Ana amfani da Na'urorin Kariyar Karfi don hanyoyin sadarwar wutar lantarki, hanyoyin sadarwar tarho, da sadarwa da bas masu sarrafa kai tsaye.

2.4 Na'urar Kariya Karfi (SPD)

Na'urar Kariyar Karuwa (SPD) wani ɓangare ne na tsarin kariyar shigar lantarki.

An haɗa wannan na'urar a layi ɗaya a kan da'irar samar da wutar lantarki na kayan aikin da za ta kiyaye (duba Siffa J17). Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi a duk matakan cibiyar sadarwar wutar lantarki.

Wannan shi ne mafi yawan amfani da kuma mafi inganci irin overvoltage kariya.

{a'ida

An tsara SPD don iyakance juzu'in wucewa na asalin yanayi da karkatar da raƙuman ruwa na yanzu zuwa ƙasa, don iyakance faɗin wannan wucewar zuwa ƙimar da ba ta da haɗari ga shigarwar lantarki da kayan sauya wutar lantarki da kayan sarrafawa.

SPD ta kawar da juzu'i:

• a cikin yanayin gama gari, tsakanin lokaci da tsaka-tsaki ko ƙasa;
• a cikin yanayin bambanci, tsakanin lokaci da tsaka tsaki. Idan ya wuce haddi wanda ya wuce ƙimar aiki, SPD
• gudanar da makamashi zuwa duniya, a cikin yanayin gama gari;
• yana rarraba makamashi ga sauran masu gudanar da rayuwa, a cikin yanayin banbanci.

Nau'i uku na SPD:

• Rubuta 1 SPD

Nau'in 1 SPD an ba da shawarar a cikin takamaiman yanayin sabis-sabis da gine-ginen masana'antu, ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar tsarin walƙiya ko keɓaɓɓen keji. Yana kiyaye shigarwar lantarki daga bugun jini kai tsaye. Zai iya fitar da baya-baya daga walƙiya yana yaɗuwa daga mai gudanar da duniya zuwa ga mahaɗan hanyar sadarwa.

Nau'in 1 SPD yana da nauyin 10/350 μs na yanzu.

• Rubuta 2 SPD

Nau'in 2 SPD shine babban tsarin kariya don duk shigarwar lantarki mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. An girka a cikin kowane maɓallin lantarki, yana hana yaduwar juzu'i a cikin shigarwar lantarki da kare lodi.

Nau'in 2 SPD yana da halin nishaɗin 8/20 current.

• Rubuta 3 SPD

Wadannan SPDs suna da ƙarancin fitarwa. Don haka dole ne a shigar da su cikin tilas a matsayin kari ga Nau'in 2 SPD kuma a cikin mahimmin nauyi. Nau'in 3 SPD yana haɗuwa da haɗuwa da raƙuman ruwa (1.2 / 50 μs) da raƙuman ruwa na yanzu (8/20 μs).

Ma'anar ƙa'idar SPD

2.4.1 Halayen SPD

Matsayin duniya IEC 61643-11 Edition 1.0 (03/2011) ya bayyana halaye da gwaje-gwaje don SPD da aka haɗu da ƙananan tsarin rarraba ƙarfin lantarki (duba Siffa J19).

• Halaye na gama gari

- U_c: Matsakaicin ci gaba da ƙarfin lantarki

Wannan shine ƙarfin AC ko DC sama wanda SPD ke aiki. An zaɓi wannan ƙimar gwargwadon ƙarfin ƙarfin da aka tsara da tsarin tsarin ƙasa.

- U_p: Matakan kariyar lantarki (a I_n)

Wannan shine matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki a ƙasan tashar SPD lokacin da yake aiki. Wannan ƙarfin lantarki ya isa lokacin da mai gudana a cikin SPD yayi daidai da I_n. Matsayin da aka zaɓa na kare ƙarfin lantarki dole ne ya kasance ƙasa da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin ɗaukar lodi (duba sashe na 3.2). Idan aka yi tsawar walƙiya, ƙarfin wutar lantarki a ƙarshen tashoshin SPD gabaɗaya ya kasance ƙasa da U_p.

