahaɗan a giciye ko daidaitawa.

Idan ana ɗaukar nauyin walƙiya a yanzu, ana ɗaura ƙuƙummawa zuwa ƙarfin lantarki da na zafin jiki waɗanda suka dogara da irin kwastomomin da ke ɗauke da matattarar mahaɗin. Tebur 1 yana nuna kayan aiki waɗanda za'a iya haɗasu ba tare da haifar da lalata lalata ba. Haɗuwa da abubuwa daban-daban tare da junan su da ƙarfin injina daban-daban da kuma abubuwan ɗumama suna da tasiri iri daban-daban akan abubuwan haɗin yayin da walƙiya ta gudana ta cikin su. Wannan a bayyane yake musamman don abubuwan haɗin haɗin bakin ƙarfe (StSt) inda yanayin zafin rana ke faruwa saboda ƙarancin tasirin da zaran hasken walƙiya ya ratsa ta cikinsu. Sabili da haka, dole ne a yi gwajin walƙiya a halin yanzu don bin EN 62561-1 don duk matsi. Don gwada mafi munin lamarin, ba kawai haɗuwa da mahaɗan daban-daban kawai ba, har ma abubuwan haɗin kayan da mai ƙira ya ƙayyade dole ne a gwada su.

Gwaje-gwaje dangane da misalin MV matsa

Da farko, dole ne a tantance yawan abubuwan gwajin. MV ɗin da aka yi amfani da shi an yi shi ne da baƙin ƙarfe (StSt) kuma saboda haka ana iya haɗuwa da ƙarfe, aluminium, StSt da masu jan ƙarfe kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Tebur 1. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya haɗa shi a cikin giciye da daidaito wanda kuma dole ne a gwada shi. Wannan yana nufin cewa akwai haɗuwa guda takwas na gwajin gwajin MV da aka yi amfani da shi (Figures 3 da 4).

Dangane da EN 62561 kowane ɗayan waɗannan haɗin gwajin dole ne a gwada shi akan samfuran da suka dace guda uku / saitin gwajin. Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne a gwada samfuran 24 na wannan maɓallin MV guda ɗaya don rufe cikakken zangon. Kowane samfurin an saka shi tare da isasshen

tsaurara karfin juyi a cikin yarda da ka'idoji na yau da kullun kuma ana fuskantar tsufa ta wucin gadi ta hancin gishiri da danshi mai danshi mai danshi kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Don gwajin wutar lantarki na gaba sai a saka samfurin a kan faranti mai kwalliya (Hoto 5).

Hanyoyi guda uku na walƙiya na 10/350 shapes siffar motsi tare da 50 kA (aiki na yau da kullun) da 100 kA (nauyi mai nauyi) ana amfani dasu akan kowane samfurin. Bayan an ɗora su da ruwan walƙiya, samfurin dole ne su nuna alamun lalacewa ba.

Baya ga gwaje-gwajen lantarki inda samfurin ya kasance ƙarƙashin ƙarfin lantarki idan akwai nauyin walƙiya a yanzu, an haɗa nauyin-inji mai tsaye a cikin daidaitattun EN 62561-1. Ana buƙatar wannan gwajin gwajin-inji na musamman don masu haɗawa a layi ɗaya, masu haɗin tsayi, da dai sauransu.kuma ana gudanar da su tare da kayan adawan daban-daban da jeri jannati. Abubuwan haɗin haɗin da aka yi da baƙin ƙarfe ana gwada su a ƙarƙashin mafi munin yanayi tare da mai gudanar da baƙin ƙarfe ɗaya kawai (saman mai santsi sosai). Abubuwan haɗin haɗin, alal misali ƙwanƙwasa MV da aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 6, an shirya su tare da tsayayyar karfin juzu'i sannan kuma a ɗora su da ƙarfin zafin lantarki na 900 N (± 20 N) na minti ɗaya. A wannan lokacin gwajin, kwastomomin ba za su motsa sama da milimita ɗaya ba kuma abubuwan haɗin haɗin ba za su nuna alamun lalacewa ba. Wannan ƙarin gwajin tsayayyen-inji shine wani ma'aunin gwaji don haɗin haɗin kuma dole ne a rubuta shi a cikin rahoton gwajin mai ƙera ƙari da ƙimar lantarki.

Juriyar tuntuɓar (wanda aka auna sama da ƙwanƙollar) don ƙarar baƙin ƙarfe dole ne ya wuce 2.5 mΩ ko 1 mΩ idan akwai wasu kayan. Dole ne a tabbatar da sassaukar karfin juzu'i.