- Ni_n: Maganin sallama mara kyau

Wannan shine ƙimar kima ta halin yanzu na 8/20 μs igiyar ruwa wanda SPD ke da ikon sauke sau 15.

• Rubuta 1 SPD

- Ni_imp: Tushe a halin yanzu

Wannan shine ƙimar kima ta halin yanzu na 10/350 μs igiyar ruwa wanda SPD ke da ikon sauke sau 5.

- Ni_fi: Autoextinguish bi na yanzu

Ana zartar kawai da fasahar tazara ta walƙiya.

Wannan shine na yanzu (50 Hz) wanda SPD ke iya katsewa da kanta bayan walƙiya. Wannan halin yanzu dole ne koyaushe ya kasance mafi girma fiye da mai yiwuwa na gajeren gajeren gajere a wurin shigarwa.

• Rubuta 2 SPD

- Ni_max: Matsakaicin fitarwa na yanzu

Wannan shine ƙimar kima ta halin yanzu na 8/20 waves igiyar ruwa wacce SPD ke da ikon sauke sau ɗaya.

• Rubuta 3 SPD

- U_oc.

2.4.2 Babban aikace-aikace

• Volananan ƙarfin SPD

Bambancin na'urori, daga duka fasaha da ra'ayi na amfani, an tsara su ta wannan kalmar. Voltageananan wutar lantarki SPDs masu daidaitaccen yanayi ne waɗanda za'a iya sanya su cikin sauƙi a cikin maɓallan sauyawa na LV. Hakanan akwai SPDs masu dacewa da kwandon wuta, amma waɗannan na'urori suna da ƙarancin fitarwa.

• SPD don hanyoyin sadarwar sadarwa

Waɗannan na'urori suna kare cibiyoyin sadarwar tarho, cibiyoyin sadarwar da aka sauya da kuma cibiyoyin sarrafa kai tsaye (bas) a kan cunkoson ababen hawa da ke zuwa daga waje (walƙiya) da waɗanda ke cikin cibiyar sadarwar wutar lantarki (kayan aikin gurɓata, aikin sauyawa, da sauransu).

Irin waɗannan SPDs an girka su a cikin RJ11, RJ45,… masu haɗawa ko haɗawa cikin lodi.

3 Tsara tsarin kariyar shigar da lantarki

Don kare shigarwar lantarki a cikin gini, ana amfani da dokoki masu sauƙi don zaɓar

• SPD (s);
• tsarin kariya ne.

3.1 Dokokin zane

Don tsarin rarraba wuta, manyan halayen da ake amfani dasu don ayyana tsarin kariyar walƙiya kuma zaɓi SPD don kare shigarwar lantarki a cikin gini sune:

• SPD

- yawan SPD;

- iri;

- matakin fallasawa don ayyana matsakaicin fitowar SPD na yanzu_max.

• A takaice kewaye kariya na'urar

- iyakar fitarwa ta yanzu I_max;

- gajeren gajere na yanzu_sc a wurin girkawa.

Taswirar hankali a cikin Hoto J20 da ke ƙasa yana nuna wannan ƙa'idar tsarin.

Sauran halayen don zaɓi na SPD an riga an ƙayyade su don shigarwar lantarki.

• yawan sanduna a cikin SPD;
• matakin kariyar lantarki U_p;
• aiki ƙarfin lantarki U_c.

Wannan karamin sashin J3 yayi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda za'a zabi tsarin kariyar gwargwadon halayen kafuwa, kayan aikin da za'a kiyaye da kuma muhalli.

Abubuwan abubuwa na tsarin kariya

Dole ne a sanya SPD koyaushe a asalin asalin shigar wutar lantarki.

3.2.1 Matsayi da nau'in SPD

Nau'in SPD da za'a girka a asalin shigarwar ya dogara da ko akwai tsarin kariyar walƙiya ko babu. Idan ginin an saka shi da tsarin kariya ta walƙiya (kamar yadda yake a cikin IEC 62305), ya kamata a shigar da Type 1 SPD.

Don SPD da aka girka a ƙarshen shigarwa mai shigowa, ƙa'idodin shigarwa na IEC 60364 sun shimfiɗa ƙananan ƙa'idodi don halaye 2 masu zuwa:

• Maganin sallama na yanzu I_n = 5 kA (8/20) ;s;
• Matakan kariyar lantarki U_p (a Ni_n) <2.5 kV

Adadin ƙarin SPDs da za'a girka an ƙaddara ta:

• girman shafin da wahalar girka mahada. A kan manyan shafuka, yana da mahimmanci a girka SPD a ƙarshen shigowa kowane ƙofar gida.
• nisan da ke raba kaya masu matukar muhimmanci don kiyayewa daga na'urar kariya mai shigowa. Lokacin da aka ɗora kayan sun fi mita 30 nesa da na'urar kariya mai shigowa, ya zama dole a samar da ƙarin kariya mai kyau daidai gwargwadon yiwuwar ɗaukar nauyi. Abubuwan al'ajabi game da tunanin raƙuman ruwa suna ƙaruwa daga mita 10 (duba babi na 6.5)
• hadarin fallasawa. Game da shafin da aka fallasa shi, SPD mai shigowa ba zai iya tabbatar da duka kwararar walƙiya ta yanzu da kuma matakin ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki ba. Musamman, Nau'in 1 SPD gabaɗaya yana tare da Type 2 SPD.

Tebur a cikin Hoto J21 da ke ƙasa yana nuna adadi da nau'in SPD da za a kafa kan abubuwan biyu da aka bayyana a sama.

3.4 Zabin Nau'in 1 SPD

3.4.1 Tashin hankali na yanzu_imp

• Inda babu wasu ƙa'idodi na ƙasa ko takamaiman ƙa'idodi don nau'in ginin da za a kiyaye, Motsawar halin yanzu I_imp zai zama aƙalla 12.5 kA (10/350 μs kalaman) kowane reshe daidai da IEC 60364-5-534.

• Inda ka'idoji suke: daidaitattun 62305-2 sun bayyana matakan 4: I, II, III da IV, Tebur a cikin Hoto J31 yana nuna matakan daban na I_imp a cikin batun ka'ida.

3.4.2 Gyara kansa ya bi na yanzu_fi

Wannan halayyar tana aiki ne kawai don SPDs tare da fasahar ratar walƙiya. Rashin kashe kansa yana bin halin I na yanzu_fi Dole ne koyaushe ya kasance mafi girma fiye da mai gajeren gajere na yanzu_sc a wurin girkawa.

3.5 Zabin Nau'in 2 SPD

3.5.1 Matsakaicin fitarwa na yanzu I_max

Matsakaicin fitarwa na halin yanzu Imax an ayyana shi gwargwadon kimar matakin ɗaukar hotuna dangane da wurin ginin.

Ofimar matsakaicin aikin sallama a yanzu (I_max) an ƙaddara ta hanyar nazarin haɗari (duba tebur a cikin Hoto J32).

3.6 Zabin Na'urar Kariyar Yankin Gajere ta waje (SCPD)

Dole ne na'urorin haɗin (thermal da short circuit) su kasance tare da SPD don tabbatar da amintaccen aiki, watau

• tabbatar da ci gaba da sabis:

- tsayayya da raƙuman ruwa na yanzu;

- ba samar da ƙarfin ƙarfin saura ba.

• tabbatar da kariya mai inganci daga dukkan nau'ikan abubuwa masu yawa:

- obalodi bayan bin saurin gudu na varistor;

- gajeren hanya na ƙananan ƙarfin (impedant);

- gajeren gajere na babban ƙarfi.