Sakamakon haka masu girke-girke na tsarin kare walƙiya dole su zaɓi abubuwan haɗin haɗin don aikin (H ko N) da ake tsammanin akan shafin. Aara don aiki H (100 kA), alal misali, dole ne a yi amfani da shi don sandar ƙarewar iska (cikakkiyar walƙiya ta yanzu) kuma a yi amfani da ƙwanƙwasa don aikin N (50 kA) a cikin raga ko a mashigar ƙasa (wutar walƙiya ta riga an rarraba).

Ma’aikata

EN 62561-2 kuma yana sanya buƙatu na musamman ga masu sarrafawa kamar ƙarewar iska da masu ba da ƙasa ko wayoyin duniya misali zoben ƙasa, misali:

• Kayan aikin inji (mafi ƙarancin ƙarfi, mafi ƙarancin elongation)
• Kayan lantarki (max. Resistivity)
• Abubuwan juriya na lalata (tsufa na wucin gadi kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama).

Dole a gwada kayan aikin inji kuma a kiyaye su. Hoto na 8 yana nuna saitin gwaji don gwada ƙarfin zafin jiki na masu madauwari madaidaiciya (misali aluminium). Ingancin sutura (mai santsi, mai ci gaba) gami da mafi ƙarancin kauri da mannewa zuwa kayan tushe suna da mahimmanci kuma dole ne a gwada su musamman idan ana amfani da abubuwa masu rufi irin su baƙin ƙarfe (St / tZn).

An bayyana wannan a cikin mizani a cikin hanyar gwajin lankwasawa. Don wannan dalili, ana lanƙwasa samfurin ta radius daidai da sau 5 na diamitarsa ​​zuwa kusurwar 90 °. A yin haka, samfurin bazai nuna gefuna masu kaifi ba, karyewa ko fitar da shi. Haka kuma, kayan adawar za su kasance masu saukin sarrafawa yayin girka tsarin kariyar walƙiya. Wayoyi ko tube (coils) yakamata a sauƙaƙe su ta hanyar madaidaicin waya (bugun jagora) ko ta hanyar torsion. Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata ya zama da sauƙi a girka / lanƙwasa kayan a tsarin ko a cikin ƙasa. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin buƙatun ƙa'idodi ne masu dacewa waɗanda dole ne a yi rubuce-rubuce a cikin takaddun bayanan samfurin na masana'antun.

Wutan duniya / sandunan duniya

Keɓaɓɓun sandunan ƙasa na LSP an yi su ne da ƙarfe na musamman kuma galibi ana ɗora su sosai ko kuma sun haɗa da ƙarfe mai ƙyallen maɗauri. Haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke ba da damar haɗi na sandunan ba tare da faɗaɗa diamita ba alama ce ta musamman ta ƙananan sandunan duniya. Kowane sanda yana samarda huda da ƙusoshin kafa.

EN 62561-2 yana ƙayyade abubuwan da ake buƙata don wayoyin duniya kamar su abu, lissafi, ƙaramin girma da kuma kayan inji da na lantarki. Haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin sandunan mutum maki ne mai rauni. Saboda wannan dalili EN 62561-2 na buƙatar ƙarin gwaje-gwaje na inji da lantarki don a gwada ingancin waɗannan haɗin haɗin.

Don wannan gwajin, ana saka sandar a cikin jagora tare da farantin ƙarfe azaman yankin tasiri. Samfurin ya ƙunshi sanduna biyu da aka haɗa tare da tsawon 500 mm kowannensu. Za a gwada samfura uku na kowane irin wutan lantarki na duniya. Endarshen samfurin yana tasiri ta hanyar guduma mai girgiza tare da isasshen guduma don tsawon minti biyu. Yawan bugun guduma dole ne ya zama 2000 ± 1000 min-1 kuma tasirin tasirin bugun jini daya ya zama 50 ± 10 [Nm].

Idan dunkulallun sun wuce wannan gwajin ba tare da lahani na bayyane ba, ana fuskantar tsufa ta wucin gadi ta hancin gishiri da jiƙar yanayi mai danshi. Bayan haka ana ɗora kuɗaɗen da nauyin walƙiya na yanzu guda 10/350 shapes siffar motsi 50 kA da 100 kA kowannensu. Juriyar tuntuɓar (wanda aka auna sama da haɗuwa) na sandunan ƙasa na ƙarfe dole ne ya wuce 2.5 mΩ. Don gwada ko mahaɗin haɗin har yanzu yana da haɗin kai bayan an sanya shi zuwa wannan nauyin walƙiya na yanzu, ana gwada ƙarfin haɗuwa ta hanyar na'urar gwaji mai ƙarfi.