3.6.1 Hadarin da yakamata a kauce masa a ƙarshen rayuwar SPDs

• Saboda tsufa

Game da ƙarshen rayuwa ta hanyar tsufa, kariya daga nau'ikan yanayi ne. SPD tare da masu rarrashi dole ne su sami haɗin haɗin ciki wanda ke dakatar da SPD.

Lura: Endarshen rayuwa ta hanyar guduwa mai ɗumi ba damuwa SPD tare da bututun iskar gas ko ƙarancin walƙiya.

• Saboda wani kuskure

Sanadin ƙarshen rayuwa saboda matsalar gajeriyar hanya shine:

- edarfin fitarwa ya wuce.

Wannan kuskuren yana haifar da gajeren gajeren hanya.

- Kuskure saboda tsarin rarrabawa (sauyawa / juyawa lokaci, tsaka tsaki

cire haɗin).

- Lalacewar hankali a hankali.

Laifuka biyu na ƙarshe suna haifar da gajeren gajeren hanya.

Dole ne a kiyaye shigarwa daga lalacewar sakamakon waɗannan nau'ikan laifofi: haɗin haɗin (na thermal) wanda aka bayyana a sama bashi da lokacin ɗumi, don haka aiki.

Na'ura ta musamman da ake kira “Na'urar Short Circuit Kariya (a waje SCPD)“, mai iya kawar da gajeren hanyar ya kamata a girka. Ana iya aiwatar da shi ta hanyar maɓallin kewayawa ko na'urar fis.

3.6.2 Halayen SCPD na waje (Na'urar Kariyar Yanki)

Ya kamata SCPD ta waje ta kasance tare da SPD. An tsara shi don saduwa da ƙuntatawa biyu masu zuwa:

Hasken walƙiya yana jurewa

Tsayayyar walƙiya hali ne mai mahimmancin Na'urar Kariyar Yanki na Shortari na SPD.

Dole ne SCPD ta waje tayi tafiya akan igiyar ruwa 15 mai zuwa a I_n.

Short-kewaye halin yanzu jure

• Karyewar iya aiki an ƙaddara ta dokokin shigarwa (daidaitaccen IEC 60364):

SCPD na waje yakamata ya sami ikon warwarewa kwatankwacin ko mafi girma fiye da mai yiwuwa na ɗan gajeren gajeren zango na yanzu a wurin shigarwa (daidai da ƙimar IEC 60364).

• Kariyar shigarwa akan gajerun da'irori

Musamman, gajeren gajeren gajere yana ba da ƙarfi sosai kuma yakamata a kawar da shi da sauri don hana lalacewar shigarwa da zuwa SPD.

Mustungiyar da ta dace tsakanin SPD da SCPD ta waje dole ne masana'anta su bayar da ita.

3.6.3 Yanayin shigarwa don SCPD na waje

• Na'ura “a jere”

An bayyana SCPD a matsayin "a jere" (duba Siffa J33) lokacin da kariya ta yi ta babban kayan kariya na cibiyar sadarwar don kiyayewa (misali, mai haɗa mahaɗan hanyar haɗi zuwa sama na shigarwa).

• Na'ura “a layi daya”

An bayyana SCPD a matsayin "a layi ɗaya" (duba siffa J34) lokacin da aka yi kariya ta musamman ta na'urar kariya da ke da alaƙa da SPD.

• SCPD ta waje ana kiranta “disconnecting circuit breaker” idan aikin yana yin ta maɓallin kewayawa.
• Mai haɗa haɗin mai haɗa mahaɗin na iya ko ba a haɗa shi cikin SPD ba.

Lura: Game da SPD tare da bututun iskar gas ko rataɗar tartsatsin wuta, SCPD yana ba da izinin yanke halin yanzu kai tsaye bayan amfani.

Lura: S nau'in na'urori na yau da kullun waɗanda suka dace da ka'idojin IEC 61008 ko IEC 61009-1 waɗanda suka dace da wannan buƙatar.