Shigar da tsarin kare walƙiya mai aiki yana buƙatar ana amfani da abubuwan haɗin da na'urorin da aka gwada bisa ga sabon mizani. Masu shigar da tsarin kariyar walƙiya dole su zaɓi kuma su girka abubuwan da suka dace daidai gwargwadon buƙatun a wurin girkin. Baya ga buƙatun injiniya, ƙa'idodin lantarki na sabon yanayin kariyar walƙiya ya kamata a yi la'akari da kiyaye su.

Lissafi na Layin-zuwa-Duniya Gajeriyar Hanya

Dimensioning na tsarin duniya-ƙarewa game da girma

Don wannan dalili, dole ne a bincika yanayi daban-daban mafi munin yanayi. A cikin tsarin matsakaicin-ƙarfin lantarki, lahani na ƙasa sau biyu zai zama mafi mawuyacin hali. Laifin ƙasa na farko (alal misali a gidan wuta) na iya haifar da lahani na ƙasa ta biyu a wani yanayi (alal misali ƙarshen layin kebul mara kyau a cikin matsakaiciyar tsarin). Dangane da tebur na 1 na daidaitattun EN 50522 (artaddamar da shigarwar wutar lantarki da ta wuce 1 kV ac), kuskuren ƙasa na biyu na yanzu Ina, ina, wanda aka ayyana kamar haka, zai gudana ta cikin masu gudanar da ƙasa a wannan yanayin:

Ni “kEE = 0,85 • Na“ k

(I “k = sandar-kafa uku mai daidaita yanayin gajeren zango na yanzu)

A cikin shigarwa na 20 kV tare da daidaitaccen yanayin gajere na yanzu Ina na 16 kA da lokacin cirewa na 1 na biyu, layin laifofin ƙasa sau biyu zai zama 13.6 kA. Dole ne a kimanta yawaitar masu gudanar da ƙasa da bus na ƙasa a ginin tashar ko ɗakin tansformer daidai da wannan ƙimar. A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya yin la'akari da rarrabuwa a halin yanzu idan akwai tsarin zobe (ana amfani da wani abu na 0.65 a aikace). Tsare-tsaren dole ne koyaushe ya dogara da ainihin tsarin tsarin (tsarin tsarin, layin-layin duniya a halin yanzu, lokacin cirewa).

Gwargwadon EN 50522 yana ƙayyade matsakaicin matsakaicin halin ƙarfin G (A / mm2) na kayan aiki daban-daban. An ƙayyade ɓangaren giciye na mai gudanarwa daga abu da lokacin cirewa.

ya kirga yanzu ana raba shi ta halin yanzu G na abubuwan da suka dace da lokacin cire haɗin da ya dace da mafi ƙarancin giciye A_ni na mai gudanarwa an ƙaddara.

A_ni= Ni ”_{kEE (reshe)} / G [mm²]

Crossididdigar ɓangaren giciye yana ba da damar zaɓar shugaba. Wannan ɓangaren giciye koyaushe ana zagaye shi zuwa babban ɓangaren mara motsi na gaba. Dangane da tsarin biyan diyya, alal misali, tsarin ƙarewar ƙasa kanta (ɓangaren da ke ma'amala kai tsaye da ƙasa) ana ɗora shi da rashi mai ƙanƙanci wanda yake kawai tare da ragowar lalataccen ƙasa na yanzu_E = rx Na_RES rage ta hanyar factor r. Wannan halin yanzu bai wuce wasu 10 A ba kuma zai iya gudana har abada ba tare da matsaloli ba idan ana amfani da sassan gicciye na duniya.

Ananan sassan giciye na wayoyin duniya

Definedananan sassan giciye dangane da ƙarfin inji da lalatawa an bayyana su a cikin tsarin DIN VDE 0151 na Jamusanci (Abubuwan da ƙananan matakan wutan duniya dangane da lalata).

Loadaukar iska idan yanayin keɓewar iska ya keɓance bisa ga Eurocode 1

Mummunan yanayi na ta hauhawa a duk duniya sakamakon ɗumamar yanayi. Ba za a iya yin biris da sakamako ba kamar saurin iska, yawan hadari da ruwan sama mai karfi. Sabili da haka, masu zanen kaya da masu girkawa za su fuskanci sabon ƙalubale musamman game da ɗaukar iska. Wannan ba kawai yana shafar tsarin gine-gine ba ne (tsarin ginin), har ma da tsarin dakatar da iska.

A fannin kariyar walƙiya, an yi amfani da ƙimar DIN 1055-4: 2005-03 da DIN 4131 a matsayin tushen haɓaka zuwa yanzu. A watan Yulin 2012, an maye gurbin waɗannan ƙa'idodin ta hanyar Eurocodes waɗanda ke ba da ƙa'idodin tsarin ƙirar Turai gabaɗaya (tsara tsare-tsare).

Tsarin DIN 1055-4: 2005-03 an haɗa shi a cikin Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-4: Ayyuka a kan tsari - Sashe na 1-4: Ayyukan Gaba ɗaya - Ayyukan iska) da DIN V 4131: 2008-09 a cikin Eurocode 3 ( EN 1993-3-1: Sashe na 3-1: Towers, masts and chimneys - Towers da masts). Don haka, waɗannan ƙa'idodin guda biyu sune tushen tushen tsarin ƙarewar iska don tsarin kariyar walƙiya, kodayake, Eurocode 1 yana da mahimmanci.

Ana amfani da sigogi masu zuwa don lissafin ainihin nauyin iska da ake tsammani:

• Yankin iska (Jamus ta kasu zuwa yankuna huɗu na iska tare da saurin saurin iska)
• Rukunin ƙasa (rukunin ƙasa suna bayyana abubuwan da ke kewaye da su)
• Tsayin abu sama da matakin ƙasa
• Tsawon wurin (sama da matakin teku, galibi har zuwa mita 800 sama da matakin teku)

Sauran abubuwan tasiri kamar:

• Icing
• Matsayi akan tudu ko saman tudu
• Tsayin abu sama da 300 m
• Yanayin ƙasa sama da 800 m (matakin teku)

dole ne a yi la'akari da takamaiman yanayin shigarwa kuma dole ne a lissafta shi daban.

Haɗuwa da sigogi daban-daban yana haifar da saurin iska wanda za'a yi amfani dashi azaman tushe don girman tsarin ƙarewar iska da sauran kayan shigarwa kamar maɗaukakiyar zoben ringi. A cikin kundinmu, an ayyana saurin iska mai tsananin gust don samfuranmu don iya iya tantance adadin buƙatun sintiri dangane da saurin iska, misali misali idan akwai tsarin dakatar da iska. Wannan ba kawai yana ba da izinin ƙayyade yanayin kwanciyar hankali ba, amma kuma don rage nauyin da ake buƙata kuma don haka ɗaukar rufin.

Muhimmin bayanin kula:

"Matsakaicin saurin iska mai saurin guguwa" da aka kayyade a cikin wannan kundin bayanan ga abubuwan da aka haɗa na mutum an ƙayyade bisa ga takamaiman ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar Jamus na Eurocode 1 (DIN EN 1991-1-4 / NA: 2010-12) waɗanda ke kan yankin iska. taswira don Jamus da alaƙar keɓaɓɓiyar ƙasar da keɓaɓɓun abubuwa.

Lokacin amfani da samfuran wannan kundin bayanan a cikin wasu ƙasashe, ƙayyadaddun abubuwan ƙasar da sauran hanyoyin lissafi na cikin gida, idan akwai, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Eurocode 1 (EN 1991-1-4) ko a wasu ƙa'idodin lissafi na cikin gida (a waje da Turai) dole ne su kasance kiyaye Sakamakon haka, matsakaicin saurin iska da aka ambata a cikin wannan kundin adireshin ya shafi Jamus ne kawai kuma yana da kwatankwacin daidaitawa ga sauran ƙasashe. Dole ne iska mai sauri ta gust ya zama sabon lissafi bisa ga takamaiman ƙididdigar ƙasar!

Lokacin shigar da sandunan dakatar da iska a cikin sansanonin kankare, saurin iska / iska mai saurin iska a cikin tebur dole ne a yi la’akari da shi. Wannan bayanin ya shafi kayan aiki ne na ƙarshe na iska (Al, St / tZn, Cu da StSt).

Idan an tsayar da sandunan ƙarewar iska ta hanyar sararin samaniya, lissafin yana dogara ne akan damar shigarwa ƙasa.

An ƙayyade iyakar saurin iska da aka halatta don samfuran da suka dace kuma dole ne a yi la'akari da su don zaɓi / shigarwa. Za'a iya samun ƙarfin ƙarfin inji mafi girma ta hanyar misali wani tallafi mai kusurwa (masu tazara biyu da aka tsara a cikin alwatika) (akan buƙata).