3.7.1 Haɗin kai tare da na'urorin kariya na sama

Gudanarwa tare da na'urorin kariya na yanzu

A cikin shigarwar lantarki, SCPD ta waje kayan aiki ne iri ɗaya da na kayan kariya: wannan yana ba da damar aiwatar da wariya da fasahohin kwalliya don inganta fasaha da tattalin arziƙi.

Gudanarwa tare da ragaggen na'urorin yanzu

Idan an shigar da SPD zuwa ƙasa ta na'urar kariya ta ɓoye na duniya, na ƙarshen ya kasance na "si" ko nau'in zaɓaɓɓu tare da rigakafin bugun jini na aƙalla 3 kA (8/20 μs na yanzu).

4 Shigar SPDs

Haɗin SPD zuwa kayan ya kamata ya zama gajarta yadda zai yiwu don rage ƙimar matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki (wanda aka sanya a sama) a kan tashoshin kayan aikin kariya. Jimlar jimlar haɗin SPD zuwa cibiyar sadarwar da maɓallin tashar ƙasa ba zai wuce 50 cm ba.

4.1 Haɗi

Ofaya daga cikin mahimman halaye don kariya ga kayan aiki shine matsakaicin matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki (wanda aka sanya U_p) cewa kayan aikin zasu iya jurewa a tashar ta. Dangane da haka, yakamata a zaɓi SPD tare da matakin kariyar ƙarfin lantarki U_p ya dace da kariyar kayan aiki (duba hoto J38). Jimlar masu haɗin haɗin shine

L = L1-L2 + L3

Don ƙananan igiyar ruwa, ƙarancin tsayi kowane sashi na wannan haɗin kusan 1 μH / m.

Saboda haka, zartar da dokar Lenz ga wannan haɗin: ∆U = L di / dt

Matsakaicin 8/20 currents na yanzu, tare da ƙarfin yanzu na 8 kA, saboda haka ya haifar da haɓakar lantarki na 1000 V a kowace mita na USB.

∆U = 1 x 10^-6 ku 8x10³ / 8 x10 ku^-6 = 1000 ba

Sakamakon wutar lantarki a kan tashoshin kayan aiki, wanda aka sanya Up, shine:

shigar U_p = U ku_p + U1 + U2

Idan L1 + L2 + L3 = 50 cm, kuma kalaman yakai 8/20 withs tare da ƙarfin 8 kA, ƙarfin lantarki a ƙasan mashin din zai zama U_p + 500 V.

4.1.1 Haɗawa a cikin kewayen filastik

Hoto J39a da ke ƙasa yana nuna yadda za a haɗa SPD a cikin keɓaɓɓen filastik.

4.1.2 Haɗawa a cikin ƙarfe ƙarfe

Dangane da taron sauya sheka a cikin ƙaramin ƙarfe, zai iya zama mai hikima a haɗa SPD kai tsaye zuwa akwatin ƙarfe, tare da yin amfani da katanga a matsayin mai kula da kariya (duba Siffa J39b).

Wannan tsari yayi daidai da IEC 61439-2 na yau da kullun kuma masana'antar ASSEMBLY dole ne su tabbatar da cewa halaye na yadin ya ba da wannan damar.

4.1.3 Jagoran giciye sashe

Mafi ƙarancin mai ba da gudummawar sashin giciye yana la'akari:

• Sabis na yau da kullun da za'a bayar: Gudun igiyar ruwan walƙiya a ƙarƙashin ƙwanƙwasawar ƙarfin lantarki (dokar cm 50).

Lura: Ba kamar aikace-aikace a 50 Hz ba, abin mamakin walƙiya yana kasancewa mai yawa, ƙaruwa a ɓangaren ɓangaren mai gudanar da aikin ba ya rage ƙarancin tasirinsa.

• Masu jagorantar 'tsayayya da igiyoyin-gajeren hanya: Mai gudanarwar dole ne ya tsayayya da ɗan gajeren lokacin yayin matsakaicin tsarin kariya.

IEC 60364 yana ba da shawarar a shigarwa shigarwa ƙarshen ƙaramin ɓangaren:

- 4 mm² (Cu) don haɗin Nau'in 2 SPD;

- 16 mm² (Cu) don haɗa nau'in 1 SPD (kasancewar tsarin kare walƙiya).

4.2 Dokokin haɗawa

• Dokar 1: Dokar farko da za a bi ita ce, tsawon haɗin haɗin SPD tsakanin cibiyar sadarwar (ta hanyar SCPD na waje) da toshe tashar ƙasa ba zai wuce 50 cm ba.

Hoto J40 yana nuna hanyoyi biyu don haɗawa na SPD.

• Dokar 2: Masu jagorantar masu ciyarwar masu fita:

- ya kamata a haɗa shi da tashoshin SCPD na waje ko SPD;

- yakamata a raba shi da jiki daga gurbatattun masu jagorantar shigowa.

Suna tsaye daga hannun dama na tashoshin SPD da SCPD (duba siffa J41).

• Dokar 3: Matsakaicin mai ciyarwa mai shigowa, tsaka tsaki da kariya (PE) masu gudanar da aikin yakamata suyi gudu ɗaya kusa da wani don rage girman madauki (duba Siffa J42).
• Dokar 4: Masu jagorantar masu shigowa na SPD ya kamata su kasance nesa da masu jagorar masu kariya masu kariya don guje wa ƙazantar da su ta hanyar haɗawa (duba Siffa J42).
• Dokar 5: Ya kamata a haɗa igiyoyi a kan ƙananan ƙarfe na yadin (idan akwai) don rage girman madaurin madauki don haka fa'idodi daga tasirin kariya game da rikicewar EM.

A cikin kowane hali, dole ne a bincika cewa ginshiƙan maɓallan allo da na katange suna cikin ƙasa ta hanyar gajeren hanyoyin haɗi.

A ƙarshe, idan ana amfani da igiyoyi masu kariya, ya kamata a guji manyan tsayi, domin suna rage ingancin garkuwar (duba siffa J42).

Aikace-aikacen 5

5.1 Misalan Girkawa

Magani da tsarin zane

• Jagoran zabin mai sanya kayan kwalliya ya bada damar tantance hakikanin darajar mahaukacin tashin gogewa a karshen shigowar shigarwa da kuma wanda ke hade da katsewar mahada.
• Kamar yadda na'urori masu mahimmanci (U_p <1.5 kV) suna sama da mita 30 daga na'urar kariya mai shigowa, dole ne a shigar da masu kamala masu ƙaruwa ta kariya kusa da yadda za'a iya ɗaukar kayan.
• Don tabbatar da ingantacciyar sabis na yankuna masu sanyi:

- Za a yi amfani da nau'ikan "si" wadanda suka rage masu kewayawa don kauce wa tarnaki da girgizar kasa ke haifar da shi yayin da walƙiyar walƙiya ta wuce.

• Don kariya daga yawan ambaliyar yanayi:

- girka wani abu mai matukar karuwa a cikin babban maɓallin sauyawa

- shigar da kariyar kariya mai kyau a cikin kowane juzu'i (1 da 2) wanda ke samar da na'urori masu mahimmanci wadanda ke fiye da 30 m daga mai shigowa mai saurin shigowa

- girka abin da ya fi karfinsu a hanyar sadarwar don kare na'urorin da aka kawo, misali, kararrawar wuta, modem, wayoyi, faks.

Bayar da shawarwari

- Tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun abubuwan ƙarewar ƙasa na ginin.

- Rage yankunan da kebul na samar da wutar lantarki.

Shawarwarin shigarwa

• Shigar da mai tayar da hankali, Imax = 40 kA (8/20 )s) da maɓallin kewayawar iC60 wanda aka ƙayyade a 20 A.
• Sanya masu kama-kariyar kariyar kariya, Imax = 8 kA (8/20 )s) da masu haɗin kewayawar iC60 masu haɗin kewaya waɗanda aka ƙaddara a 20.